Ukhozi lwe-peregrine lungenye yezinyoni ezinhle kakhulu ezizingelayo emhlabeni wonke. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi sokuphakama, i-peregrine falcon ifinyelela amakhilomitha angamakhulu amathathu ngehora. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho isilwane esilandele isisulu saso egqumeni siyihlasela, sindiza emoyeni. Izisulu zivame ukubulawa ukushaywa okokuqala kwesitha esinamandla anjalo.
Incazelo yenkohliso yasePeregine
IPeregrine Falcon, (iFalco Peregrinus), ebizwa nangokuthi iDak Hawk, iyizinhlobo ezisabalele kakhulu kuzo zonke izinyoni ezidla inyama. Abantu bayo bakhona kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica naseziqhingini zasolwandle. Ukuba khona kwama-subspecies ayishumi nesikhombisa okwamanje kuyaziwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukhozi lwe-peregrine lwaziwa kakhulu ngejubane lalo elimangalisayo ngesikhathi sendiza. Ifinyelela kumakhilomitha angama-300 ngehora. Leli qiniso elenza i-peregrine falcon ingabi inyoni esheshayo esivele ikhona nje kuphela, kepha futhi ibe yisilwane esisheshayo emhlabeni.
Ngemuva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, lenyoni yehla ngokushesha kubantu ngaphezu kobubanzi bayo bomhlaba. Ezifundeni eziningi, kufaka phakathi iNyakatho Melika, isizathu esiyinhloko sokwehla kokusatshalaliswa kwaba ukufa kwezinyoni kubuthi bezibulala-zinambuzane, abazithola ngokudla. Isibonelo, lapho kuzingelwa amagundane nezinyoni ezincane. Isimo esifana nalesi sakhiwa eBritish Isles, izinhlobo zomanyolo kuphela kanye nomgomo womthelela wazo omubi emzimbeni wale nyoni owawuhlukile. Kepha ngemuva kokuvinjelwa (noma ukunciphisa okukhulu) kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ze-organochlorine, inani labantu lenyukile cishe kuzo zonke izingxenye zomhlaba.
Inani lezinyoni zikakhukhulela-ndawonye waseMelika esifundeni i-Hudson Bay eningizimu ye-United States of America ngaphambili zazisengozini enkulu. Lezi zinyoni zanyamalala okwesikhashana empumalanga ye-United States kanye naseCanada ngokuzala ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960. Ngo-1969, lapho ukusetshenziswa kwezinhlobo ezithile zezibulala-zinambuzane kuvinjelwe, kwaqaliswa izinhlelo ezizalisayo zokuphindaphinda ukuzalanisa nokuvuselela amazwe womabili la mazwe. Eminyakeni engama-30 eyalandela yokusebenza kanzima ngabantu abakhathalelayo, izizukulwane ezingaphezu kuka-6,000 ezithunjiwe ze-peregrine falcon zadedelwa ngempumelelo zaya endle. Abantu baseNyakatho Melika manje sebeluleme ngokugcwelefuthi kusukela ngo-1999 ukhozi lwe-peregrine alusabalwa njengolusengozini. Kuyaziwa njengezinhlobo Zokukhathazeka Okungencane yi-International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) kusuka ngonyaka wezi-2015.
Ukubukeka
Ngenkathi yokwenza i-dive, amaphiko enyoni acindezelwa asondelene komunye nomunye ukwenza ngcono i-aerodynamics yomzimba, imilenze igobile emuva. Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi abesilisa bavame ukuba bancane kancane kunabesifazane. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba walezi zinyoni cishe singamasentimitha angama-46. Ukhozi lwe-peregrine luyinyoni eshesha kakhulu eMhlabeni.
Ukhozi lwe-peregrine lunebele elimhlophe elinemivimbo emnyama, izimpiko ezimpunga nasemhlane, nomugqa omnyama ohlukile ozungeze amehlo nekhanda. Ummeleli omdala wombono ophezulu uluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga, ngezansi kwawo kumhlophe ngemithambo emincane empunga esifubeni, izimpaphe. Ukusuka ngaphandle, kubukeka sengathi isigqoko sokuzivikela esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mpunga sisekhanda lenyoni. Njengawo wonke ama-falconi, lesi silwane esinamaphiko sinamaphiko amade akhombe nomsila. Imilenze yenkohliso yasePeregine iphuzi ngokugqamile. Abesifazane nabesilisa bayefana ngokufana.
Kuyathakazelisa! Sekuyisikhathi eside oheshe bamaPeregine besetshenziswa ngabantu njengesiboshwa - iqhawe elifuywayo elikwaziyo ukuzingela umdlalo. Ngisho nomdlalo ohlukile usungulelwe ingcweti enezimpaphe, ubizwa ngokuthi - uheshe, futhi kuwo ukhozi lwe-peregrine alunakulingana.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ubude bama-falgons abadala be-peregrine buphakathi kwamasentimitha angama-36 kuye kwangama-49. Ziqinile futhi ziyashesha, zizingela, zindizela phezulu kakhulu ukuze zikwazi ukulandelela inyamazane yazo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ukulinda umzuzwana ofanele, mhlasele, azilahle phansi njengetshe. Ukufika ngejubane elikhulu elingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-320 ngehora, balimaza amanxeba ngozipho ababoshiwe futhi babulale cishe ngegalelo lokuqala. Izisulu zabo zibandakanya amadada, izinyoni ezahlukahlukene zezingoma nezinyoni zasendle.
