Lesi silwane esihle esomndeni wesikwele, ukuhleleka kwamagundane. Imbila iyisihlobo sikasikhwili, kodwa ngokungafani nayo, ihlala phansi ngamaqembu amancane noma emakoloni amaningi.
Incazelo yezimbila zithutha
Isisekelo senani lezimbila ngumndeni... Umndeni ngamunye unesakhiwo sawo esakhiwe ngabantu abasondelene kakhulu. Imindeni iyingxenye yekoloni. Usayizi "wamazwe" wekoloni elilodwa ungafinyelela osayizi abahlaba umxhwele - ama-4.5-5 amahektha. E-United States, wanikwa amagama amaningi, isibonelo - ingulube yobumba, ikhwela, ukwesaba izihlahla ngisho nendela ebomvu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kunenkolelo yokuthi uma nge-Groundhog Day (ngoFebhuwari 2) i-groundhog ikhasa iphume emgodini wayo ngosuku olunamafu, intwasahlobo izobe isheshe.
Uma, ngosuku olubalele, isilwane sikhasa siphume futhi sesabe isithunzi saso, linda intwasahlobo okungenani amasonto ayisithupha ngaphezulu. IPunxsuton Phil iyimbila ethandwa kakhulu. Ngokwesiko elisunguliwe, izibonelo zale doti zibikezela ukufika kwentwasahlobo edolobheni elincane lasePunxsutawney.
Ukubukeka
Imbila yisilwane esinomzimba okhuluphele nesisindo ebangeni elingu-5-6 kg. Umuntu omdala cishe u-70 cm ubude. Izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zikhula zifike kuma-50 cm, kanti ende kunazo zonke - imammot ehlathi, ikhula ize ifike kumasentimitha angama-75. Iyigundane le-plantigrade elinemilenze enamandla, uzipho olude nomlomo omfishane obanzi, omfushane. Naphezu kokuma kwazo okuhle, izimbila ziyakwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha, ukubhukuda ngisho nokukhuphuka ezihlahleni. Inhloko yengulube inkulu futhi iyindilinga, futhi ukuma kwamehlo kuyayivumela ukumboza inkambu yokubuka ebanzi.
Izindlebe zayo zincane futhi ziyindilinga, zicishe zifihlwe ngokuphelele eboyeni. Kudingeka ama-vibrissa amaningi ukuze izimbila zihlale ngaphansi komhlaba. Banama-incisors athuthuke kahle kakhulu, amazinyo aqinile futhi made. Umsila mude, umnyama, umbozwe ngezinwele, umnyama esiphundu. Uboya bujiyile futhi bansundu ngokugqamile okumpunga ngemuva, ingxenye engezansi ye-peritoneum inombala wokugqwala. Ukuphrinta kwemilenze yangaphambili neyangemuva kungu-6 cm.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Lezi yizilwane ezithanda ukushiswa yilanga ngamaqembu amancane. Zonke izimbila zosuku zidlula zifuna ukudla, ilanga nemidlalo nabanye abantu. Ngasikhathi sinye, bahlala njalo eduze komgodi, lapho kufanele babuye khona kusihlwa. Naphezu kwesisindo esincane sale nduku, ingagijima, igxume futhi ihambise amatshe ngejubane elingavamile nobugagu. Lapho yethukile, imbila ikhipha impempe ebukhali.... Isebenzisa izidladla nezinzipho ezinde, igumba imigodi emide enosayizi ohlukahlukene, uyixhumanise nemhubhe engaphansi komhlaba.
Izinketho ze-burrow zasehlobo azijulile futhi zinenani elikhulu lokuphuma. Abasebusika, ngakolunye uhlangothi, bakhiwe ngokucophelela okukhulu: bamele igalari yobuciko, ukufinyelela kuyo kungaba ngamamitha amaningana ubude futhi kuholele ekamelweni elikhulu eligcwele utshani. Ezindlini zokukhosela ezinjalo, izimbila zingasebusika izinyanga ezingafika kweziyisithupha. Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukusinda futhi zizalane endaweni engeyinhle neze, ezimweni zazo kushiwo izindawo eziphakeme. Ekupheleni kukaSepthemba, zihlehlela emigodini yazo bese zilungiselela isikhathi eside sasebusika.
