Ugesi Stingray eyaziwa kakhulu ngesakhiwo sayo somzimba, esingakwazi ukudideka nanoma ngubani. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inezici ezimbili ezibulalayo: umsila obukhali ongabhoboza isitha kalula (futhi kwezinye izinhlobo zinobuthi), kanye namandla okwenza ugesi ofinyelela kuma-volts angama-220.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: I-stingray kagesi
Umsuka wemisebe usaludaba oluphikisanayo. Ngokwehluka okuvame kakhulu, ama-stingray avela koshaka, amanye awo aseshintshe indlela yawo yokuphila ejwayelekile yokuhamba aya endaweni yokuhlala esezingeni eliphansi. Ngenxa yalolu shintsho, ukwakheka komzimba wezilwane nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zezitho kushintshile.
Uma sibheka ngokuningiliziwe imvelaphi ye-phylogenetic yezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous, khona-ke ngokusho kwenye yezinguqulo, ukhokho wabo ovamile yiqembu lezinhlanzi ezihlomile. Ukusuka kokugcina, uqwanga lwahlukana esikhathini se-Devonia. Bachuma kwaze kwaba yisikhathi sePermian, bahlala phansi nangaphansi kwekholamu lamanzi, futhi bafaka amaqembu e-4 ahlukene ezinhlanzi.
Kancane kancane, izinhlanzi ezinamathambo eziqhubeka kancane zaqala ukuthatha indawo yazo. Ngemuva kwezikhathi eziningana zomncintiswano, inani lezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous lehla kakhulu, kwasala amaqembu ama-2 kuphela kwangu-4. Ngokusobala, maphakathi nesikhathi seJurassic, okhokho bama-stingray bahlukana nelinye lamaqembu asele - oshaka beqiniso.
Le ncwadi ibalula igama lommeleli wasendulo wemisebe - i-xyphotrigon, eyayikhona eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-58 edlule. Izinsalela ezitholakele zifakazela ukufana okukhulu kwangaphandle kokhokho nabantu banamuhla. Wayenesimo somzimba esifanayo futhi wayenomsila omude, othungiwe lapho isilwane sishaya ngaso isisulu saso, noma sazivikela ezitheni.
Impikiswano akuyona nje inkinga yemvelaphi, kodwa futhi nokuhlukaniswa kwanamuhla. Ososayensi abahlukahlukene bathi ama-stingray yi-superorder, umnyango, noma ukuhlukaniswa kweziqephu. Ngokwezigaba ezamukelwa kakhulu, ama-stingray ahlukaniswa njenge-superorder, okubandakanya ama-oda ama-4: ugesi, i-rhombus, i-sawtooth kanye nomsila omise. Inani eliphelele lezinhlobo licishe libe ngama-330.
Abamele imisebe kagesi bayakwazi ukufinyelela kumamitha amabili empilweni, inkomba emaphakathi ingamamitha angu-0.5-1.5. Isisindo esiphezulu sicishe sibe ngu-100 kg, isisindo esilinganisiwe singu-10-20 kg.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Marble Electric Stingray
Umzimba unesimo esiyindilinga, esiyisicaba, umsila omncane onomphetho we-caudal kanye no-1-2 ongaphezulu. Amaphiko wepectoral akhule ndawonye, enikeza inhlanzi ukubukeka okuyindilinga ngokwengeziwe nokwakha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amaphiko. Ekhanda, amehlo aqhamukayo nesifutho kubonakala ngokusobala - izimbobo ezenzelwe ukuphefumula. Ezimweni eziningi, umbono ukhule kahle, kepha kwezinye izinhlobo awukho nhlobo, futhi amehlo acwilisiwe ngaphansi kwesikhumba, ngokwesibonelo, abamele uhlobo lwemisebe kagesi yolwandle olujulile. Kubantu abanjalo, umbono uthathelwa indawo yi-electroreception - ikhono lokubona imizwa encane kagesi evela ezintweni eziphilayo, nakwezinye izitho zemizwa.
Ukuvulwa komlomo ne-gill slits kutholakala ngaphansi komzimba. Ngenkathi yokuphefumula, amanzi angena ezinsikeni ngesikwele bese ephuma ngemigqa. Le ndlela yokuphefumula isibe isici esivelele sawo wonke ama-stingray futhi ihlobene ngqo nendlela yokuphila engezansi. Uma, ngenkathi bephefumula, bebegwinya amanzi ngemilomo yabo, njengoshaka, khona-ke isihlabathi nezinye izinto zenhlabathi bezizongena ezigulini ngamanzi, zilimaze izitho ezibucayi. Ngakho-ke, ukungenisa kwenziwa ohlangothini olungaphezulu lomzimba, kepha amanzi aphefumulelwe avela emifantwini asiza ukufaka isihlabathi ekufuneni inyamazane.