AmaPeregine Falcons ahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile zezindawo ezinamadwala namagquma. Futhi, ngesikhathi sokukhetha indawo yokwakha izidleke, babheka izindawo eziseduze nemithombo yamanzi amasha. Ezindaweni ezinjalo, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinyoni, okusho ukuthi umhlaseli unikezwa ukudla okwanele.
Indawo ejwayelekile yokwakha isidleke kokhokho be-peregrine imvamisa ibukeka njengomfantu omncane onqenqemeni lwedwala eliphakeme. Abanye abantu abadeleli ukuphakama okwenziwe ngabantu - izakhiwo zamabhilidi. IPeregrine Falcon ayisiye umakhi onekhono kunabo bonke, ngakho izidleke zayo zibukeka zinobudedengu. Imvamisa kuyinani elincane lamagatsha, eligoqwe ngokunganaki, elinezikhala ezinkulu. Ngezansi kufakwe umcamelo ophansi noma wophaphe. Ama-Peregine falcons awazinaki izinsizakalo zangaphandle futhi ajwayele ukusebenzisa izidleke zabanye abantu, ezakhiwe ngobuciko. Isibonelo, indawo yokuhlala kwamagwababa. Ukwenza lokhu, umhlaseli uvele axoshe izinyoni endaweni yokuhlala azithandayo bese ehlala kuyo. Ukhozi lwe-peregrine luhlala lodwa.
Mangaki ama-peregrine falcons ahlala
Isikhathi sokuphila sentaka yenyoni kaphaka endle cishe iminyaka eyi-17.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesilisa nabesifazane bangaphandle ngokufanayo. Kodwa-ke, kwenzeka kaningi ukuthi insikazi ibukeka i-oda lobukhulu obukhulu.
I-Peregrine falcon subspecies
Okwamanje, umhlaba uyazi cishe ama-subspecies ayi-17 ama-peregrine falcons. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabo kungenxa yendawo yabo. Le ngwazi yasebarnacle, futhi iyi-tundra; ama-subspecies aphakanyisiwe afaka izidleke e-Eurasia; izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-Falco peregrinus japonensis; i-maltese falcon; I-Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides - i-Falcon yeziQhingi zaseCanary; uhlezi Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall; kanye no Falco peregrinus madens Ripley & Watson, Falco peregrinus omncane Bonaparte, Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (black falcon), Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, kanye ne-thermophilic Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe.
Indawo yokuhlala
AmaPeregine Falcons yizinyoni ezitholakala emazweni amaningi eMelika, e-Australia, e-Asia, eYurophu nase-Afrika, ngaphandle kogwadule lukashukela.
Okhohlisi bamaPeregine basatshalaliswa umhlaba wonke kanye nesidleke kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Le nyoni ihlala ngempumelelo futhi izala eNyakatho Melika, kulo lonke elase-Arctic, eCanada nasentshonalanga ye-United States. Inani elincane lokuzala seliphinde lavela empumalanga ye-United States.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwasekwindla, lezi zinyoni zivame ukubonakala ezindaweni lapho kufuduka khona oklebe njengeMount Hawk ePennsylvania noma eCape May, eNew Jersey. Okhohlisi bamaPeregine ukuthi isidleke e-Arctic singahamba ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-12,000 siye ezindaweni zabo zobusika eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika. Le nyoni eqinile futhi eqinile indiza ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angama-24,000 ngonyaka.
Okhohlisi bamaPeregine abahlala emazweni afudumele abasizwa isidingo sokundiza besuka emakhaya abo, kepha izihlobo zabo, ezivela ezibandeni, ziya ezimweni ezikahle kakhulu zobusika.
Ukudla kwePeregine Falcon
Cishe u-98% wokudla kokhokho be-peregrine kungukudla okuqukethe izinyoni ezibanjwe emoyeni. Amadada, ama-grouse amnyama, ama-ptarmigans, ezinye izinyoni ezinwele ezimfushane nama-pheasants ngokuvamile adlala indima yawo. Emadolobheni, onogolantethe badla inani elikhulu lamajuba. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-peregrine falcon ayideleli izilwane ezincane zomhlaba, isibonelo, amagundane.
Le nkohliso enamandla yehla ngokoqobo isuka ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu bese ishaya le nyoni ukuze iyithuntubeze, bese iyibulala ngokuphula intamo yayo. I-Peregrine falcon ngokuvamile idla izinyoni ezinosayizi kusuka kondlunkulu kuya ku-pheasant noma idada elikhulu, futhi kwesinye isikhathi idla izidumbu ezincane ezinjenge-kestrels noma i-passerines. Ngeke esabe ukuhlasela izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu, njengama-pelican.
