Inyathi ungummeli wezilwane ezidliwayo ezinkulu kakhulu, ezinamandla, nezinhle ngokumangalisayo. Ngokubukeka, zifana kakhulu nezinyathi zaseYurophu, zingadideka kalula. Izilwane zombili izinhlobo zivame ukuzalana, zakha inzalo, ebizwa ngokuthi inyathi.
Ubukhulu, ukungasabi nokuzola okungenakugqashuka kwesilwane kukhuthaza ukwesaba nenhlonipho. Ubukhulu bezitshalo ezidla imifino buzinikeza ukuphakama okungenakuphikiswa phakathi kwawo wonke ama-ungulates akhona emhlabeni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bizon
Inyathi iyisilwane esincelisayo esilandelanayo. Bangabameleli be-oda lama-artiodactyls, umndeni wama-bovids, abelwe uhlobo nezinhlobo zezinyathi. Njengomphumela wokumba okwenziwe, izazi zezilwane zathola ukuthi ngesikhathi sePliocene, okungukuthi, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-5.5-2.5 edlule, base bevele bekhona emhlabeni.
Ososayensi basikisela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi indawo yokuhlala kwakuyindawo yaseningizimu yeYurophu yanamuhla. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, ePleistocene, izilwane zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu, futhi kamuva zavela eNyakatho Melika.
Ososayensi bathi ibhuloho laseBeringian, elalikhona cishe eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezingama-650 eyedlule, labasiza ukuba bafike lapho. Kule ndawo kwakhiwa ama-subspecies amancane wezinyathi, ahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeBeringia. Inyathi yangaleso sikhathi yayicishe iphindwe kabili kunesenyathi yesimanje. Babehlukaniswa nokuzivumelanisa nezimo kwabo ngokushesha ezimweni zokuhlala, kepha, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, inyathi icishe yancipha.
Ividiyo: IBizon
Cishe eminyakeni eyi-100 000 eyedlule, i-Ice Age yaqala, futhi inani lezinyathi zase-European steppe bison zasakazeka kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika. Kule ndawo, bahlala i-Beringian tundra ne-steppes. Ngaleso sikhathi, le ndawo yayinezimo zonke zokuphila okuhle nokuzala. Ngenxa yalokhu, izinombolo zabo zeqe inani lama-mammoths, ama-reindeer, ama-musk oxen, namanye ama-ungulates.
Ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, okwaqala eminyakeni engaba ngu-14 000 eyedlule, izinga lamanzi olwandle lakhuphuka kakhulu, ngakho iBhuloho laseBeringian lagcwala ngokuphelele. Isimo semvelo saphazanyiswa, ngenxa yalokho indawo yokuhlala yezinyathi zase-Eurasia zacekeleka phansi ngokuphelele.
Izinyathi zaseYurophu zazakha inyathi endaweni yaseYurophu. Lezi zinhlobo ziye zajwayela ukuhlala emahlathini aluhlaza okotshani. Ensimini yezwekazi laseMelika, kwakukhona inhlanganisela yezinyathi zasendulo nezasezintabeni, kwakhiwa izinhlobo ezimbili zezinyathi: ihlathi nendawo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, izilwane zazisakazekile, inani labantu lalilikhulu - lalinabantu abangaba ngu-600,000. Bakha abantu abaningi futhi bahlala endaweni kusukela eMississippi kuya eRocky Mountains, bahlala endaweni esuka e-Alaska kuya esifundeni esisenyakatho neMexico.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyathi yezilwane
Ukubukeka kwalesi silwane kuyahlaba umxhwele ngempela. Ukuphakama komuntu omdala ekubuneni kungamamitha amabili, ubude bomzimba buyi-2.7-3 metres. Isisindo somzimba - 1000 - 1200 kilograms. Phakathi kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo, kuvezwa i-dimorphism yezocansi - abesifazane bancane futhi balula kunabesilisa. Isisindo sowesifazane oyedwa omdala asidluli amakhilogremu angamakhulu ayisikhombisa.
Ikhanda lenyathi linamandla, likhulu futhi lisentanyeni enkulu, obukhulu. Ekhanda kunezimpondo ezijiyile, ezicijile, ezinde, eziphetho zazo zigobele emzimbeni. Izindlebe zezilwane zincane, ziyindilinga, zifihlwe eboyeni. Amehlo amakhulu, ayindilinga, amnyama atholakala ebangeni elikhulu ukusuka komunye nomunye. Inyathi inebunzi eliphakeme, elikhulu, neliphinyisiwe.
