Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi ngemuva kokunyamalala kwama-dinosaurs, i-superpredator Megalodon yakhuphukela phezulu kochungechunge lokudla, kepha yathatha amandla kwezinye izilwane hhayi emhlabeni, kodwa emanzini angapheli oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba.
Incazelo yeMegalodon
Igama lalo shaka omkhulu owayehlala ePaleogene - Neogene (futhi, ngokwedatha ethile, lafinyelela ePleistocene) lihunyushwa lisuselwa esiGrekini ngokuthi "izinyo elikhulu"... Kukholakala ukuthi i-megalodon ibigcina impilo yasolwandle isendaweni ethile isikhathi eside, ivele cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-28.1 edlule futhi yanyamalala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-2.6 edlule.
Ukubukeka
Isithombe sangaphakathi se-megalodon (inhlanzi ejwayelekile yamathambo, engenawo amathambo) savuswa emazinyweni aso, sasakazeka olwandle. Ngaphezu kwamazinyo, abacwaningi bathola ama-vertebrae kanye nezinsika eziphelele ze-vertebral, ezigcinwe ngenxa yokuxinana okuphezulu kwe-calcium (amaminerali asiza ama-vertebrae ukumelana nesisindo sikashaka nomthwalo owavela ngesikhathi semizamo yemisipha).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kwesazi somzimba saseDenmark nesazi sokuma komhlaba uNiels Stensen, amazinyo kashaka ongasekho abhekwa njengamatshe ajwayelekile waze wakhomba ukwakheka kwamatshe njengamazinyo e-megalodon. Lokhu kwenzeka ngekhulu le-17, ngemuva kwalokho uStensen wabizwa ngokuthi ungudokotela wokuqala wezimbali.
Okokuqala, umhlathi kashaka wakhiwa kabusha (ngemigqa emihlanu yamazinyo aqinile, isibalo saso safinyelela ku-276), okusho ukuthi, ngokusho kwe-paleogeneticists, elingana namamitha ama-2. Ngemuva kwalokho bathatha isidumbu se-megalodon, basinika ubukhulu obukhulu, obejwayelekile kubantu besifazane, futhi kususelwa ekucabangeni kobudlelwano obuseduze phakathi kwesilo noshaka omhlophe.
Amathambo atholakele, angamamitha ayi-11.5 ubude, afana namathambo kashaka omkhulu omhlophe, anda kakhulu ngobude / ngobude, futhi esabisa izivakashi eMaryland Marine Museum (USA). Ukhakhayi olusakazeke kabanzi, imihlathi emikhulu enezinyosi kanye nempumulo emfushane engacacile - njengoba izazi ze-ichthyologists zisho, "ebusweni be-megalodon kwakuyingulube." Ukubukeka okunyanyekayo nokwesabekayo sekukonke.
Ngendlela, kulezi zinsuku ososayensi sebesukile kude nomqondo mayelana nokufana kwe-megalodon ne-karcharodon (i-white shark) futhi basikisela ukuthi ngaphandle kunalokho kufana noshaka wesanda owandisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwavela ukuthi isimilo se-megalodon (ngenxa yobukhulu baso obukhulu kanye niche ekhethekile yemvelo) sasihluke ngokuphawulekayo kubo bonke oshaka banamuhla.
Ubukhulu beMegalodon
Izingxabano ngobukhulu obukhulu besidalwa esiphambili zisaqhubeka, futhi izindlela eziningi zakhiwe ukuthola ubukhulu baso bangempela: othile uphakamisa ukuqala ngenani lama-vertebrae, abanye badweba ukufana phakathi kosayizi wamazinyo nobude bomzimba. Amazinyo angunxantathu we-megalodon asatholakala ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zeplanethi, okukhombisa ukuhlakazeka okubanzi kwalaba oshaka kulo lonke i-World Ocean.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Karcharodon inamazinyo acishe afane kakhulu ngesimo, kepha amazinyo esihlobo sayo esingasekho maningi kakhulu, aqinile, acishe aphindwe kathathu futhi alinganiswe ngokulinganayo. I-Megalodon (ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezihlobene kakhulu) ayinayo i-denticles ye-lateral, eyanyamalala kancane kancane emazinyweni ayo.
