Ukhozi olukhonjiwe iyinyoni enkulu kakhulu, enamandla, edlwathuzelayo edla inyama engaba ngamasentimitha angama-80-90 ubude, edabuka e-tropical Africa eningizimu yeSahara. Eningizimu ye-Afrika, yisakhamuzi esivamile endaweni yokuhlala efanelekile ezifundeni ezisempumalanga. Lona kuphela ummeleli wohlobo lwezinkozi ezithwetshiwe ezikhona manje. Uhlobo lwesibili kwaba ukhozi olwaluthweswe umqhele waseMadagascar, olwaqothuka ngemuva kokuba abantu beqale ukuhlala eMadagascar.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunomqhele
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele, olubizwa nangokuthi ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele wase-Afrika noma ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele, luyinyoni enkulu edla inyama edabuka e-Afrika. Ngenxa yokufana kwazo, ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lungumlingani ohamba phambili wase-Afrika kunokhozi lwe-harpy (Harpia harpyja).
Ngokuziphatha kwayo ngesibindi nangokugqamile, ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lufundwe kahle kakhulu njengokhozi olukhulu, oluhlala ehlathini. Ngenxa yezinga eliphakeme lokuguquguquka kwendawo yokuhlala, kuze kube muva nje bekukholelwa ukuthi yenza kahle ngezindinganiso zezilwane ezinkulu ezincike ehlathini. Kodwa-ke, manje sekuyamukelwa ngokujwayelekile ukuthi inani lokhozi elithweswe umqhele lehla ngokushesha okukhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili, ngenxa yokubhujiswa okusondelene nobhubhane lwamahlathi omdabu ase-Afrika.
Ividiyo: Ukhozi Olunomqhele
Lolu hlobo lwaqala ukuchazwa nguCarl Linnaeus eSystema Naturae futhi lwashicilelwa ngo-1766, waluchaza njengeFalco coronatus. Njengoba izinyoni zazihlukaniswa ngezici ezingaphezulu, uLinnaeus waqoqa izinhlobo eziningi ezingahlobene nohlobo lweFalco. Ukuqondaniswa kwangempela kwentela yokhozi oluthweswe umqhele ngokusobala bekungenxa yokuphapha kwalo ngaphezu kwetars, okuvame ukuba yinto engavamile kubantu abangahlobene.
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele empeleni luyingxenye yeqembu elihlukahlukene kwesinye isikhathi elibhekwa njengomndeni omncane wezinkozi. Leli qembu lifaka izinkozi zezinhlobo nazo zonke izinhlobo ezichazwe ngokuthi "oklebe okhozi," kufaka phakathi uhlobo lweSpizaetus neNisaetus.
Eminye imikhakha ehlukahlukene ye-monotypic efakwe kuleli qembu yile:
- ILophaetus;
- IPolemaetus;
- I-Lophotriorchis;
- Ictinaetus.
Namuhla ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele alunazo izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba ezaziwayo. Kodwa-ke, uSimon Thomsett uphawule umehluko ongaba khona phakathi kwezinkozi ezithwelwe umqhele ezindaweni ezinqunyelwe zamahlathi eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika (azibiza ngokuthi "ama-bush eagles"), ngokomlando okube ngabantu abaningi abafundwayo, nalabo abahlala eNtshonalanga enesibindi. Lesi sizwe sakamuva, waphawula ukuthi, sasibukeka sincane kodwa sasibonakala sincane ngesakhiwo futhi sasinamashiya ajulile kunokhozi lwesiphepho; ngokuziphatha, izinkozi zamahlathi emvula zivele zaqina futhi zaqina, okukhuliswa kweminye imibiko yezinhlobo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ukhozi olunomqhele
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lunezihloko ezimpunga ezimnyama ezinamazansi abomvu namhlophe angaphansi. Isisu nesifuba sakhe kunamabala amnyama kakhulu. Ukhozi lolu lunamaphiko amafushane, abanzi futhi ayindilinga okwengeza ukuqhutshwa kwemvelo emvelweni. Ama-fenders abomvu namaphiko angaphandle amhlophe namnyama amnyama kakhulu akusebenzisa endizeni. Ummango omkhulu (ovame ukuphakanyiswa), uhlanganiswe nosayizi omkhulu kakhulu wale nyoni, wenza umuntu omdala acishe angangabazeki ebangeni elifanele.