Isici esivelele yibhantshi elimnyama, elenziwe ekhanda, entanyeni, esifubeni nasemaceleni. Ijazi elinjalo lenza isilwane sibonakale sisabeka kakhulu.
Endaweni yokushintshwa kwentamo iye emzimbeni, isilwane sine-hump enkulu, okwenza umzimba wesilwane ube nzima kakhulu futhi wesabe. Ingemuva lomzimba lincane kakhulu kunangaphambili, limbozwe ngezinwele ezimfishane, ezincane, ezikhanyayo.
Izilwane azinazo isikhathi eside kakhulu, kodwa zinemilenze eqinile futhi eqinile enemisipha ekhule kahle. Inyathi inomsila omncane, ekugcineni kwayo kukhona intshakaza yoboya obumnyama. Ama-herbivores athuthukise kakhulu ukuzwa nomuzwa wokuhogela.
Umbala wejazi unombala onsundu noma ompunga, futhi ungaba nomthunzi okhanyayo wejazi. Endaweni engxenyeni engaphambili yomzimba, bonke abamele lolu hlobo banejazi elimnyama kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Izilwane zithukile ngoboya obukhulu, obubukeka bufana nesigqoko.
Ihlala kuphi inyathi?
Isithombe: American Bison
Indawo eyinhloko yezinyathi igxile eNyakatho Melika. Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka edlule, inani lezinyathi lalinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-60. Imihlambi emikhulu yayihlala cishe yonke indawo. Ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwezilwane, inani lazo lehle kakhulu, futhi indawo yokuhlala izifunda ezimbili noma ezintathu kuphela endaweni yaseMissouri.
Esikhathini esedlule esedlule, izilwane zaziphila impilo yokuzulazula, zihamba ngenkathi ebandayo ziye eningizimu nasezifundeni, futhi lapho kuqala imfudumalo zabuyela emuva. Namuhla, into enjalo ayinakwenzeka, ngoba indawo yokuhlala ikhawulelwe kakhulu yipulazi nomhlaba wezolimo.
Inyathi ikhetha indawo enezimila ezicebile, eziluhlaza njengezifunda zokuhlala. Bazizwa behle ezigodini ezingapheli, noma ezihlahleni zezihlahla ezibanzi. Futhi, inani lezinyathi litholakala emahlathini, ezigodini, emathafeni.
Izifunda lapho inyathi ihlala ezimweni zemvelo:
- indawo ezungeze iLake Athabasca;
- indawo echibini lezigqila;
- izifunda ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeMissouri;
- ihlathi nomgodi womfula: Inyathi, Ukuthula, iBirch.
Inyathi ingaba amahlathi noma izakhamizi. Izinhlobo ezikhetha ukuhlala ezigodini nasezindaweni ezivulekile zigxile eningizimu yeCanada. Abantu abakhetha ihlathi njengendawo yokuhlala bahlala enyakatho.
Iqiniso lomlando elithandekayo. Ingxenye yezwekazi iNew York elikuyo isemanzini angajulile, akhiwa ngenxa yokuqoqwa okukhulu kwezidumbu zezinyathi ezacwila ngenkathi zizama ukubhukuda ziwela i-Hudson Strait.
Idliwa yini inyathi?
Isithombe: IBison Red Book
Inyathi iyi-herbivore kuphela. Umuntu omdala oyedwa kufanele adle okungenani ama-25-30 kilograms ohlaza ngosuku.
Yini efakiwe ekudleni kwesilwane:
- Ubulembu;
- Ubulembu;
- Izinhlamvu;
- Utshani;
- Amahlumela amasha wezihlahla;
- Amagatsha;
- ILuscious, amahlamvu aluhlaza.
Lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, aqala ukuzondla ngezidwedwe zezitshalo. Izilwane ziguqulwa ngokuphelele ukuze zisinde ngisho nasemakhazeni aqhubekayo kuya ku -25 nangaphansi. Izitho ezinamandla zikuvumela ukuthi umbe izitshalo ngisho nangaphansi kokuvinjelwa kweqhwa okujulile, imitha elilodwa noma ngaphezulu ukushuba. Bawageja ngezinselo zabo bese bemba izimbobo ngamabunzi abo. Kungenxa yalesi sizathu ukuthi abantu abaningi banamabala anempandla engxenyeni engaphambili yekhanda.