Umgodi ngamunye ungaba nezimbila ezingu-3 kuye kwezingu-15. Isikhathi sokulala ubusika sincike ebukhulwini besimo sezulu, njengomthetho, lesi sigaba siqala ngo-Okthoba kuya ku-Ephreli. Ukulala kwamagundane kwandisa amathuba okusinda ebusika obubandayo, obulambile, nobukhithika. Ngesikhathi sokulala ubusika, imbila yenza isimangaliso sangempela somzimba. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakhe lehla lisuka ku-35 liye ku-5 nangaphansi kuka-degrees Celsius, futhi inhliziyo yakhe yehlisa ijubane lisuka ekushayeni okungu-130 kuya kwali-15 ngomzuzu. Ngesikhathi "sokuthamba" ukuphefumula kwemarmot akubonakali kangako.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngalesi sikhathi, usebenzisa kancane amanqolobane anqwabelene anezulu elihle, amvumela ukuthi alale ngokujulile izinyanga eziyisithupha eduze komndeni wakhe wonke. Imbila ivuka ngezikhathi ezithile. Njengomthetho, lokhu kwenzeka kuphela lapho izinga lokushisa ngaphakathi emgodini lehla ngaphansi kwamadigri amahlanu.
Kunzima kakhulu ukusinda ebusika noma kunjalo. Kulolu daba, ubudlelwano begobolondo lomgogodla yinto enqumayo yokusinda. Obunye ubufakazi bukhombisa ukuthi izingane zinamathuba amaningi okuthi zisinde lapho zilala emgodini owodwa nabazali bazo nezihlobo ezindala.
Uma omunye wabazali noma bobabili befa noma bengekho ngesizathu esithile, kuma-70% wamacala inzalo ayibekezeleli isimo sezulu esibandayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ubukhulu bezingane abubavumeli ukuba baqoqe amafutha anele ukuze baphile. Zifudumeza ngokucindezela imizimba yazo emzimbeni wabantu abadala. Futhi abantu abadala, bathola ukulahleka okukhulu kwesisindo somzimba lapho izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zivela emgodini.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani imbila
Isikhathi esiphilwa yisilwane iminyaka eyi-15-18. Ezimweni ezifanele zasogwadule, kube nezikhathi zokuphila isikhathi eside ngezimbila ezisinda kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Endaweni yasekhaya, isikhathi sabo sempilo sincishisiwe kakhulu. Iphuzu lonke isidingo sokufaka igundane ngobuciko ebusika. Uma ungakwenzi lokhu, imbila ngeke iphile ngisho neminyaka emihlanu.
Izinhlobo zezimbila zithutha
Kunezinhlobo zezimbila ezingaphezu kwezilishumi nanhlanu, yilezi:
- i-bobak iyimbila evamile ehlala emaqeleni ezwekazi lase-Eurasia;
- kashchenko - ihlathi-emaqeleni imbila ihlala osebeni lomfula i-Ob;
- ezintabeni zezintaba zaseNyakatho Melika, le marmot enezimpunga iyaphila;
- futhi noJeffi - imbila ebomvu yomsila obomvu;
- i-marmot enebhande eliphuzi - ohlala eCanada;
- Imbila yaseTibet;
- Intaba yase-Asia, i-Altai, eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-grey marmot, yayihlala ezintabeni zaseSayan naseTien Shan;
- imbila yasezintabeni;
- i-red-capped, nayo, ihlukaniswe yaba yimifelandawonye eyengeziwe - Lena-Kolyma, Kamchatka noma Severobaikalsky;
- i-woodchuck yesikhungo nasenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-United States;
- Imbila kaMenzbir - uyiTalas ezintabeni zeTien Shan;
- IMongolia Tarbagan, engahlali eMongolia kuphela, kodwa nasenyakatho yeChina naseTuva;
- I-Vancouver marmot evela eVancouver Island.
Indawo yokuhlala
INyakatho Melika ibhekwa njengendawo yokuzalwa kwezimbila.... Okwamanje, zisabalale kulo lonke elaseYurophu nase-Asia. Imbila ihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme. Imigodi yayo isendaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1500 (imvamisa iphakathi kwamamitha ayi-1900 kanye nama-2600), endaweni yezinkwali kuya emngceleni ongenhla wehlathi, lapho izihlahla zingajwayelekile kakhulu.
Ingatholakala e-Alps, eCarpathians. Kusukela ngo-1948, itholakale nasePyrenees. Imbila inquma indawo yokuhlala kuye ngohlobo lwayo. Izimbila zibuye zibe sezintabeni nasemathafeni. Ngenxa yalokho, izindawo zabo zokuhlala zifanelekile.