UMegalodon wayehlome ngamazinyo amakhulu (uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye oshaka abaphilayo nabangasekho) kuwo wonke umlando woMhlaba.... Ukuphakama kwabo kwe-oblique, noma ubude obulinganayo bufinyelela ku-18-19 cm, kanti izinyo elincane kakhulu le-canine lakhula lafika ku-10 cm, kanti izinyo likashaka omhlophe (i-giant yezwe lanamuhla loshaka) alidluli ku-6 cm.
Ukuqhathanisa nokutadisha izinsalela ze-megalodon, equkethe ama-vertebrae we-fossilized namazinyo amaningi, kwaholela embonweni wobukhulu bayo obukhulu. Ama-Ichthyologists aqinisekile ukuthi i-megalodon endala ingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-15-16 ngamathani angaba ngu-47. Imingcele ebabazekayo ibhekwa njengengqubuzanayo.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Izinhlanzi ezinkulu, okwakungeyakhe i-megalodon, abavame ukubhukuda ngokushesha - ngoba lokhu abanakho ukukhuthazela okwanele kanye nezinga elidingekayo lokugaya umzimba. I-metabolism yabo yehlisiwe, futhi ukuhamba kwabo akunamandla ngokwanele: ngasendleleni, ngokusho kwalezi zinkomba, i-megalodon ayiqhathaniseki kangako nomhlophe njenge-whale shark. Enye indawo esengozini ye-superpredator amandla aphansi e-cartilage, aphansi ngamandla emathanjeni amathambo, aze acabangele ukwanda kwawo kwe-calcification.
UMegalodon wayengeke ahole indlela yokuphila esebenzayo ngenxa yokuthi inqwaba yezicubu zemisipha (imisipha) yayixhunywe hhayi emathanjeni, kodwa kuqwanga. Yingakho i-monster, ifuna inyamazane, incamela ukuhlala ekuqamekeleni, igweme ukuphishekela okukhulu: i-megalodon yaphazanyiswa isivinini esiphansi namandla amancane. Manje izindlela ezi-2 ziyaziwa, ngosizo loshaka abulala izisulu zalo. Wakhetha indlela, egxile ebukhulu besikhungo se-gastronomic.
Kuyathakazelisa! Indlela yokuqala kwakuyinqama echotshozayo, esetshenziswa kuma-cetaceans amancane - i-megalodon yahlasela izindawo ezinamathambo aqinile (amahlombe, umgogodla ongaphezulu, isifuba) ukuze ziwaphule futhi zilimaze inhliziyo noma amaphaphu.
Njengoba sike sathola ukushaywa ezithweni ezibalulekile, isisulu saphelelwa amandla okwazi ukunyakaza futhi sabulawa ukulimala kanzima kwangaphakathi. Indlela yesibili yokuhlasela yasungulwa yiMegalodon kamuva kakhulu, lapho ama-cetaceans amakhulu avela ePliocene engena emkhakheni wezintshisekelo zakhe zokuzingela. Izazi ze-Ichthyologists zithole amathambo omsila amaningi namathambo avela emaphikweni emikhomo emikhulu yama-Pliocene anezimpawu zokuluma ezivela ku-megalodon. Lokhu okutholakele kuholele esiphethweni sokuthi isidalwa esiphakeme saqala sakhipha inyamazane inyamazane enkulu ngokuluma / ukuklebhula amaphiko noma amaphiko, bese siyiqeda ngokuphelele.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila se-megalodon sasineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-30 kuya kwengama-40 (yilokho okushiwo ushaka ojwayelekile). Vele, phakathi kwalezi zinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous kukhona nama-livers amade, isibonelo, ushaka wasePoland, abameleli bawo kwesinye isikhathi abagubha ikhulunyaka labo. Kepha oshaka be-polar bahlala emanzini abandayo, okubanikeza enye indawo yokuphepha, kuyilapho i-megalodon yayihlala emanzini afudumele. Vele, isidalwa esiphakeme sasingenazo izitha ezimbi, kepha yena (njengabo bonke oshaka) wayengenakuzivikela kuma-parasites kanye namagciwane e-pathogenic.
