UBoletus ungowohlobo lohlobo lwamakhowe emndenini wakwaBoletaceae. Isici esikhulu esihlukanisayo somzimba wamakhowe ama-protrusions amancane aqinile (ama-scrapers), anikeza ukuthungwa okunzima emilenzeni. Uhlobo lwe-boletus lusabalele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ezipholile, futhi luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingama-75.
Abaqoqi bamakhowe bathanda leli khowe ngokubukeka kwalo, hhayi ikhono lokupheka izitsha kuphela. Bayakwazisa ukuqina namandla ompuphu, ukuthambekela okuphansi kwesibungu.
Unganquma kanjani ukuthi amakhowe yi-boletus
Umlenze uqinile, umzimba wamakhowe uminyene, ikepisi libomvu. Ikhowe linambitheka kamnandi, lidliwe. Onke amakhowe ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene zokuphila awakushintshi ukubukeka kwawo. Kepha izinhlobo ezindala nezindala ze-boletus zehluke ngokumangazayo. Amakhowe amancane anekepisi, "elidudulwa" ngaphezulu komlenze wekholomu. Inamathele ngokuphelele esiqwini. Kumakhowe amadala, ikepisi nomlenze kufana nokwakheka "kwamafungi" afakwe ezindaweni zokudlala. Isigqoko sibanzi, sivikela umlenze emvuleni naselangeni.
Imibala yesigqoko
Gwema izisho ezindala ze-boletus lapho umthunzi wekepisi ushintshe ngokuphelele. Ukuthungwa komphezulu kwekepisi kuyahlukahluka kusuka kumanzi futhi kunzima kuya kunamafutha noma komile, kusuka ekuzizweleni kune-granular kuya ekuthinteni. Isigqoko siyantekenteke. Umbala uyashintsha, ngoba amakhowe ayizinto eziphilayo futhi awahlali elandela imithetho ye-encyclopedic! Kepha ngokujwayelekile, uhlobo oluthile lwe-boletus lunebanga lemibala elingaguquguquki.
Ikepisi lesikhunta esinempilo elingangeneki ekungenweni yisinambuzane libomvu ngokusawolintshi, lifinyelela ku-20 cm ububanzi. I-pulp imhlophe, amasayithi omonakalo yi-burgundy yokuqala, bese eba mpunga futhi abe nsomi ngokumnyama. Ngezansi kwekepisi kunezimbotshana ezincane, ezimhlophe ezijika zibe nsundu ngokuluhlaza uma zephukile.
Umlenze
Ukuphakama kwayo kungu-10-18 cm, ubukhulu bungu-2-3 cm, ngemuva kokulimala ithola umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ama-boletus ama-boletus asempilweni anemilenze emhlophe enemibala emifushane, eqinile, eba nsundu noma ibe mnyama ngokuguga. Ushintsho olunjalo kumbala akufanele lusabise, lokhu kuyindlela ejwayelekile ye-boletus. Okumnyama akuqukethe i-hydrocyanic acid noma obunye ubuthi, kuphephile kubantu uma kulungiswe kahle futhi kuphekwe kahle.
Umlenze ushona ujule emhlabathini, ingxenye esemqoka ingaphezulu, kodwa hhayi yonke. Ngakho-ke, lapho uqoqa, nquma umlenze usondele emhlabathini ngangokunokwenzeka, noma usonte ikhowe ngaphezulu ukuliphakamisela ngaphezulu, uzama ukungalimazi i-mycelium.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-boletus ezikhona
Amakhowe we-aspen athakazelisa kakhulu:
- ophuzi nsundu;
- uphayini;
- okubomvu;
- isihlahla se-okhi;
- imilenze ependiwe.
I-boletus ebomvu nsundu (Leccinum versipelle; nsundu ngoku nsundu)
I-boletus ephuzi ngoku nsundu (obomvu ngokunsundu)
Leli khowe elijwayelekile liyadliwa uma lilungiswe kahle. Imvamisa kuvunwa eFinland nasezifundeni ezizungezile. Itholakala ngaphansi kwemibhida kusukela ngoJulayi kuya kuNovemba, ngemuva kokulashwa kokushisa iba mnyama. Lolu uhlobo lokuqala lwamakhowe, isivuno sivunwa ekuqaleni kukaJuni.
