Ngemuva kokuwa kwe-USSR ngo-1991, umbuzo wokuphinda ushicilele amanye amabhukwana, kucatshangelwa ushintsho lwendawo (hhayi kuphela), waba nzima. IRed Book leRSFSR nayo ayizange yeqe le nkinga.
Futhi, yize ngonyaka we-1992 uhlelo lwangaphambilini lwathathwa njengesisekelo, lwalumayelana nokuqoqa imininingwane namaqiniso amasha, kungacatshangelwa izinguquko zomhlaba kuphela, kepha nokwenza izinguquko nokulungiswa enanini lezinhlobo zezitshalo, izilwane nezinyoni.
Incwadi Ebomvu yaseRussia
IRed Book leRussian Federation yincwadi ehlukaniswe izigaba eziningana:
- Izilwane;
- Izinyoni;
- Izinambuzane
Isigaba ngasinye sinohlu olunezichasiselo, njengencwadi uqobo lwayo, ehlukaniswe ngezigaba kusuka ku-0 kuye ku-5:
- Izinhlobo ezingasekho (isigaba 0);
- Osemngciphekweni Olusengozini (Isigaba 1);
- Izinombolo ezincipha ngokushesha (isigaba 2);
- Okuvamile (isigaba 3);
- Isimo esingachazwanga (isigaba 4);
- Ukubuyiselwa (isigaba 5).
Ngesisekelo seRed Book of the Russian Federation, esikhathini esiyiminyaka eminingana, kwavela eziningi zezifunda, okungukuthi, lezo eziqukethe uhlu lwezinto ezingavamile noma ezisengozini yokuqothuka esifundeni esithile seRussian Federation (eMoscow, eLeningrad, eKaluga, njll.). Kuze kube manje, imininingwane yeRed Book of the Russian Federation, eyanyatheliswa ngo-2001, inenhloso.
Izinyoni zeRed Book yaseRussia
Izinhlobo eziningana zezilwane, izitshalo nesikhunta ziyanyamalala emhlabeni minyaka yonke. Izibalo ziyadumaza futhi ziphakamisa ukuthi eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule, uMhlaba ulahlekelwe:
- Izinhlobo zezilwane ezingama-90 (okugxilwe kuzo ezincelisayo);
- Izinhlobo zezinyoni eziyi-130;
- Izinhlobo ezingama-90 zezinhlanzi.
Izinyoni zeRed Book yaseRussia, okuchazwe ngokuningiliziwe kushicilelo luka-2001, kuyingxenye esemqoka yezilwane ezihlala ezweni lakithi elikhulu.
IRussian Federation iyikhaya lezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, zombili ezingavamile futhi ezitholakala kuyo yonke indawo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inani eliphelele lezinhlobo namafomu (okungukuthi, ngokuba yizinhlobo ezahlukahlukene) zezinyoni ezihlala ezweni lethu lilingana no-1334.
Kulezi, izinhlobo eziyi-111 zibhalwe kuRed Book of Russia. Eziningi zazo zihlala eziqiwini zemvelo kuphela noma ezinkulisa, umuntu ngamunye ubhekwe ngabaphenyi, futhi inombolo yazo ibalwa futhi ibhekwe njalo.
Ngo-Ephreli 1, 2016, njengengxenye yomgubho wabalindi bezinyoni woSuku Lwezinyoni, kwashicilelwa uhluamagama ezinyoni eNcwadini Ebomvu yaseRussia, abathole ukuthandwa okukhulu kakhulu futhi badume ngobuhle babo obungejwayelekile.
Ezimpapheni zalezi zinyoni ezingavamile, ungathola yonke imibala yothingo (hhayi kuphela): obomvu, owolintshi, ophuzi, oluhlaza okotshani, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, onsomi. Incazelo kanye isithombe sezinyoni zeRed Book yaseRussia okwethulwe ngezansi.
Idada lesiMandarin
Ummeleli weRed Data Book yaseRussia unegama elikhanyayo nelingavamile - idada le-mandarin. Le nyoni ingeyesigaba sesithathu se-rarity, esivame kakhulu ezifundeni zase-Amur naseSakhalin.