Indawo yokuhlala
Izinsalela ze-megalodon zatshela ukuthi abantu emhlabeni babebaningi futhi bahlala cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle, ngaphandle kwezindawo ezibandayo. Ngokusho kwezazi ze-ichthyologists, i-megalodon itholakale emanzini asezingeni eliphansi nelishisayo kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres, lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi lishintsha khona phakathi kuka-12 + 27 ° C.
Amazinyo amakhulu oshaka kanye nama-vertebrae atholakala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene emhlabeni jikelele, njenge:
- I-America esenyakatho;
- I-South America;
- IJapane neNdiya;
- IYurophu;
- Australia;
- E-New Zealand;
- Afrika.
Amazinyo kaMegalodon atholakala kude namazwekazi amakhulu - ngokwesibonelo, eMariana Trench ePacific Ocean. Futhi eVenezuela, amazinyo e-superpredator atholakala ezindaweni zamanzi angenasawoti, okwenze kwaphetha ngokuthi i-megalodon iyakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nokuphila emanzini amasha (njenge-bull shark).
Ukudla kwe-Megalodon
Kuze kwavela imikhomo yamazinyo efana nemikhomo ebulala, i-monster shark, njengoba kufanele kube yi-superpredator, yahlala phezulu kwephiramidi yokudla futhi yayingazilinganiseli ekukhetheni kokudla. Ububanzi bezidalwa eziphilayo buchazwe ngosayizi omkhulukazi we-megalodon, imihlathi yayo emikhulu namazinyo amakhulu anomphetho wokusika ongajulile. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, i-megalodon ibhekane nezilwane ezinjalo okungekho shark wanamuhla okwazi ukunqoba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokombono wezazi ze-ichthyologists, i-megalodon, enomhlathi wayo omfushane, ibingazi ukuthi (ngokungafani ne-mosasaur enkulu) ingabamba futhi ihlukanise kanjani ngempumelelo inyamazane enkulu. Imvamisa wayeklebhula izingcezu zesikhumba nemisipha ekha phezulu.
Manje sekutholakele ukuthi ukudla okuyisisekelo kweMegalodon kwakungoshaka nezimfudu ezincane, amagobolondo awo asabela kahle ekucindezelweni yimisipha yomhlathi enamandla nasemiphumeleni yamazinyo amaningi.
Ukudla kukaMegalodon, kanye noshaka nezimfudu zasolwandle, kufakiwe:
- imikhomo ekhanda lomnsalo;
- imikhomo yesidoda encane;
- imikhomo enemigqa;
- kuvunywe yi-cetops;
- i-cetotherium (imikhomo ye-baleen);
- ama-porpoises nama-siren;
- amahlengethwa nama-pinnipeds.
UMegalodon akazange anqikaze ukuhlasela izinto ezisuka ku-2,5 kuya ku-7 m ubude, ngokwesibonelo, imikhomo yasendulo ye-baleen, eyayingakwazi ukumelana ne-superpredator futhi yayingenaso isivinini esikhulu sokubalekela kuyo. Ngo-2008, iqembu labaphenyi abavela e-United States nase-Australia basungula amandla okulunywa yi-megalodon besebenzisa ukulingisa kwekhompyutha.