Ikepisi elimangelengele ngobubanzi liyindilinga, libomvu ngokugqamile ngokubomvu noma nsimbi ngokubomvu, likhule lifike ku-20 cm ububanzi. I-pulp yekhowe elivuthiwe isuka kokumhlophe kuye kupinki, iba luhlaza uma isikwa, ikakhulukazi esiqwini. Izinhlamvu zinsundu. Isiqu esimhlophe esimhlophe sefungus side futhi siqondile, simbozwe ngezikali ezincane ezimnyama.
I-boletus ephuzi ngoku nsundu inobuthi obulinganiselayo (ibangela isicanucanu nokuhlanza) uma ingacutshungulwa kahle ngokushisa: ukuthosa noma ukubilisa imizuzu eyi-15-20 kuyadingeka. Njengoba kushiwo, ikhowe liba mnyama uma lifudunyezwa.
I-boletus yepine (i-foxy bolete)
I-boletus yepine
Lawa makhowe awavamile ukuhlangana nabacoshe amakhowe abangenalwazi kakhulu. Abazingeli bamakhowe abanolwazi bathola ngezici zabo zobuntu futhi abadideki nezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe.
Isigqoko esingenhla isitini noma i-chestnut enomthunzi obomvu, ofinyelela ku-10 cm ububanzi. Ama-gill nama-pores amhlophe qwa; ngemuva kokulimala aba mpunga. Umlenze uhlanganiswe ngezikali ezimhlophe ezifika ku-4 cm ububanzi. Kujika kube bomvu noma nsundu ngokumnyama lapho kuvezwa.
Uginindela umhlophe. Ephepheni, lapho icindezelwa, indawo eyonakele ijika ibe bomvu kancane kancane, esisekelweni ithola umbala ohlaza okotshani, maphakathi nesiqu ibomvu iwayini.
Isigqoko se-Pine Boletus
I-boletus yepine itholakala ngaphansi kwezihlahla zikaphayini emahlathini e-coniferous futhi axubekile. Le boletus ayikhuli ngaphansi kwezihlahla ze-aspen. I-mycelium ivundile ngokwengeziwe lapho kunezindawo ezimbozwe ubulembu.
I-boletus ye-Pine ivunwa kusuka ngoJulayi kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Okthoba. Ukuphela kukaSepthemba, ukuqala kuka-Okthoba yisikhathi esithela kakhulu.
Awekho ama-boletus ayingozi, amanga, anobuthi opayini. Abantu bayathosa futhi babilise lawa makhowe, bahambise ama-boletus amancane.
I-Red Boletus (Leccinum aurantiacum)
I-boletus ebomvu
Zitholakala emahlathini aseYurophu, eNyakatho Melika nase-Asia futhi zinomzimba omkhulu ojwayelekile we-boletus.
Ikepisi libomvu ngokusawolintshi, lifinyelela ku-20 cm ububanzi. I-pulp imhlophe, i-burgundy ezindaweni zokulimala, bese i-gray, i-purple-black. Ngaphansi kwekepisi kunezimbotshana ezincane, ezimhlophe ezijika zibe nsundu ngokuluhlaza uma zisikiwe. Umlenze ubumhlophe, u-10-18 cm ukuphakama, u-2-3 cm ngogqinsi, lapho usuvuleka uthola umbala obala ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ama-peduncles amafushane, aqinile aphenduka ansundu noma amnyama ngeminyaka.
ILeccinum aurantiacum ithela izithelo ehlobo nasekwindla emahlathini aseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwesikhunta nesihlahla esibanjelwe yi-mycorrhizal. Ngokwesiko, ikhowe lihlotshaniswa nemipopula, kepha i-boletus nayo itholakala phakathi kwe-oki nezinye izihlahla ezinqabayo, kufaka phakathi i-beech, birch, chestnut, willow.
Leli khowe liphekwe njengamanye ama-boletus adliwayo. Inyama ye-boletus ebomvu iba mnyama uma iphekwe. Njengezinye izinhlobo eziningi zeBoletaceae, isikhunta esevuthiwe sithanda izinambuzane futhi sibeka izibungu kuzo. Uma kungaphekiwe ngokuhambisana nobuchwepheshe, ngemuva kokudla i-boletus ebomvu, izinkinga zokuhlanza nokugaya zenzeka.
I-oak boletus (Leccinum quercinum)
Leli khowe lithela izithelo eduze kwezihlahla ze-oki kusukela ngoJuni kuya ekuqaleni kuka-Okthoba emindenini emincane.
