I-Amblyomma maculatum iyisilwane esiyingozi sama-arachnid. Kuyinto imbuzane ekhubaza izilwane ezinkulu.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwe-Amblyomma maculatum.
I-Amblyomma maculatum ingatholakala endaweni enkulu kakhulu eNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, ihlala ezifundeni zeNeotropical nase-Nearctic. EMelika, isakazeka ikakhulukazi ezifundazweni eziseningizimu, eziseGulf Coast ukusuka eTexas kuya eFlorida futhi kuye phambili ngasogwini olusempumalanga. Lezi zinhlobo zemikhaza zingatholakala naseMexico, eGuatemala, eBelize, eNicaragua, eHonduras, eCosta Rica, eColombia, eVenezuela nase-Ecuador, yize ingekho imininingwane eqondile lapho i-Amblyomma maculatum ivame kakhulu.
Indawo ye-Amblyomma maculatum.
Umuntu omdala u-Amblyomma maculatum uhlala esikhunjeni somphathi wayo, imvamisa uyakhulula, futhi umunce igazi. Ama-main host of the parasite afaka abamele i-equine, i-canine, umndeni wezinkomo, kanye nezinye izinyoni ezincane. I-mite ihlala ezindaweni ezinezihlahlana zemithi, futhi njengoba lezo zindawo zithande ukoma ezindaweni lapho kungekho khona umswakama owanele noma umoya omningi kakhulu, i-Amblyomma maculatum ibheka izindawo ezivikelekile emoyeni ngezimila eziminyene nangomswakama ophakeme ngokwedlulele.
Izimpawu zangaphandle ze-Amblyomma maculatum.
Abantu abadala be-Amblyomma maculatum banokuhluka kwezici zobulili. Iduna nensikazi zinamehlo ayisicaba, bese ziphumela ku-coxa yesine yezitho ezingafinyeleli ezingeni lendunu. Futhi ziqukethe isikhuthazo esisodwa sangaphandle kanye nesikhukhula sangaphakathi esingacacile ku-coxae yokuqala. Abesilisa banezimpondo emakhanda abo, kepha abesifazane abanazo. Amapuleti angumoya akhona emikhikheni yabo bobubili ubulili, kanye nepuleti le-caudal, elicishe libe uhhafu wosayizi we-scallop yokugcina. Kokubili owesilisa nowesifazane u-Amblyomma maculatum banezindawo ezithintekayo emathangeni nasemabhampini e-chitinous ngemuva kwama-scallops. La ma-tubercles awekho ngokuphelele kuma-scallops asenkabeni. Kunameva emilenzeni yemikhaza.
Iziphungumangathi ze-Amblyomma maculatum zinomzimba ovulekile obanzi ovuleka phakathi nendawo nangemuva. Banamabhangqa ahlukahlukene e-sensilla: ama-dorsal setae aphakathi nendawo, ama-pair ayisishiyagalombili we-terminal dorsal setae, ama-setae ama-stubble setae, ama-setae asemaceleni, ama-setral we-ventral amahlanu, kanye ne-pair setae eyodwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ama-scallops ayishumi nanye. Imijelo yomlomo wesibeletho ezisebudulini isebenza cishe ngokufana, kepha encane idlulela ngale kobude obumaphakathi ngemuva kwezimpungushe. Amehlo ayizicaba kanti i-coxae yokuqala ingunxantathu, kanti i-coxae yesibili neyesithathu ziyindilinga. Lapho izibungu zidakwa ngegazi, zikhula ngosayizi zifinyelele ku-0.559 mm.
Ukuthuthukiswa kwe-Amblyomma maculatum.
I-Amblyomma maculatum inomjikelezo oyindida wokukhula. Umkhaza unezigaba ezintathu zokukhula. Isiphungumangathi siphuma eqandeni, elimaza izinyoni ezincane, bese liyancibilika liphenduke i-nymph, elimaza izilwane ezincelisayo zomhlaba omncane. Ekugcineni, lo mkhaza uphinde uncibilike esigabeni sokugcina se-imago, esizala futhi sikhubaze izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Amblyomma maculatum
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Amblyomma maculatum akukaze kufundwe ngemininingwane enjalo. Ngokuya ngomjikelezo wokuthuthuka wemikhaza ye-ixodid, kungacatshangwa ukuthi abesilisa nabesifazane bahlangana nabalingani abaningi, futhi abesilisa basebenzisa izitho zomlomo wabo ukudlulisa isidoda kowesifazane nge-spermatophor.