Ngendlela, ngenxa yendawo efanayo yamehlo nomlomo, imisebe ayikwazi ukubona ngokomzimba ukuthi idlani.
Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba inombala ohlukahlukene kakhulu, oncike kwisizinda sendawo yokuhlala. Kuyasiza izinhlanzi ukuzifihla futhi zicashe ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ububanzi bombala buvela kobumnyama, cishe obumnyama, njenge-ray emnyama kagesi, kumbala okhanyayo, we-beige, njengezinye izinhlobo ze-daffodils yohlobo.
Amaphethini emzimbeni ophezulu ahluke kakhulu:
- izindawo ezikhanyayo nezikhanyayo, njenge-ray ekhanyiswe ngogesi;
- imibuthano emincane emnyama njenge-daffodil enamabala;
- amachashazi afiphele ahlukahlukene, njenge-stingray yemabula;
- izindawo ezingacacile, ezinkulu ezimnyama nezikhanyayo, njenge-Cape narcosa;
- amaphethini amahle, njengalawo ohlobo lweDiplobatis;
- kumnyama, kucishe kube mnyama, njenge-daffodil;
- umbala we-monochromatic, njenge-gnus enomsila omfushane noma i-stingray emnyama;
- ingxenye engezansi yomzimba ezinhlotsheni eziningi zezinto ilula kunaphezulu.
Ihlala kuphi i-ray kagesi?
Isithombe: Inhlanzi kagesi ye-stingray
Ngenxa yombala ovikelayo, abantu ngabanye babazi kahle indawo engezansi cishe yazo zonke izilwandle nezilwandle. Ngokwendawo, leli yiqembu elizinzile kakhulu. Ukujwayela ibanga lokushisa elibanzi kusuka ku- +2 kuye ku- + 30 degrees Celsius, imisebe kagesi ivumele ukuthi kugcwale imizimba yamanzi anosawoti womhlaba, ikhetha izindawo ezifudumele ezipholile nezishisayo. Bahlala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zokukhululeka, futhi cishe bonke abantu babonakala ngokuhamba okuphansi.
Abanye babambelela ezansi ezinesihlabathi noma ezinodaka ezingxenyeni ezisogwini, lapho, ngesikhathi sokulala noma balinde inyamazane, bagobhoza esihlabathini, beshiya emehlweni kuphela nasesikweleni esikhuphuka ngaphezu kwamakhanda abo. Abanye basungule izixhobo zamakhorali ezinamadwala nezindawo ezizungezile, zifihlwe yimibala yazo. Ububanzi bokujula kwendawo nabo buhlukahlukene. Abantu bangaphila bobabili emanzini angajulile futhi ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1000. Isici sabamele ulwandle olujulile ukwehliswa kwezitho zombono, isibonelo, iMorsby stingray noma ulwandle olujulile oluphelile.
Ngokunjalo, abanye abantu banezindawo ezikhanyayo ebusweni bomzimba ukuheha inyamazane ebumnyameni.Izinhlobo zamanzi amancane ezihlala ezindaweni ezisogwini zingahlangana nabantu ngesikhathi sokudla noma sokufuduka futhi zibonise amandla abo kagesi ngezinhloso zokuzivikela.
Yini i-stingray kagesi edlayo?
Isithombe: Skat
Ukudla kwemisebe kagesi kufaka phakathi i-plankton, i-annelids, i-cephalopods nama-bivalve molluscs, ama-crustaceans, inhlanzi, kanye nezidumbu ezahlukahlukene. Ukubamba isisulu esingumahamba nendlwana, ama-stingray asebenzisa ukukhishwa kukagesi okhiqizwe ezithweni ezibhanqiwe phansi kwamaphiko e-pectoral. I-stingray ilenga phezu kwesisulu futhi sengathi siyayigoqa ngamaphiko ayo, ngalo mzuzu idedela amandla kagesi, isimangaze isisulu.
Kwezinye izimo, ukukhishwa okukodwa akwanele, ngakho-ke imithambeka iyakwazi ukukhiqiza kuze kufike emashumini ambalwa wokukhishwa okunjalo, amandla awo ancipha kancane kancane. Amandla okwenza, ukugcina nokukhipha ugesi kulawulwa yisistimu yezinzwa, ngakho-ke ama-stingray alawula inqubo futhi aqiniseke ukuthi awawasebenzisi wonke amandla, ashiye engenakho ukuzivikela.