Izinsizwa zivame ukudideka nezintshontsho ezilwa nabasakhulayo, ikakhulu lapho zindiza. Izinhlobo zentsha ezithwele imiqhele ziyehluka kulezi zinhlobo ngoba inomsila omude kakhulu, ocijile kakhulu, imilenze enamachashaza nekhanda elimhlophe qwa.
Ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sehlathi, ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lunomsila omude namaphiko abanzi, ayindilinga. Ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zinto ezimbili kwenza kusheshe ngokweqile, okungenye yezizathu ezinkulu zokuthi kungani kuwukuphela kokhozi oluzingela izinkawu ngenkuthalo. Izinkawu ziphapheme kakhulu futhi ziyashesha, okwenza kube nzima ukuzingela, ikakhulukazi eqenjini. Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele owesilisa nowesifazane luvame ukuzingela ngababili, kanti olunye ukhozi luphazamisa izinkawu, olunye lubulale. Izidladla ezinamandla nezinzipho ezinkulu zingabulala inkawu ngegalelo elilodwa. Lokhu kubalulekile ngoba izinkawu zinezingalo eziqinile futhi zingalimaza kalula iso noma iphiko lwokhozi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Abanye abacwaningi babheka ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele njengesilwane esihlakaniphe kakhulu, esiqaphile futhi esizimele, esifuna ukwazi kakhulu kunezihlobo zaso.
Imilenze yokhozi oluthweswe umqhele iqine ngokwedlulele, futhi inezinzipho ezinkulu, eziqinile ezivame ukusetshenziselwa ukubulala nokuhlahla isisulu. Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luyinyoni enkulu kakhulu. Ubude bayo bungu-80-95 cm, amaphiko ayo ingu-1.5-2.1 m, kanti isisindo somzimba wayo singu-2.55-4.2 kg. Njengezinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama, insikazi inkulu kuneduna.
Uhlala kuphi ukhozi?
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunomqhele e-Afrika
Empumalanga ye-Afrika, uhla lwokhozi oluthweswe umqhele lusuka eningizimu ye-Uganda naseKenya, izindawo ezinamahlathi eTanzania, empumalanga yeZambia, iDemocratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Swaziland nasempumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika cishe eningizimu yeKnysna.
Ububanzi bayo buphindela ngasentshonalanga buya cishe eLiberia, yize ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kulezi zindawo kuhlukaniswe kakhulu. Ukhozi alubonakali kangako ezindaweni zalo ezingaphandle, ngoba lunabantu abaningi kakhulu phakathi kweZimbabwe neTanzania - lutholakala kuphela ezimileni nasezindlini ezimbaxa lapho kusatshalaliswa khona.
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luhlala emahlathini aminyene (kwesinye isikhathi emasimini), emagqumeni aminyene anamahlathi, emahlathini aminyene nasemadwaleni anamadwala kulo lonke uhla lwawo endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha ama-3 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Kwesinye isikhathi ukhetha amasavana kanye namasimu e-eucalyptus endaweni yakhe (ikakhulukazi abantu baseningizimu). Ngenxa yokushoda kwendawo yokuhlala efanelekile (ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwamahlathi nezimboni), indawo yokuhlala yokhozi oluthweswe umqhele iphakathi nendawo. Uma indawo yokuhlala yanele, ingatholakala nasezindaweni ezisemadolobheni, ikakhulukazi emasimini.
Ngakho-ke, ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luhlala ezindaweni ezinjenge:
- enkabeni ye-Ethiopia;
- E-Uganda;
- amahlathi aseTanzania naseKenya;
- Ihlathi lase-Afrika;
- ISenegal;
- IGambia;
- ESierra Leone;
- ECameroon;
- Ihlathi laseGuinea;
- I-Angola.
Manje uyazi lapho ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luhlala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi inyoni idlani.
Ludlani ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele?
