Ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho, lapho kunesimo sezulu esibi khona, kunendawo yemvelo ye-tundra. Itholakala phakathi kogwadule i-Arctic kanye ne-taiga yase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Umhlabathi lapha mncane kakhulu futhi unganyamalala ngokushesha, futhi izinkinga eziningi zemvelo zincike kuwo. Futhi, inhlabathi lapha ihlala iqandisiwe, ngakho-ke izimbali eziningi azikhuli kuwo, futhi kuphela ubulembu, ubulembu, izihlahlana ezingavamile kanye nezihlahla ezincane ezijwayela impilo. Akukho mvula eningi lapha, cishe ngamamilimitha angama-300 ngonyaka, kepha izinga lokuhwamuka liphansi, ngakho-ke amaxhaphozi avame ukutholakala kutundra.
Ukungcoliswa kukawoyela
Ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene ze-tundra, kunezifunda zikawoyela negesi lapho kukhishwa khona amaminerali. Ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kukawoyela, kuvela ukuvuza, okuthinta kabi imvelo. Futhi, amapayipi kawoyela ayakhiwa futhi asetshenziswa lapha, futhi ukusebenza kwawo kubeka engcupheni isimo se-biosphere. Ngenxa yalokhu, ubungozi benhlekelele yemvelo bakhekile e-tundra.
Ukungcoliswa kwezimoto
Njengakwezinye izifunda eziningi, umoya we-tundra ungcoliswe yimimoya yokukhipha. Akhiqizwa izitimela zomgwaqo, izimoto nezinye izimoto. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinto ezinobungozi zikhishelwa emoyeni:
- ama-hydrocarbon;
- ama-nitrogen oxides;
- isikhutha;
- ama-aldehyde;
- i-benzpyrene;
- ama-carbon oxides;
- isikhutha.
Ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izimoto zikhipha amagesi emkhathini, kusetshenziswa izitimela zomgwaqo nezimoto ezilandelwe kulowo mgwaqo omkhulu, ocekela phansi ikhava yomhlaba. Ngemuva kwalokhu kubhujiswa, inhlabathi izolulama iminyaka engamakhulu ambalwa.
Izici ezahlukahlukene zokungcola
I-tundra biosphere ingcoliswe hhayi kuphela ngamafutha nogesi wokukhipha. Ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kwenzeka ngesikhathi sokukhishwa kwezinsimbi ezingenayo i-ayoni, i-iron ore ne-apatite. Amanzi angcolile asekhaya, akhishelwa emizimbeni yamanzi, angcolisa izindawo zamanzi, nazo ezithinta kabi imvelo yesifunda.
Ngakho-ke, inkinga enkulu yemvelo ye-tundra ukungcola, futhi lokhu kwenziwa lula yimithombo eminingi. Inhlabathi nayo isinciphile, okungafaki amathuba emisebenzi yezolimo. Futhi enye yezinkinga ukwehla kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngenxa yemisebenzi yabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Uma zonke izinkinga ezingenhla zingaxazululwa, khona-ke kungekudala isimo se-tundra sizobhujiswa, futhi abantu ngeke bashiywe nendawo eyodwa yasendle futhi engathintwanga emhlabeni.