Imiphumela yokubala ibithathwa njengemangazayo - i-megalodon icindezele isisulu ngamandla aphindwe kasishiyagalolunye kunanoma yimuphi ushaka wamanje, nezikhathi ezi-3 zibonakala kakhulu kunengwenya ehlanganisiwe (ophethe irekhodi lamanje lamandla okuluma). Kuliqiniso, ngokuya ngamandla okuphela kokuluma, i-megalodon yayisengaphansi kwezinye izinhlobo ezingasekho, ezinjengeDeinosuchus, iTyrannosaurus, iGoffman's Mosasaurus, iSarcosuchus, iPuruszaurus neDaspletosaurus.
Izitha zemvelo
Naphezu kwesimo esingenakuphikwa se-superpredator, i-megalodon yayinezitha ezinkulu (nazo ziyizimbangi zokudla). Izazi ze-Ichthyologists zibalwa phakathi kwazo imikhomo enamazinyo, ngokunembile, imikhomo yesidoda efana ne-zygophysites kanye nama-leviathans aseMelville, kanye nabanye oshaka abakhulu, ngokwesibonelo, i-Carcharocles chubutensis evela kuhlobo lweCarcharocles. Imikhomo yesidoda nemikhomo ebulala kamuva ayengesabi ama-super-shark amadala futhi ivame ukuzingela i-megalodon yezingane.
Ukuqothulwa kwe-megalodon
Ukuqothulwa kwalezi zinhlobo ebusweni bomhlaba kuphelelwe yisikhathi lapho kuhlangana khona iPliocene nePleistocene: kukholakala ukuthi i-megalodon yafa cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-2.6 edlule, futhi mhlawumbe kamuva - eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.6 edlule.
Izizathu zokuqothulwa
Ama-paleontologists namanje awakwazi ukusho ngokunembile imbangela eyaba yisinqumo sokufa kwe-megalodon, ngakho-ke bakhuluma ngenhlanganisela yezici (ezinye izidalwa eziphezulu kanye nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni). Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngesikhathi se-Pliocene epoch, phansi kwaphakama phakathi kweNyakatho neNingizimu Melika, kanti i-Isthmus yasePanama yahlukanisa ulwandle iPacific ne-Atlantic. Imisinga efudumele, esishintshe izinkomba, ayibange isakwazi ukuletha ukushisa okudingekayo e-Arctic, futhi inyakatho yenkabazwe yaphola kahle.
Lesi yisici sokuqala esibi esithinta indlela yokuphila yama-megalodon, ejwayele amanzi afudumele. EPliocene, imikhomo emincane yathathelwa indawo yimikhulu emikhulu, eyayithanda isimo sezulu esibandayo esisenyakatho. Abantu bemikhomo emikhulu baqala ukufuduka, babhukuda behamba emanzini apholile ehlobo, kanti iMegalodon yalahlekelwa isisulu sayo esijwayelekile.
Okubalulekile! Cishe maphakathi nePliocene, ngaphandle kokufinyelela inyamazane enkulu unyaka wonke, ama-megalodon aqala ukubulawa yindlala, okwaqubula ukwanda kwamazimuzimu, lapho intsha yathinteka khona ikakhulukazi. Isizathu sesibili sokuqothulwa kwe-megalodon ukuvela kokhokho bemikhomo yesimanje yokubulala, imikhomo enamazinyo, enikezwe ubuchopho obuthuthuke kakhulu futhi ihola indlela yokuphila ehlangene.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuqinile kanye nokuvinjelwa kwemetabolism, ama-megalodon ayengaphansi kwemikhomo enamazinyo ngokubhukuda kwejubane nokuhamba. IMegalodon nayo yayisengozini kwezinye izikhundla - yayingakwazi ukuvikela izingilazi zayo, futhi ngezikhathi ezithile yawela ekunganyakazekini kwe-tonic (njengoshaka abaningi). Akumangalisi ukuthi imikhomo ebulalayo yayijwayele ukuzitika ngama-megalodon amancane (acashe emanzini asogwini), futhi lapho ehlangana, abulala nabantu abadala. Kukholakala ukuthi ama-megalodon akamuva kakhulu ayehlala eSeningizimu Nenkabazwe afa.