Isithombe: Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele, noma oluthweswe umqhele
Izinkozi ezinomqhele ziyizilwane ezivumelana nezimo kakhulu, njengezingwe. Ukudla kwazo ikakhulukazi kunezilwane ezincelisayo, kepha inyamazane ekhethwayo iyahluka kakhulu kuye ngesifunda. Isibonelo, izinkozi ezithweswe imiqhele ehlathini laseTsitsikamma laseNingizimu Afrika zidla kakhulu ngezinhlwathi zezingane. Ucwaningo luthole ukuthi ama-22% ezinyamazane zawo ayizinyamazane ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwama-20 kg.
Ehlathini lemvula laseTai National Park eCôte d'Ivoire, izinkozi ezithweswe imiqhele zidla inyamazane enesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-5.67 kg. E-Democratic Republic of Congo, i-88% yokudla kokhozi oluthweswe umqhele yakhiwe ngezinkawu, kufaka phakathi izinkawu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kanye ne-colobus emnyama nomhlophe. Izinkawu ezibomvu ezinomsila obomvu yizilwane ezidliwayo e-Uganda Kibale National Park.
Kunemibiko engaqinisekisiwe yokuthi izinkozi zithweswe imiqhele ngamabhono ezingane nezimfene. Naphezu kokubandlululwa okuvamile, izinkozi ezithwele umqhele azikwazi ukuthwala isisulu esinzima kangaka. Esikhundleni salokho, badabula ukudla kwabo kube yizicucu ezinkulu, ezilula. Akuvamile ukuthi noma yiziphi zalezi zingcezu zibe nesisindo esingaphezu kokhozi uqobo lwalo. Ngemuva kokuphula isidumbu, ukhozi luyisa esidlekeni, lapho lungadliwa khona izinsuku eziningi. Njengezingwe, ukudla okukodwa kungalondla ukhozi isikhathi eside. Ngakho-ke, azidingi ukuzingela nsuku zonke, kepha zingalinda endaweni yazo ukuze zidle.
Izinkozi ezinomqhele zenza lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuzingela okunganyakazi. Zihlala zinganyakazi egatsheni lesihlahla bese ziwela ngqo ezilwaneni zazo. Ngokungafani nezinye izinkozi, zicasha esihlokweni sesihlahla, hhayi ngaphezulu kwaso. Le yindlela elula yokuthi bazingele inyamazana. Ukhozi lungalinda egatsheni amahora amaningi, bese kuthi ngemizuzwana nje emibili lubulale inyamazane. Futhi kuyindlela yabo yokuzingela ezinye izilwane zasehlathini ezinjengamagundane, i-mongoose, ngisho ne-chevrotan yasemanzini.
Kwesinye isikhathi isisulu sikhulu kakhulu futhi sishesha. Ngakho-ke izinkozi ezigqoke umqhele zisebenzisa ukuhlasela kokuzingela nokulinda. Ngemuva kokulimaza izinzipho ngegazi, izinkozi zisebenzisa iphunga ukuzingela izisulu zazo, kwesinye isikhathi izinsuku. Lapho isisulu esilimele sizama ukuhambisana nebutho noma umhlambi, ukhozi luyabuya luyoqedela ukubulala.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ukhozi luthweswe umqhele wenyoni
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele alufuduki futhi luhlala kakhulu, luvame ukuhlala endaweni engaguquki impilo yalo yonke. Kunobufakazi bokuthi izinyoni zihamba amabanga amaphakathi lapho izimo zivuma, njengalapho kushintshwa abesilisa ezindaweni ezizalanayo ezingazodwa. Lokhu kufuduka kungokwasendaweni ngokwemvelo futhi akufani nokufuduka kwesizini kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkozi (ngokwesibonelo, ukhozi olusemaqeleni).