Enye indlela yokuzingela ngokucindezela inyamazane iye ezansi iphinde iqhubeke nokuyidla. Le yindlela izinhlanzi ezisebenza ngayo nabantu abahlala phansi abangakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha noma ukukhasa basuke. Emlonyeni wezinhlobo eziningi, amazinyo abukhali agcwele kakhulu kangangokuba enza isakhiwo esifana ne-grater. Le yindlela abahluke ngayo ezihlotsheni zabo eziseduze kakhulu - oshaka. Bagaya inyamazane eqinile ngamazinyo abo.
Izinhlobo ezinjenge-gnus enomsila omfushane inamandla okwelula ukuvula umlomo, ngenxa yokuthi izingela futhi idle inyamazane enkulu efinyelela uhhafu wobude bomzimba wayo, futhi kwezinye izimo nangaphezulu. Naphezu kokuphila kwabo okungenamqondo, ama-stingray anesifiso esihle kakhulu sokudla.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani i-stingray
Zonke stingray libhekene yokuphila wedwa. Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, bakhetha ukuchitha isikhathi sasemini ngokuthula, belele phansi noma bazingcwabe esihlabathini. Ekuphumuleni, baskena indawo ezungezile besebenzisa i-electroreception, bekhomba isisulu noma isitha esingaba khona. Ngendlela efanayo, bayakwazi ukuxhumana, badlulise futhi bathathe amasiginali kagesi njengamalulwane.
Leli khono lakhiwa kahle kuyo yonke imisebe. Ukuzingelwa kwezinhlanzi nokubhukuda ebusuku, kungaleso sikhathi lapho-ke abathembele kakhulu ekuboneni kwezimpawu zikagesi, ngoba nakulabo umbono wabo ongancishisiwe, akucaci ngokwanele futhi awukwazi ukudlulisa ngokuphelele isithombe sonke semvelo, ikakhulukazi ebumnyameni ...
Ohlwini lwamanzi, ama-stingray ahamba kahle, njengokungathi andizela emanzini, awadingi, ngokungafani noshaka, ukushesha ngokushesha ukuze agcine ukuphefumula. Ukunyakaza kwenzeka ngenxa yezimpaphe ezivumelanayo zamaphiko we-pectoral, noma izimpiko okuthiwa. Ngenxa yesimo sazo esiyisicaba, akudingeki ukuthi basebenzise umzamo omkhulu ukuze bazithole besohlwini lwamanzi. Naphezu kokuvilapha, ama-stingray ayakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi zokusuka kumhlaseli.
Kwezinye izinhlobo, amaphiko we-pectoral mancane futhi izinhlanzi ziyahamba ngenxa yamajolti omsila onamandla. Enye indlela yokunyakaza ukukhipha ngokucijile umfudlana wamanzi emakhaleni atholakala ohlangothini lwesisu, okuvumela ithambeka ukuthi lenze ukunyakaza okuyindilinga kukholamu lamanzi. Ngokuhamba okunjalo, wesabisa abangahlasela, kodwa uma kwenzeka eza kuye, ukukhishwa kukagesi kuba yisivikelo esengeziwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi ze-Stingray
Ama-stingray ayizinhlanzi ezi-dioecious cartilaginous. Uhlelo lokuzala luyinkimbinkimbi impela.
Kunezindlela ezintathu umbungu okhula ngazo:
- Kwabanye, ukuzalwa bukhoma kuyisici, lapho zonke izigaba zokukhula zenzeka emzimbeni kamama futhi kuzalwa abantu abagcwele. Ngale ndlela, imisebe emincane iyakhula futhi izalwe isontekile ibe yipayipi, okuwukuphela kwendlela engangena ngayo esibelethweni, ikakhulukazi uma miningi yayo. Ngemisebe kagesi, ukondliwa kwesibeletho kwemibungu kuyisici ngenxa yokuphuma okukhethekile, okufana ne-villi, lapho kutholakala khona izakhamzimba ezisuka emzimbeni kamama ziye embungwini.
- Ezinye izinhlobo zisebenzisa i-ovoviviparity, lapho imibungu eboshwe ngamagobolondo aqinile itholakala esibelethweni. La maqanda aqukethe izakhamzimba ezidingekayo ekukhuleni kombungu. Ukuvuthwa kwenzeka emaqandeni, athwalwa yi-stingray yesifazane, kuze kube umzuzwana lapho ingane ichanyuselwa.
- Enye indlela ukukhiqizwa kwamaqanda, lapho owesifazane ebeka amaqanda akhethekile aqukethe izakhi eziningi, ewafaka ezintweni ezingaphansi komhlaba ngosizo lwezintambo ezikhethekile.