Ngendawo yayo yokuhlala, ithanda imifula namachibi alahliwe, efihlekile emehlweni abantu nezilwane ezidla ezinye ngamahlathi aminyene. Namuhla inani lalaba bantu alikho ngaphezu kwamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane ezingama-25, eRussia kunamabhangqa ayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 kuphela wamadada e-mandarin, futhi inani lawo lincipha njalo ngonyaka.
Inyoni yaseYankovsky
Ukubhinca kukaYankovsky kuyinhlobo yezinyoni ezisengozini yokuqothulwa hhayi eRussian Federation kuphela, kodwa nasemhlabeni jikelele. Inyoni efudukayo, evame ukubuthana emihlambini yokuzingela izinambuzane ezindaweni ezomile, ezisezintabeni zezwe, izidleke emagatsheni ezihlahla, okwenza isidleke sayo esimise okweqanda.
Inyoni ye-Avdotka
Iyinyoni ejabulisayo enamehlo amakhulu okucacisa nemilenze emide. I-avdotka ihamba ezimweni ezingavamile, kuphela lapho ingozi isongela, isikhathi esiningi sihamba ngemigwaqo ebanzi.
Emini, le nyoni ilele emthunzini, izifihle otshanini, i-avdotka ingahle inganakwa nakancane nje, ikhombisa umsebenzi ophambili ebusuku wokuzingela amagundane amancane nezibankwa.
Inyoni yeBustard
Kuyivelakancane kakhulu namuhla ukuthola inyoni enhle ngokungavamile ezindaweni zayo zokuhlala, igama layo okuyi-bustard. Ukufakwa kwalolu hlobo lwezinyoni eRed Book laseRussia kubangelwe yizinto eziningi ezingathandeki kulaba bantu: ukulima izindawo ezingazintombi kanye nokuzivumelanisa kwabo nezindawo ezilinywayo, ukudutshulwa ngabazingeli, ukufa okuphezulu ngesikhathi sezimpaphe nokuqeqeshwa kwezindiza.
Indawo yalaba bameleli beRed Book iyindawo emathafeni, nansi indlovukazi. Ikhulu kakhulu, inesisindo esifinyelela ku-21 kilograms, nesigaxa esincane ekhanda, i-bustard izondla ngezimbali nama-plant bulbs, futhi ayizideleli izinambuzane ezincane, amacimbi, neminenke.
Isisindo esikhulu ngokwanele senyoni sesibe yisizathu sobuvila benyoni, ama-bustards athanda ukugijima ngokushesha, kepha izinto azilihle kangako ngezindiza, zindiza zizehlele phansi ngenhla komhlaba futhi, ukuze zisuke, kufanele zisakaze kahle.
Inyoni emnyama enomphimbo omnyama
Ama-Loon akhetha ukuhlala eduze nemizimba emikhulu, ehlanzekile futhi ebandayo. Ngokuvamile lawa amachibi nolwandle. Isimo somzimba wale nyoni sihlelekile futhi sicabalele, okufaka isandla empilweni yaso yasemanzini. Ama-Loon akha amabhangqa okwempilo yonke, kuphela uma umlingani efa, le nyoni ifuna enye.
I-albatross enemibala emhlophe
Ukwehla kwenani nokubhujiswa kwama-albatross ngamanani amakhulu kwenziwa lula ngezimpaphe zawo ezinhle. Ngo-1949, izinhlobo ze-albatross ezinemibala emhlophe kwathiwa ziqothulwe ngokusemthethweni. Kodwa ngokujabula okukhulu, ngonyaka olandelayo, umhlambi omncane walezi zinyoni watholakala esiqhingini saseTorishima. Uhlobo lwe-albatross elisekelwa mhlophe luqale ukuvuseleleka ngamabhangqa ayi-10 kuphela.