Izinhlobo ezincane zinesigqoko esibomvu noma esinsimbi esenziwe ngezitini, ububanzi obungu-5-15 cm, okuyisimo sebhola, "eseluliwe" emlenzeni. Ngokukhula, ikepisi leLeccinum quercinum lithatha uhlobo lomcamelo, ngokuguga ligobele. Gwema amakhowe amadala ngesigqoko esicaba. Umuntu akagaye amaprotheni akhiwa emzimbeni we-boletus ovuthiwe ovuthiwe.
Ubuso be-cap bunzima ezimeni ezinomswakama, kunemifantu ezinsukwini ezishisayo. Umzimba othela okumhlophe mpunga uminyene, amabala amnyama ampunga avela lapho ephukile. Ngokushesha indawo yokulimala iphenduka iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-nsomi, ekugcineni iba mnyama-bumnyama.
Izikali ezinsundu ezinombala omboza ubuso besiqu. Isimo sakhe siqinile. Umlenze ukhula ufike ku-15 cm, ububanzi ufike ku-5 cm, ukhule ujule emhlabathini, uqine ezansi.
I-Boletus boletus (iHarrya chromapes)
I-boletus edayiwe
Zitholakala emahlathini, lapho zakha khona uxhumano lwe-mycorrhizal nezihlahla ezinamakhaza nezikhukhulayo.
Izithelo zinama-pink caps abushelelezi ebusheni, ngobudala bathola umbala onsundu noma obomvana. Ekuqaleni, amakepisi ayagobeka, abese eyisicaba, afinyelela kububanzi obungu-3 kuya ku-15 cm Ubuso bomile noma bunamathele kancane. Ekuvuthweni, insimu yesigqoko isonga phezulu. Inyama imhlophe futhi ayijiki ibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uma yonakele. Ama-boletus ama-boletus anemibala awanalo iphunga noma ukunambitheka okuhlukile.
Ama-pores angaphansi kwesigqoko amhlophe, aphenduke abe pink ophaphathekile njengoba izinhlamvu zikhula. Ama-pores ngamanye ayindilinga noma ama-angular, inani lawo lingamabili noma amathathu nge-millimeter.
Isiqu esijiyile sinamachashazi amancane abomvana noma abomvu, kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kokuphinki, ngezansi kuphuzi okukhanyayo. Umlenze ungamasentimitha amane kuya kwayi-4 ubude, u-1-2.5 cm ubukhulu.Ububanzi bawo bufana nobude bawo bonke noma uncipha kancane ekepisi noma eduze komhlaba. Ubuso bemilenze bunokuthungwa okunzima.
Amakhowe ayadliwa, kepha izinambuzane zivame ukuwahlasela ngezibungu.
Ingabe kukhona i-boletus yamanga
Ngokwemvelo, ama-boletus angamanga awatholakali. Kwesinye isikhathi baphambanisa i-boletus ejwayelekile noma ikhowe elibabayo (ikhowe lenyongo) nalawa makhowe. Umehluko phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ukuthi izihlahla ze-birch azimnyama endaweni yomonakalo. Futhi i-boletus boletus inezigqoko ezibomvu eziphuzi noma ezinsundu, futhi hhayi ezibomvu noma ezinombala wezitini njenge-boletus boletus.
I-boletus ikhula kuphi futhi ngasiphi isikhathi
Amakhowe atholakala ethela izithelo ehlobo nasekwindla emahlathini kulo lonke elaseYurophu naseNyakatho Melika. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwekhowe le-boletus nesihlahla sokubungaza yi-mycorrhizal. EYurophu, leli khowe ngokwesiko lihlotshaniswa nobhabhulini. I-Boletus nayo iyatholakala phakathi kwe-oki nezinye izihlahla ezinamakhasi, kufaka phakathi i-beech, i-birch, i-chestnut, i-willow, i-aspen. IBoletus ayikhuli ngaphansi kwama-conifers eYurophu. Ezimweni ezipholile zaseRussia naseNyakatho Melika, amakhowe e-aspen akhula emahlathini e-coniferous ne-decidous.
Igama lekhowe likhombisa ukuthi lawa makhowe ancamela ukusungula ukuxhumana kwe-mycorrhizal nama-aspens. Kepha akunjalo. Yebo, zitholakala kaningi ngaphansi kwalezi zihlahla, kepha izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo ze-boletus zikhombisa ukuthi lolu hlobo seluzivumelanise nezinye izimo zokuphila.