Ukudla kwemarmot
Imbila iyimifino ngokwemvelo. Idla utshani, amahlumela nezimpande ezincane, izimbali, izithelo nama-bulb. Kalula nje, noma yikuphi ukudla kwezitshalo okungatholakala emhlabeni.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ukudla akuthandayo ngamakhambi, kepha ezimweni ezingavamile imbila nayo idla izinambuzane ezincane. Isibonelo, i-marmot enebhande elibomvu ayiphikisani nokudla izinkumbi, izibungu, ngisho namaqanda ezinyoni. Kudingeka ukudla okuningi, ngoba ukuze aphile ebusika, udinga ukuthola amafutha ngesigamu somzimba wakhe.
Isilwane sithola ngempumelelo amanzi ngokudla izitshalo. Cishe ekungeneni okuphakathi nendawo "yokuhlala" kwezimbila "yingadi" yabo. Ngokuvamile, lezi yizihlahla ze-cruciferous, umhlonyane nezinhlamvu. Lesi simo singenxa yokwakheka okuhlukile kwenhlabathi, okuhlanganiswe ne-nitrogen namaminerali.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJuni. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu nje kwenyanga, ngemuva kwalokho kuzala izimbila ezincane ezimbili, ezinqunu nezingaboni. Bavula amehlo abo kuphela emavikini amane okuphila.
Emzimbeni wowesifazane kunezimbili ezinhlanu zezingono ondla ngazo izingane kuze kube yinyanga eyodwa nengxenye. Bazimela ngokuphelele ezinyangeni ezimbili ubudala. Izimbila zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili cishe eminyakeni emithathu. Ngemuva kwalokho, baqala umndeni wabo, imvamisa bahlala ekoloni elilodwa.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zakhe ezesabekayo kakhulu ukhozi lwegolide nempungushe.... Izimbila ziyizilwane ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile. Ngenxa yezindlala ezisezikhwameni zezidladla zazo zangaphambili, kumlomo wesifonyo nasendunu, iphunga linganikeza iphunga elikhethekile elimaka imingcele yezindawo zabo.
Bagcina izindawo zabo zivikelwe ekuhlaselweni ezinye izimbila. Ukulwa nokujaha kuyizindlela ezikholisayo kunazo zonke zokuchazela abahlaseli ukuthi abamukelekile lapha. Lapho kufika umhlaseli, i-marmot, njengomthetho, iyabaleka. Futhi ukwenza lokhu ngokushesha, izimbila zisungule uhlelo olusebenzayo: owokuqala ozwa ingozi, unikeza isignali, kuthi kungakapheli mizuzwana nje iqembu lonke licashe emgodini.
Indlela yokusayina ilula. Kusukume "uMgcini". Imile emilenzeni yayo yangemuva, endaweni yekhandlela, ivula umlomo wayo futhi ikhiphe umemeza, ofana nempempe, obangelwa ukukhishwa komoya ngezintambo zezwi, okungukuthi, ngokusho kososayensi, okuwulimi lwesilwane. Izimbila zithungathwa yizimpisi, izigaxa, ama-coyotes, amabhere, izinkozi nezinja. Ngenhlanhla, zisindiswa ngamandla azo aphezulu okuzala.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Izinhlobonhlobo - i-woodchuck, ingaphansi kokuvikelwa. Kwi-Red Book of Specangered Species, sekuvele kunikezwe isimo sohlobo lobungozi obuncane... Okwamanje, inani lezilwane linganda. Bayazuza ngokuthuthuka komhlaba wasendle. Ukulima, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kuvumela ukwakhiwa kwemigodi eyengeziwe, futhi ukutshala izitshalo kuqinisekisa ukondliwa okungaphazanyiswa.
Kuyathakazelisa!AmaMarmot anomthelela omuhle esimweni nasekwakheni inhlabathi. Ukubhoboza kusiza ekukupholisiseni, kanti indle ingumanyolo omuhle kakhulu. Kepha, ngeshwa, lezi zilwane zingadala umonakalo omkhulu ezweni lezolimo ngokudla izitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngekoloni elikhulu.
Futhi izimbila ziyinto yokuzingelwa. Uboya babo busetshenziselwa ukuthunga imikhiqizo yoboya. Futhi, lo msebenzi ubhekwa njengokujabulisa, ngenxa yokuqina kwesilwane nokukwazi ukusifihla ngokushesha emigodini. Futhi, ukuthunjwa kwabo kusetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa kwezinqubo zokukhuluphala, ukwakheka kwezicubu eziyingozi, kanye nezifo ze-cerebrovascular nezinye izifo.