Iphixiki elibomvana
Enye yezinyoni ezimbalwa, izinti ze-pelican zinamandla okuzingela ndawonye. Isisulu sabo esiyinhloko izinhlanzi. Futhi, onondweba bandizela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke emhlambini, bese behlukana babe ngazimbili ezizinzile bodwa futhi baqale ukuhlala bodwa.
Inyoni e-Crested cormorant
Ama-crestorants aseCrested angababhukudi abahle kakhulu, bacwila ngokujulile ukubamba izinhlanzi. Kodwa indiza inzima kakhulu kuma-cormorants, ukuze isuke inyoni kufanele igxume onqenqemeni noma eweni. Lezi zinyoni zinezimpaphe ezinhle ezimnyama ezine-green metallic sheen; i-crest ebonakalayo ivela ekhanda ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Ama-paw, njengoba kufanele inyoni yamanzi, anezingqimba.
Inyoni yesipuni
ISpoonbill iyinyoni enkulu enezimpaphe ezimhlophe. Isici esivelele uqhwaku lwaso olukhula ekugcineni. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, ifana nethanga likashukela. I-Spoonbill iyinyoni eyivelakancane yesikhathi sethu, inani layo namuhla alidluli ngababili abangama-60.
Ukuqothulwa kwalezi zinhlobo kuhlotshaniswa nezizathu eziningana: nokuthi ngonyaka wokuqala wokuphila kusuka ku-60 kuya ku-70% wamatshwele kuyafa nokuthi i-spoonbill, uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo, iqala ukwakha isidleke sekwephuze kakhulu - eminyakeni engu-6.5, isikhathi sokuphila esiphelele 10-12.
Endle (yize kungenzeki ukuthi kutholakale lapha), isipuni sihlala osebeni lwamachibi emifula angenasawoti kanye nemifula engxenyeni eseningizimu yezwe, sikhetha izimbadada ezinamahlumela lapho kulula khona ukuzingela, sifinyelela izinhlanzi ezinemilomo emide futhi eyisicaba, izinambuzane namaxoxo.
Uma ukude, i-spoonbill ibukeka njengendlovu, kepha uma ubhekisisa, umehluko uyabonakala: isimo esingajwayelekile somlomo, izitho zifushane kancane kunalezi zindlovu noma i-crane. Namuhla uSoonbill ungumhlali weziqiwi zeRostov Region, iKrasnodar Territory, amaRiphabhuliki eKalmykia nase-Adygea, inani lezinyoni liyancipha minyaka yonke.
Unogolantethe omnyama
Unogolantethe omnyama uyinyoni evuselelekayo echitha isikhathi esiningi ifuna ukudla. Izimpaphe zimnyama, zinombala oluhlaza okotshani ne-emerald. Umzimba ongezansi umhlophe. Uqhwaku, imilenze nendandatho yamehlo zinemibala ebomvu.
Inyoni iFlamingo
Iqiniso elithandekayo ukuthi lezi zinyoni zizalwa zimpunga. Ukudla ukudla okuqukethe i-beta-carotene (krill, shrimp) ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, umbala wabo uba bomvu futhi ube bomvu. Ingxenye engenhla yomlomo wama-flamingo iyiselula, futhi yingakho agobisa izintamo zawo ngendlela eyindida kangaka.
Imilenze mide futhi mincane, ngasinye sinezinzwane ezine ezixhunywe ulwelwesi. Inani labo liyaqhubeka nokwehla nanamuhla, lokhu kubangelwa umsebenzi wezomnotho osebenzayo nokugxilwa kwezinto eziyingozi emzimbeni wamanzi.
Inyoni encane ebheke phambili emhlophe
Le nyoni yathola igama layo elingathobekile ngenxa yezwi layo elithandekayo. Njengamanje, inani lehansi elibheke phambili elimhlophe lincishiswe kakhulu, ngenxa yokoma kwamachibi, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo ezintsha ngabantu, ukufa kwezikhukhula zamaqanda ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene, futhi ezandleni zabazingeli abazingela ngokungemthetho.