Ngenkathi iyinhlobo engafinyeleleki kalula (ikakhulukazi ngenxa yendawo ehlala kuyo), ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lukhuluma kakhulu futhi lindiza ngendlela enganqamuki yombukiso. Owesilisa wenza isibonakaliso esiyinkimbinkimbi sokukhuphuka nokuwa ngenhla kwehlathi phakathi nesikhathi sokuzala nangaphezulu njengesiphakamiso sendawo. Ngalesi sikhathi, owesilisa wenza umsindo futhi angafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphezu kwamamitha angama-900.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izwi lokhozi oluthweswe umqhele luchungechunge lwamakhwela azwakala ehla enyuka enkundleni. Owesifazane naye angenza izindiza zokubonisa ezizimele, futhi imibhangqwana nayo yaziwa ngokubambisana kuma-tandem ajabulisayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuzalela, izinkozi ezigqoke umqhele ziyabonakala kakhulu futhi zizwakale kakhulu njengoba zakha ukubonakaliswa kwe-areal okungapheli endaweni ephakeme kuze kufike ku-1 km. Ngalesi sikhathi, zingaba nomsindo ngokukhala okukhulu kwe "kewi-kewi" kusuka kowesilisa. Lo mkhuba uvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuzala, kepha futhi kungaba isenzo sokubusa kwendawo.
Izinkozi ezinamakhanda ziyizinhlobo ezinovalo, zihlala ziphapheme futhi zingenakuzola, kepha amaqhinga azo okuzingela adinga ukubekezela okuningi futhi afaka isikhathi eside sokulinda inyamazane. Izinkozi ezindala zinesibindi ngempela lapho zibhekene nabantu futhi kaningi, uma zinqikaza ekuqaleni, ekugcineni zisabela ngolaka.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Naphezu kwekhono lalo, ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luvame ukuchazwa njengolungenakuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunemqhele emvelweni
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luyinkosikazi eyodwa, luzala lodwa oluzala kuphela njalo eminyakeni emibili. Insikazi ingumakhi omkhulu walesi sidleke, esivame ukutholakala siphezulu phezulu kwimfoloko ephezulu yomuthi obushelelezi eduze komhosha noma kwesinye isikhathi emaphethelweni amasimu. Isidleke sisetshenziswa futhi ngezikhathi ezithile zokuzala.
Isidleke sokhozi oluthweswe umqhele luyisakhiwo esikhulu sezinduku ezilungiswa futhi zandiswe ngenkathi ngayinye yokuzalanisa, okwenza izidleke zibe zinkulu futhi zibe zinkulu. Ezinye izidleke zikhula zifike kumamitha ayi-2.3 ububanzi, okuyizinto ezinkulu kunazo zonke izinhlobo zokhozi.
ENingizimu Afrika, ukhozi olubekiwe lubeka amaqanda kusukela ngoSepthemba kuya ku-Okthoba, eRhodesia kusuka ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba, ikakhulukazi ngo-Okthoba esifundeni soMfula iCongo, endaweni ethile kusuka ngoJuni kuya kuNovemba eKenya ngenani eliphakeme ngo-Agasti-Okthoba, e-Uganda kusukela ngoDisemba kuya ku-Okthoba NgoJulayi, naseNtshonalanga Afrika ngo-Okthoba.
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele ngokuvamile luzalela amaqanda ayi-1 kuya kwangu-2 anenkathi yokufukamela cishe izinsuku ezingama-50, lapho kungowesifazane obhekele ukunakekela amaqanda. Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, amaphuphu adla insikazi izinsuku eziyi-110 ngokudla okulethwa owesilisa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-60, insikazi iqala ukuzingela ukudla.
Iphuphu elincane cishe lifa njalo ngenxa yokuncintisana kokudla noma ukubulawa yinkukhu enamandla. Ngemuva kokundiza okokuqala, ukhozi olusencane lusencike kubazali balo ezinye izinyanga eziyi-9-11 ngenkathi lifunda ukuzizingela. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luzala kuphela njalo eminyakeni emibili.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkozi ezinemiqhele
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ukhozi olunomqhele
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luwuhlobo oluvikelwe. Ayizingeli ezinye izilwane, kepha isongelwa kakhulu ukubhujiswa kwendawo. Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lungameleli wemvelo ongavamile wemiyalo ye-falcon. Lonke uchungechunge lwentela lunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-300 kuphela. Ubukhulu bayo obukhulu buchaza ukuthi ukhozi oluthwele umqhele ludinga inyamazane enkulu nezindawo ezinkulu lapho lungathola khona izindawo zokudla nezokuzalela.