Insikazi ilungiselela ukukhiqiza inzalo futhi imunca igazi ngokuqinile, ngokushesha nje lapho ikhula ngosayizi, bese isuka kumgcini izalela amaqanda ayo.
Isibalo samaqanda sincike kumthamo wegazi osetshenzisiwe. Imvamisa, izinhlobo ezinkulu ze-Amblyomma maculatum zingabeka noma yikuphi ukusuka kumaqanda ayi-15,000 kuye kwangama-23,000 ngasikhathi. Ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda kwemikhaza kuya ngezimo zokuphila. Ngemuva kwe-oviposition, abesifazane, njengemikhaza eminingi ye-ixodid, kungenzeka bafe. Yonke imikhaza ye-ixodid ayinakho ukunakekela inzalo yayo. Impilo ye-Amblyomma maculatum emvelweni ayikasungulwa.
Ukuziphatha kwe-Amblyomma maculatum.
I-Amblyomma maculatum ivamise ukuhlala phezu kwezitshalo ezine-herbaceous noma emaqabungeni esihlahla bese yelula imilenze yayo yangaphambili. Kodwa-ke, izibungu zihlala endaweni enomswakama, ukusebenza kwezimpungushe i-Amblyomma maculatum kuncike enkathini nasendaweni ezihlala kuyo. Isigaba sezibungu senza kusebenze umsebenzi waso ezimweni ezifanele. Ama-nymphs aseKansas asebenza kakhulu phakathi nezinyanga zasehlobo uma kuqhathaniswa nama-Texas nymphs.
Inani lamakhizane aseNingizimu livame ukusebenza kakhulu ebusika.
Lezi zibungu futhi zivame ukuzivumelanisa nemikhuba yalowo obaphethe. Isibonelo, izinkomo ezihlala i-Amblyomma maculatum zihlala zigcoba uthango nezihlahla, zizama ukuqeda lesi sifo. Izibungu ezingavuthiwe ziye zajwayela lokhu futhi azidluli emzimbeni womgcini, kodwa masinyane zingene emzimbeni bese zimunca igazi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibungu zivame ukuncibilika lapho ukukhanya kwanda. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, imikhaza yabantu abadala itholana isebenzisa ama-pheromones. I-Amblyomma maculatum, njengemikhaza eminingi ye-ixodid, isebenzisa isitho somqondo esikhethekile esibizwa ngokuthi isitho sikaHaller ukuzwa iphunga. Lesi sitho sinezinzwa eziningi ezincane zemizwa futhi sithola amasiginali amakhemikhali akhishelwe abangahle bakwazi ukusingatha.
Ukudla okunomsoco i-Amblyomma maculatum.
Abantu abadala u-Amblyomma maculatum ukhubaza isikhumba sezilwane ezincelisayo ezahlukahlukene. Amagciwane atholakala kakhulu emahhashini nasezinja, yize ejwayele ukujabulela ama-ungulates amakhulu. Izibungu nezimpungushe zazo zonke izigaba zokukhula komkhaza nazo zimunca igazi lababaphethe. Isigaba sezibungu sitholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezihlala izinyoni, kuyilapho ama-nymphs ethanda izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. I-Amblyomma maculatum ingahlasela abantu futhi imunce igazi.
Indima ye-ecosystem ka-Amblyomma maculatum.
I-Amblyomma maculatum iyisixhumanisi se-parasitic ezindaweni zemvelo. Ukuphazamiseka kwemikhaza kuma-ungulates kunciphisa inhlalakahle yomninikhaya, ogama lakhe lingukudla komkhaza.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Amblyomma maculatum isakazeka ngegazi ngama-parasites ahlukahlukene we-pathogenic. Baphatha amagciwane e-Rocky Mountain spotted fever kanye ne-American hepatozone parasite.
Okusho umuntu.
I-Amblyomma maculatum isakaze izifo eziyingozi phakathi kwabantu. Lezi zifo zithinta ukusebenza kwabantu futhi zidinga ukwelashwa okuthile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokumunca igazi ezinkomeni, imikhaza iphazamisa izimfanelo zokuhweba zezilwane ezifuywayo, inciphisa umkhiqizo wobisi nokunambitheka kwenyama.