Inyoni kaSukhonos
Ingahlukaniswa kalula kwamanye amahansi ngendiza yayo esindayo nangoqhwaku. Amanzi ayisici sendabuko sale nyoni, iyabhukuda futhi icwile kahle. Ngesikhathi se-molting, lapho ihansi lilahlekelwa izimpaphe zalo zokundiza futhi lingakwazi ukugibela iphiko, liba isisulu sezilwane ezizingelayo.
Kepha ngezikhathi zobungozi, umunyu uphonsela umzimba emanzini ukuze kushiye ikhanda elilodwa kuphela ngaphezulu, noma lingene ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi bese lintanta liye endaweni ephephile.
I-swan encane
Ngaphambilini, indawo eyintandokazi yalezi zinyoni kwakuyi-Aral Sea, kepha namuhla isibe yindawo yenhlekelele yemvelo, ngakho-ke hhayi ama-swans amancane kuphela, kepha nezinye izinyoni ziyayigwema.
Inyoni ka-Osprey
Okwamanje, i-osprey ayisona isilwane esisengozini yokuqothulwa, kepha ngenxa yokuthi iyona kuphela emele umndeni wayo, ibhalwe kuRed Book laseRussia.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinombolo zayo zatholwa kungekudala, emuva maphakathi nekhulu le-19, isimo sasinzima. Ngaleso sikhathi, izibulala-zinambuzane zazisetshenziswa kakhulu ukwelapha amasimu, acishe abulala inyoni.
Inyoni yenyoka
Inyoka yenyoka (krachun) iyinyoni enhle, engajwayelekile futhi esengozini yokuqhamuka ohlakeni lwezinkozi. Ukhozi lwathola igama lalo elingavamile ngenxa yokuluthwa kwalo okungavamile kokudla; le nyoni idla izinyoka kuphela. Lesi simo asijwayelekile kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni.
Indlela elula yokuthi ukhozi lwenyoka luthole ukudla ezindaweni ezinezintaba nezama-steppe, ngakho-ke, uma unenhlanhla, lungatholakala e-Urals, esifundeni sezomnotho esiseNyakatho kanye naseNyakatho. Ukhozi lwenyoka lwehlukile kunokhozi olujwayelekile ngozipho olufushane, ikhanda eliyindilinga nokwakha okuhle kakhulu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi abesifazane bakhulu kakhulu kunabesilisa, yize kungenjalo behluka kancane.
Inyoni yokhozi legolide
Izinkozi zegolide zinamehlo abukhali, kepha aziboni ebusuku. Umbono wabo ujule kangangokuba endaweni eqinile yombala owodwa ukhozi lwegolide luhlukanisa amaphuzu amaningi anemibala ehlukene. Imvelo ibanikeze leli khono ukuze babone inyamazane iphakeme kakhulu. Isibonelo, angahlukanisa unogwaja osebenzayo, ngokuba semoyeni kusuka phansi amakhilomitha amabili.
Ukhozi olunempandla
Namuhla, inani lezinkozi ezinempandla lisengozini encane. Ukuba ngomunye wabamele abakhulu be-avifauna yezwekazi, le nyoni, kanye nokhozi olusagolide, ludlala indima ebalulekile emasikweni nasemasikweni abantu bendawo. Inokufana kwangaphandle nezinkozi ezijwayelekile, ihlukaniswa yimpaphe emhlophe yekhanda.
I-Daursky crane
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki nezolimo owenziwa ngabantu uholela ekwehleni kwenani lama-cranes eDaurian. Abantu bakhipha amaxhaphozi, bamise amadamu, bashise amahlathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, esifundeni lapho kutholakala khona ama-cranes eDaurian, kunezimpi zamasosha, eziholela nokwehla kwenani lezinyoni.
Inyoni ezinzile
Imilenze emide yale nyoni ingukuzijwayeza okubalulekile okuyivumela ukuthi ihambele kude nogu ifuna inzuzo. Lesi sici sokwakheka komzimba kwesiteki asikhethwanga ngengozi, ngoba inyoni kufanele ihambe njalo emanzini angajulile kukho konke ukuphila kwayo, izifunele ukudla ngosizo lomlomo omncane.