I-boletus enombala ophuzi ayihlangani ne-aspen, ikhetha ukuhlala eduze kwezimbila. I-boletus enekhanda elibomvu ikhula zombili e-aspen grove futhi eduze kwezinye izinhlobo zezihlahla. Isikhunta asikhethi eminyakeni yobudala behlathi. Ikhula ezihlahleni ezisencane nasemahlathini amadala amile kahle. I-Boletus ivame ukutholakala phakathi kwama-fern kanye notshani obungavamile be-holly.
Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi inkathi yokukhula kwe-boletus iwela ehlobo-ekwindla. Ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kususe ishadi lokukhula. Muva nje, sekutholwe amakhowe ekupheleni kukaMeyi.
U-Agasti ubhekwa njengesizini ekahle yokukha i-boletus eRussia. Ngalesi sikhathi, abavuni bamakhowe baqoqa izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu - i-boletus enekhanda elibomvu. Leli khowe livula inkathi yokuzingela ye-boletus. Igagasi lesithathu nelokugcina lesivuno livela ekuqaleni kokwindla. Ekupheleni kwesizini - ekuqaleni kukaNovemba, sekuvele kunzima ukuthola amakhowe amancane, futhi izinhlobo ezindala ziqukethe amakoloni ezibungu futhi zinzima kakhulu ekukhetheni nasosawoti.
Inani lokupheka le-boletus
Lolu uhlobo lwamakhowe oluthandayo ukupheka ekhaya. Ochwepheshe bezokupheka ezikhungweni zokupheka balungisa ama-boletus, njengamanye amakhowe adliwayo. Ngomzimba womuntu, ngokuya ngekhwalithi nekhwalithi yokudla okunempilo, lawa angowesibili ngemuva kwamakhowe we-porcini. Inyama ye-boletus iba mnyama lapho iphekwe.
Ngenxa yobuthi obuningi nobunzima bokuhlonza izinhlobo zezinhlobo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-boletus eYurophu zithathwa njengezingaphephile ukudliwa. ERussia, amakhowe awabangeli ukukhathazeka, athosiwe, abilisiwe, afakwa usawoti, omisiwe ukupheka ebusika. Izinhlobonhlobo ezingaphekiwe noma ezingaphansi kwezimbangela zenza ukuhlanza noma eminye imiphumela emibi ekugayeni. I-Boletus boletus ibangela isicanucanu lapho idliwa iluhlaza.
Amakhowe aspen amancane aphekwe ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, ama-specimens amadala ayomiswa, agayiwe futhi asetshenziswe njengesinongo uma isivuno singekho.
Lawa makhowe awakulungele ukupheka ngokuhlanganyela nezinye izinhlobo zamakhowe ngenxa yobuningi be-pulp. Amakhowe we-Aspen awaphekiwe lapho amanye amakhowe esekulungele ngokuphelele ukusetshenziswa.
Izinzuzo nokulimala kwe-boletus yezempilo
I-boletus iqukethe inani elikhulu lamaprotheni ne-fiber, izinto ezincane nezincane, ziwusizo futhi zigcwalisa ngokushesha. Ngeshwa, amaprotheni ezilwane amunca ngokushesha, kepha i-boletus boletus iqukethe ama-amino acid abalulekile, futhi atholakala mahhala, udinga nje ukuchitha isikhathi emoyeni ohlanzekile ukuvuna, wona uqobo olungele umzimba.
Amavithamini A, E, C, PP, iqembu B akwifomu engatholakali etholakala kumakhowe we-boletus. Usawoti, i-potassium, i-iron ne-manganese kubalulekile kuzo zonke izitho nezinhlelo zomzimba womuntu.
Uma ukhetha amakhowe kude nezakhiwo zezimboni, khona-ke lawa makhowe awathwali monakalo kumuntu ophilile. Abantu abanezinso, uhlelo lokugaya ukudla nezinkinga zesibindi bakusebenzisa ngokuqapha, njenganoma ikuphi okunye ukudla okunamaprotheni amaningi.
Uma kunezinkinga zempilo, lapho-ke azisebenzisi ikhowe uqobo, kepha umhluzi we-boletus. Ngaphandle, kubukeka sengathi kungumuthi womthakathi, kumnyama futhi kunamafu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye kunomphumela omuhle emgudwini wamathumbu, akusicasuli isisu namathumbu.