Njengoba ethanda izindawo ezivulekile noma ezinamapulangwe amancane, uvame ukuzingelwa ngabalimi abacasukela ukuhlaselwa kwakhe yizilwane ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, usongo olukhulu kokhozi oluthweswe umqhele ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi yezolimo kanye nokuguqulwa kwezindawo zokuhlala zalo zakwamanye amazwe. I-savanna eyonakele kakhulu yeCerrado, i-biome enezinhlobo eziphakeme kakhulu zezinhlobo zezilwane, iyingozi enkulu ebukhoneni bokhozi oluthweswe umqhele.
Izindawo ezivikelwe nguMosaic, ukusetshenziswa komhlaba nokuhlelwa kwezindawo zokuhlala, ukugcina ukubhuka okuyimpoqo kumhlaba wangasese, kanye nokugcina izindawo ezivikelwe unomphela kungaba yizindlela zokonga ezisebenzayo. Kubalulekile futhi ukunqanda ukuhlukunyezwa nokubulawa kwabantu ngokuqinisa ukwenganyelwa kwemvelo kanye nemfundo. Ekugcineni, uhlelo lokongiwa kwemvelo kumele lwenzelwe lezi zinhlobo ngaphambi kokuba inani lazo endle lehliselwe emazingeni abucayi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunomqhele
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele luvamile ezindaweni ezifanelekile, yize amanani alo ancipha ngokuvumelanisa nokuqothulwa kwamahlathi. Kuvame kakhulu ezindaweni ezivikelwe kanye naseziqiwini zemvelo kunanoma iyiphi enye indawo ebangeni laso, yize lisarekhodwe njalo ngaphandle kwalezi zindawo. Inombolo yayo mhlawumbe iphakeme kunalokho okusikiselwa ucwaningo lwamanje, yize kuncike njalo ezingeni lokuqedwa kwamahlathi, ikakhulukazi enyakatho yebanga lawo.
Ngenxa yokugawulwa kwamahlathi kakhulu emazweni ase-Afrika, kube nokulahleka okukhulu kwendawo yokuhlala efanele yalolu khozi, futhi ezindaweni eziningi ukusatshalaliswa kwalo kuhlukaniswa. Kuyinhlobo ejwayelekile ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelekile, kepha amanani ayancipha kulo lonke uhla lwayo.
Njengokhozi olulwa kancane, ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele lulandelwe kuwo wonke umlando wanamuhla ngabalimi abakholelwa ukuthi le nyoni iyingozi emfuyweni yabo. Azikho izinkozi ezithweswe umqhele noma ezempi ezazibandakanyeka ekuhlaselweni okuvamile kwemfuyo, futhi ezimweni ezimbalwa kuphela abantu ababulawa yindlala bahlasela amathole. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinkozi ezithwele imiqhele, ikakhulukazi, azivamisile ukushiya ihlathi liyozingela, futhi izikhathi lapho zindiza ngaphandle kwehlathi eliminyene zivamise ukwenzeka ngokuziphatha kwendawo noma kwesizwe.
Ngo-Ephreli 1996, ukhozi lokuqala oluthweswe umqhele emhlabeni ekuthunjweni lwachanyuselwa eSan Diego Zoo. Lezi zinhlobo okwamanje zigcinwa kuphela ezindaweni ezinhlanu zezilwane, kufaka phakathi iSan Diego, iSan Francisco Zoo, iLos Angeles Zoo, iFort Worth Zoo kanye neLowry Park Zoo.
Ukhozi oluthweswe umqhele kuvame ukubhekwa njengezinkozi ezinamandla kunazo zonke zase-Afrika. Ukhozi olukhonjiwe kwehluleka ukucabanga. Asikho esinye isakhamuzi e-Afrika esihlaba umxhwele ngaphezu kwale nyoni enkulu edla inyama. Ngesisindo esingu-2.5-4.5 kg, uvamise ukubulala inyamazane esindayo kunaye.Laba bazingeli abahle bangazingela izinhlwathi eziphindwe kasikhombisa kwesisindo sazo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 13.10.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 08/30/2019 ngo-21: 07