Inyoni ka-Avock
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ekuzalweni nasebusaneni, uqhwaku lwenzalo encane lunomumo olinganayo futhi lugoba phezulu kuphela ngokukhula. Ngenxa yokuthi eRussia i-shiloklyuv ihlala endaweni encane kakhulu futhi inani lezinyoni lincane impela, i-shiloklusk ibhalwe ku-Red Book yezwe lethu futhi ngalokho ivikelwe ngumthetho.
I-tern encane
Ama-tern amancane asengozini. Izizathu zalesi simo esingesihle kube ngukushoda kwezindawo ezifanele ukwakhelwa izidleke kanye nezikhukhula ezihlala zikhona zezindawo zokwakha izidleke ngezikhukhula.
Isikhova sokhozi
Isikhova senyoni siyinyoni edla inyama, ejwayelekile kuwo wonke umuntu, kodwa bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi amathuba okuqothulwa okuphelele kwale nyoni aphezulu. Isici esihlukile kwezinye izikhova yizindlebe ezikhethekile, zimbozwe izimpaphe ezithambile nosayizi omkhulu.
Izikhova zihola indlela yokuphila ehlukile, ziyabesaba abantu futhi zikhetha ukuzingela zodwa. Kuyinto emathafeni nezindawo zezintaba ezibavumela ukuthi bathole ukudla ngobuningi: amaxoxo, amagundane amancane naphakathi nendawo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi izinambuzane.
Amehlo aphuzi ngombala ophuzi nezimpaphe ezikhanyayo ansundu empeleni enza le nyoni ibukeke njengesikhova esivamile. Isikhova sowesifazane sikhulu ngaphezudlwana kweseduna, ngaphandle kwalokho ngaphandle asihlukile kakhulu.
Inyoni yeBustard
Le nyoni yathola igama layo elithakazelisayo ngesitayela sokulungiselela ukundiza. Ngaphambi kokuba isuke, i-bustard encane iyazamazama futhi iyamemeza bese kuphela lapho iphakamisa phansi ivule amaphiko ayo.
I-piebald kingfisher enkulu
I-piebald kingfisher enkulu ifinyelela kubude obungu-43 cm.I-crest iyabonakala ekhanda. Izimpaphe ezinemibala emhlophe mpunga. Isifuba nentamo kumhlophe. I-kingfisher ithanda ukuhlala osebeni lwemifula esheshayo esezintabeni.
Inyoni yaseJapan eyi-warbler
Ubuningi buphansi ngokwedlulele, kepha kungenzeka ukuthi abanye babantu abazalanayo abakatholakali. Indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezithile endaweni ethile incike ezimweni zezulu zonyaka, ikakhulukazi ezingeni lamanzi emachibini asezindaweni eziphansi, yingakho inani labantu abazalela izidleke lingahluka kakhulu.
Inyoni ye-Paradise flycatcher
Isibalo sabadobi bezindiza zepharadesi asaziwa, kepha inani labantu liyancipha yonke indawo. Izizathu eziyinhloko ukushiswa kwezindawo ezingamahlathi ngenxa yomlilo wehlathi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emahlanzeni, nokususwa kwezihlahla nezihlahlana.
Izindawo zezinhlobo zezilwane ezindaweni ezithile sezishintshe ngokuphelele zaguqulwa zaba izitshalo zezolimo, ezihlala emadlelweni. Ukukhiqiza izinyoni kuthonywa yisici sokuphazamiseka; abadobi bezindiza abaphazamisekile bangashiya isidleke namaqanda abekiwe.
Inyoni e-Shaggy nuthatch
Ngenxa yokugawulwa, indawo yezitendi ezivaliwe neziphezulu zancishiswa kakhulu, ingxenye yensimu yepheshana yashiswa kabili yimililo. Ama-Nuthatches ayekile ukuhlala kulezo zindawo ezingakashintshi ngokomzimba.