Ukuzala nenzalo
I-Peregrine Falcon iyinyoni eyedwa. Kepha phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, bazifunela umlingani endaweni ephakeme, futhi ngokoqobo - emoyeni. Ukuhlangana kwenziwa ngukhexhezi ophendukayo impilo yonke, njengoba kuyizinyoni ezizodwa.
Lo mbhangqwana ovelayo uhlala endaweni evikelwe ngokucophelela kwezinye izinyoni nezilwane ezidla ezinye. Indawo yensimu enjalo ingafinyelela kumakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10.
Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi izinyoni namagundane, ezinenani lentengiso kukakhokho we-peregrine ezimweni ezijwayelekile, kepha ahlala endaweni eseduze nesidleke sazo, aphephe ngokuphelele ekungeneleleni kwawo nakwezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye. Into ukuthi la ma-falcons akazingeli endaweni efuywayo, ngenkathi eyivikela ngenkuthalo ekuhlaselweni kwangaphandle.
Ukubeka nokufukamela kwamaqanda kwabesifazane kwenzeka ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo - ekuqaleni kwehlobo. Inombolo yabo ivame ukuba mithathu, umbala wamaqanda yi-chestnut emnyama. Ubaba emndenini unikezwa indima yokuba ngumondli nomvikeli. Umama uhlala namachwane asanda kuzalwa, awanikeze imfudumalo nokunakekela abakudingayo. Kusukela ebusaneni, izingane zondliwa ngemicu yenyama yomdlalo ukuze zizifundise ukuzingela ngokuzimela. Lapho inenyanga eyodwa ubudala, oheshebe be-peregrine bazama ukwenza amaphiko abo okuqala amaphiko abo, baqhubeke nokuzivocavoca umzimba njalo ngokuhamba kancane bembozwe izimpaphe, futhi lapho beneminyaka engu-3 sebevele bakulungele ukudala ngababili babo.
Izitha zemvelo
Ukhozi lwe-peregrine luvame ukuba nolaka kulabo abadla izimpaphe, luze ludlule ngosayizi. Ofakazi bokuzibonela bavame ukubukela le nkalakahla enesibindi ijaha izinkozi, ama-buzzards namakhayithi. Lokhu kuziphatha kubizwa ngokuhlukumeza.
Ukhozi lwe-peregrine lusendaweni ephakeme kakhulu phakathi kwabaphathi bezinyoni ezidla ezinye, ngakho-ke inyoni endala ayikwazi ukuba nezitha. Kodwa-ke, ungakhohlwa ngezinkukhu ezingakwazi ukuzivikela, ezingaba izisulu zazo zombili ezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama kanye nezilwane ezidla umhlaba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ukhozi lwe-peregrine lwehle kakhulu phakathi kwabantu phakathi kuka-1940 no-1970 ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organochlorine, eziqoqeka emzimbeni wezinyoni ezindala futhi ziholele ekufeni kwazo noma ekuwohlokeni kwekhwalithi yegobolondo leqanda, okwenza kube nzima ukukhiqiza uhlobo lohlobo.
Ukudubula, ukugqilazwa kwezinyoni kanye nobuthi kuyinto yakudala. Okwamanje, ukusetshenziswa kwemithi ethile yokubulala izinambuzane elimaza inani le-peregrine falcon kukhawulelwe noma akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke kusenezigameko zokugqilazwa kwezinyoni ngokungemthetho. Lesi sidingo esenziwa ngabantu kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kabanzi kukakhokho we-peregrine ngenhloso yokukhohlisa.
I-Peregrine falcon njengamanje inesikhundla esiphakeme kwezesayensi nezenhlalo, futhi ivikelwe yimithetho eminingi kazwelonke neyamazwe omhlaba. Ukuvinjelwa kokusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ze-organochlorine, kanye nokukhishwa kwezinyoni ezifuyiwe, kusize lolu hlobo ukuthola uhlobo oluthile lokukhula ezingxenyeni eziningi zobubanzi balo.
Ngaphandle kwalokhu, ucwaningo kanye nemisebenzi kusaqhubeka ukonga i-European peregrine falcon. Izinto eziseqhulwini esikhathini esizayo zibandakanya isidingo semizamo eyengeziwe yokubuyisa ingxenye yokuzalanisa izihlahla yezinyoni eMaphakathi neMpumalanga Yurophu, kanye nokuvikela nokwenza ngcono izindawo zokuhlala. Kuze kube manje, kunodaba olubucayi lokushushiswa ngokungemthetho kwama-peregrine falcons, ngenxa yomsebenzi ongafanelekile wezinhlaka zokuphoqelela umthetho.
Njengezinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama, la ma-falcons atholwe kanzima ukubhujiswa kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nobuthi obungazi. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo ezithintekile, njengezinkozi ezinempandla, inani le-peregrine falcon lathatha isikhathi eside ukululama ngokuphelele. Kodwa-ke, inani labo selikhule ngokwanele ukuthi lingabhekwa njengokukhishwa ohlwini lwenhlangano yezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