Ngabe uMegalodon uyaphila?
Amanye ama-cryptozoologists aqinisekile ukuthi i-monster shark kungenzeka ukuthi isindile kuze kube yilolu suku. Eziphethweni zabo, baqhubeka nomqondo owaziwa kakhulu: uhlobo oluthile lwezinto eziphilayo luchazwa njengolungasekho uma izimpawu zobukhona balo emhlabeni zingatholakali ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizinkulungwane ezingama-400... Kepha, kuleli cala, ukutolika kanjani okutholakele ngama-paleontologists kanye ne-ichthyologists? Amazinyo "amasha" ama-megalodon atholakala oLwandle iBaltic futhi engekude neTahiti abonwa njengacishe "ayengane" - iminyaka yamazinyo ayengenaso ngisho nesikhathi sokutholwa kwemifino ngokuphelele yiminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyi-11.
Okunye okumangazayo muva nje, okusukela emuva ngonyaka ka-1954, amazinyo angu-17 amabi abhajwe esikhunjini somkhumbi wase-Australia uRachelle Cohen futhi atholakala ngenkathi ehlanza phansi kwamagobolondo. Kwahlaziywa amazinyo kwathathwa isinqumo sokuthi kwakungeka megalodon.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abagxeki babiza uRachelle Cohen ngaphambi kokukhohlisa. Abaphikisi babo abakhathali ukuphinda ukuthi iWorld Ocean ifundwe ngo-5-10% kuze kube manje, futhi akunakwenzeka ukukukhipha ngokuphelele ukuba khona kwe-megalodon ekujuleni kwayo.
Abalandeli benkolelo yesimanje ye-megalodon bazihlomise ngezimpikiswano zensimbi ezifakazela imfihlo yesizwe sikashaka. Ngakho-ke, umhlaba wafunda ngo-whale shark kuphela ngo-1828, kwathi kuphela ngo-1897 kwaqhamuka ushaka wasendlini oLwandlekazi Lomhlaba (ngokwezwi nezwi nangokomfanekiso), owawukade uhlukaniswa njengezinhlobo ezingasenakuguquka.
Kuphela ngo-1976, isintu sajwayelana nabahlali bamanzi ajulile, oshaka abakhulu, lapho omunye wabo ebhajwe eketangeni le-anchor elaphonswa umkhumbi wocwaningo cishe cishe. Isi-Oahu (Hawaii). Kusukela lapho, oshaka abanemilomo emikhulu ababonwanga amahlandla angaphezu kwama-30 (imvamisa kungukuthi bawela ogwini). Okwamanje akukwazeki ukwenza ukuskena okuphelele koLwandle Lomhlaba, futhi akekho noyedwa osazibekele umsebenzi omkhulu kangaka. Futhi i-megalodon uqobo, njengoba ivumelane namanzi ajulile, ngeke isondele ogwini (ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu).
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Oshaka (lat Selachii)
- Imikhomo yizilo zasolwandle
- Umbulali whale (Latin Orcinus orca)
- I-Narwhal (lat. Monodon monoceros)
Izimbangi zaphakade zikashaka omkhulu, imikhomo yesidoda, zivumelane nengcindezi enkulu yekholamu lamanzi futhi zizwa kahle, zishaya amakhilomitha ama-3 futhi kwesinye isikhathi zintanta phezulu ukuze zithathe umoya. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iMegalodon inayo (noma ikwenzile?) Inenzuzo yomzimba engenakuphikwa - inezinhlungu ezihlinzeka umzimba nge-oxygen. IMegalodon ayinasizathu esizwakalayo sokuveza ubukhona bayo, okusho ukuthi kunethemba lokuthi abantu basazokuzwa ngayo.