"Izakhamuzi" eziningi ezinezimpaphe zeRed Book yaseRussia zingabalwa ngokoqobo ngakwesinye isandla. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi umbuzo wokuthi ngabe yiziphi izinyoni eziseBomvu Incwadi yaseRussia esikhathini esizayo esiseduze kuzobuyekezwa futhi kwengezwe ngohlu olusha lwabaphikisana nokuqothulwa nokuqothulwa.
Uhlu oluphelele lwezinyoni ezifakwe eRed Book laseRussia
| I-loon emnyama yomqala I-loon ekhokhiswa okumhlophe I-albatross enemibala emhlophe I-petrel enemibala Isiphepho esincane Iphixiki elibomvana I-pelican egobile I-Crestor crested I-cormorant encane Indwandwe yaseGibhithe I-egret emaphakathi Indwandwe ekhokhiswa ophuzi I-spoonbill ejwayelekile Isinkwa Izinsikazi ezibomvu Unogolantethe waseMpumalanga Ekude Unogolantethe omnyama I-flamingo ejwayelekile Ihansi laseCanada Aleutian Ihansi elimnyama atlantic Ihansi laseMelika Ihansi elibomvu I-Goose ebheke phambili emhlophe Beloshey Ihansi lentaba Sukhonos I-Tundra swan I-Swan Umgogodla obunjiwe UKloktun Anas Umbala we-Marble Idada lesiMandarin Dive (mnyama) iBaer Idada elinamehlo amhlophe Idada Ukuhlanganiswa okuhlanganisiwe Osprey Ikhayithi elibomvu I-steppe harrier I-European Tuvik Kurgannik Hawk oklebe Inyoka Ukhozi olucijile Ukhozi lwesitepe Ukhozi Olunamabala Amakhulu Ukhozi Olunamabala Amancane Indawo yokungcwaba Ukhozi olusegolide Ukhozi olunomsila omude Ukhozi olunemisila emhlophe Ukhozi olunempandla Ukhozi olwandle lwaseSteller Indoda enentshebe Inqe Inqe elimnyama Inqe likaGriffon UMerlin I-Saker Falcon I-Peregrine falcon I-Steppe kestrel Ipartridge emhlophe I-grouse emnyama yaseCaucasus | UDikusha Inhlwathi yaseManchurian I-crane yaseJapane Sterkh I-Daursky crane Indwe emnyama I-Belladonna (crane) Ukujaha ngezinyawo ezibomvu Amaphiko amhlophe Izimpondo zempondo Sultanka I-bustard enkulu, ama-subspecies aseYurophu I-bustard enkulu, ama-subspecies ase-East Siberian I-Bustard UJack (inyoni) I-Avdotka ISouthern Golden Plover I-Ussuriysky plover ICaspian plover I-Gyrfalcon Kubekiwe Ukotapeya Oystercatcher, ama-subspecies ezwekazini Oystercatcher, ama-subspecies akude asempumalanga Umnenke wase-Okhotsk Lopaten UDunl, ama-subspecies aseBaltic I-Dunl, izinhlobo ezingaphansi kweSakhalin INingizimu Kamchatka Beringian Sandpiper Zheltozobik I-snipe yaseJapane Ukugoba okuncane Ukugoba okukhulu I-curlew yaseMpumalanga Ekude I-snipe yase-Asiatic I-steppe tirkushka Ingquza enekhanda elimnyama I-Relic seagull I-seagull yaseShayina Isikhulumi esinemilenze ebomvu I-seagull emhlophe Chegrava I-Aleutian Tern I-tern encane I-fawn yase-Asia ekhokhiswe isikhathi eside I-fawn ekhokhiswa okufishane Indoda endala ebanjiwe Isikhova Isikhova senhlanzi I-piebald kingfisher enkulu I-kingfisher ehlanganisiwe Isiqophamithi saseYurophu esiphakathi Umqali wezigodo obomvu Igundane laseMongolia I-shrike ejwayelekile egrey I-Japanese warbler I-warbler ejikelezayo IPharadesi Flycatcher Uhlamvu lwemali olukhulu Mhlanga sutora I-European blue tit I-Shaggy nuthatch Isigaxa se-oatmeal sikaYankovsky |