Izinhlanzi ezincane, ezisanda kuzalwa noma ezichanyuselwe sezivele zikwazi ukukhiqiza amandla kagesi. Ngenxa yokuthi inzalo izalwa ifanelekile ukuze iphile, inani lemibungu ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene liyahluka, kepha ngokwesilinganiso alidluli abantu abayishumi. Ama-stingray angama-dimorphic ngokocansi. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka lapho imisebe ifinyelela usayizi othile, ngokwesibonelo, kuma-narcotic aseJapan, abesifazane bayakwazi ukuzala ngobude bomzimba obucishe bube ngu-35 cm, nabesilisa, ubude obungu-20 kuye ku-40 cm.
Izitha zemvelo zemisebe kagesi
Isithombe: I-stingray kagesi
Onke ama-stingray, kufaka phakathi lawo kagesi, azingelwa izinhlanzi ezinkulu ezidlayo. Ezimweni eziningi, laba oshaka bezinhlobo ezahlukene. Ngokuqondile ngenxa yokuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezitha zemvelo, ukufihla imibala, indlela yokuphila engezansi, ukusebenza ebusuku nokuvikelwa ngamandla kagesi kubavumela ukuba bagcine izinombolo zabo.
Esinye isitha se-flatfish yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ze-flatworms eziphazamisayo. Ama-stingray atheleleka kuwo ngesikhathi sokudla, futhi abe yimikhosi yawo ehlala njalo noma yesikhashana. Lokhu akumangazi, ngoba ama-stingray adla noma yini ayitholayo, ngaphandle kwezidalwa ezifile ezingaba yizithwali ezilandelayo noma izixuku zezikelemu.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezidlayo kanye nama-parasites, ngemisebe kagesi kunengozi yokudoba ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi, ezithinta ngokungaqondile ubukhulu besibalo sabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Marble Electric Stingray
Imisebe kagesi isabalale yonkana imbulunga, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisogwini zolwandle nezilwandle ezahlukahlukene.
Zimelwe yizinhlobo ezingama-69, ezihlangene emindenini elandelayo:
- izidakamizwa;
- gnus;
- izidakamizwa.
Zonke izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukukhiqiza nokudedela zamanje ngezinga elithile noma kwelinye. Iningi lezinhlobo zezilwane linikezwe isikhundla "sengozi encane"; azikho izinhlobo zeRed Data Book phakathi kwemisebe kagesi. Imisebe kagesi ayivamisile ukudotshwa ngokuhweba ngoba azisizi ngalutho.
Ingozi yalezi zilwane imelwe ukudotshwa kwezinhlanzi ngobuningi bezentengiselwano, lapho ngengozi kugcina ngokuthi kubanjwe khona nge-by-catch. Futhi, osigaxa ababekelwe ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi nezicupho ze-squid basetshenziselwa ukubamba ama-stingray. Uma sesibanjwe inqwaba yezinhlanzi ezibanjiwe, ama-stingray amaningi ayafa, lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zasolwandle olujulile ezingenazo izingcwecwe eziqinile zokuzivikela ebusweni bomzimba. Ngokuvamile, amandla okusinda kuma-stingray anjalo ancishisiwe. Ama-stingray anamagobolondo anamandla kakhulu okusinda.
Zivaleleke emanethini ama-gill noma izingibe ze-squid, ziba yizisulu ezilula zezinhlanzi ezinkulu nezincane, ngoba azikwazi ukubhukuda, futhi nenani lamanje lokuvikela lilinganiselwe. Kubantu, baba yingozi uma kwenzeka bexhumana nabo. Ukukhishwa okuvelayo akubulali, kepha kuyingozi ngoba kungaholela ekutheni kungasebenzi futhi, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukulahlekelwa ukwazi. Umhlangano onjalo ungenzeka kunoma yiluphi ugu lapho kuhlala khona ama-stingray. Kunzima ukuzibona emini, ngakho-ke kufanele zilandele imithetho yokubhukuda okuphephile ezindaweni ezinjalo.
Izidalwa ezimangalisayo zemvelo zifunde ukulinganisela onqenqemeni lokusinda, sezithuthukise izakhi ezizodwa neziphumelelayo zokuzivumelanisa, kokubili emzimbeni womzimba nasekuziphatheni, ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka yentuthuko. Kukhethiwe imithambeka kagesi amaqhinga abonakala ephumelela, njengoba kufakazelwa ukufana okuphelele nezinhlobo zokhokho, ezahlala zingashintshi ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka yokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 29.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-21: 26