Nsuku zonke, izilwane kumele zifike echibini ukuze ziqede ukoma kwazo. Ayikho indlela yokudakwa ngokwanele kuphela ngesikhathi seqhwa nokubanda kwemizimba yamanzi. Ukudla kwezilwane kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kusihlwa, noma ekuseni kakhulu. Ngakho-ke ubungozi bokuba isisulu somzingeli buyancipha, ngaphezu kwalokho, emini, ngesikhathi sokukhanya kwelanga okunamandla, bakhosela emthunzini wezimila, noma ehlathini.
Ngokuya ngobuningi nenani lokudla, imihlambi yezinyathi izulazula izindawo ngezindawo. Lapho kukhethwa umzila, izilwane zinamathela emanzini amaningi. Iyakwazi ukumboza amabanga amade. Ngemuva kwalokho, zingabuya nokufudumala endaweni yazo yangaphambili. Ukuntuleka kokudla, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi ebandayo, kuthinta ikhwalithi yejazi. Ngakho-ke, emakhazeni amakhulu, izilwane ezingenakho ukudla kwezitshalo zingaphathwa amakhaza.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Bizon
Izinyathi ziyizilwane ezinamathe ezinyawo ezihlangene. Bakha imihlambi emikhulu, ezikhathini zangaphambili eyafinyelela kubantu abayizi-17,000 - 20 000. Inhloko yomhlambi omkhulu kangaka ihlale ihlakaniphile futhi indala kunayo yonke, kodwa iduna eliqine kakhulu. Emihlambini eminingi kangaka, abesilisa abaningana bangahlanganyela ebuholini.
Abesilisa, kanye nabesifazane kanye nezingane ezizalwayo, bakha umhlambi omncane ohlukile. Umsebenzi wabantu abakhulu besilisa ukuvikela umhlambi kubantu ongabazi nasezitheni. Ngenxa yokuzwa kwabo okuthuthuke kakhulu nomuzwa wokuhogela, bayakwazi ukuzwa nokuthola ingozi kusenesikhathi ngaphambi kokuba isondele.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Inyathi ingathola umuntu ongamazi ngephunga ebangeni elingaphezu kwamamitha angu-3000.
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bomzimba wazo obukhulu, isisindo namandla, izilwane zingashesha kakhulu futhi zisheshe. Bayakwazi ukunqoba izithiyo ezingafika kumamitha amabili ukuphakama, ukugijima nokufinyelela ngejubane elifinyelela ku-50 km / h. Kungenxa yalezi zizathu ukuthi abantu baseMelika bayeke imizamo yokufuya lesi sidlakela.
Ngaphandle kokuqina nobukhazikhazi emhlabeni, bangabhukudi abahle kakhulu futhi bayakwazi ukumboza amabanga abalulekile ngokubhukuda.
Ngaphandle, inyathi ibonakala ifuthelana, ivinjelwe kakhulu futhi ithule. Uma kungenazici ezicasulayo, isilwane sibonakala sizolile ngokuphelele. Uma inyathi icasukile, iba umshini wokufa wangempela. Ngokuthukuthela, uba nodlame kakhulu, unonya futhi unonya kakhulu.
Kwakunezimo lapho inyathi, lapho ijahwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, yayiwisa phansi ababuthaka nabagulayo. Ngale ndlela, balahla i-ballast engadingekile. Lo mmeli wezilwane ezidla utshani uhlakaniphe kakhulu futhi uyakwazi ukuhlola isimo ngokusobala. Ngesikhathi sokulwa, lapho isitha sinenzuzo, siyabuyela ngaphandle kokuzibeka engozini yokufa.
Izilwane zivame ukuxhumana zodwa ngokukhiqizwa kwemisindo ethile - izithulu, ukusongela nokubhonga okuphansi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Bison Cub
Kuyinto engavamile ukuba inyathi idale amabhangqa aqinile, ahlala isikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi somshado, owesilisa oyedwa angaba ne-harem ephelele, okubandakanya kusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabayisihlanu noma ngaphezulu kwabesifazane. Isikhathi sokukhwela sinde impela - sithatha kusuka ngoMeyi kuye phakathi naphakathi kwekwindla. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa bodwa, noma imihlambi, bahlangana nabantu besifazane.
Kwakhiwa umhlambi omkhulu, lapho kuqala khona ukuncintisana okukhulu phakathi kwabesilisa nomzabalazo welungelo lokungena ebudlelwaneni nensikazi. Izimpi phakathi kwabesilisa zikhonjiswa ngesimo sokungqongqoza kwamabunzi nokubhekana. Imvamisa, ukungqubuzana okunjalo kugcina ngokufa kwesitha esibuthakathaka. Ophumelele uklonyeliswa ngokunakwa kwabesifazane. Ngesikhathi sokubhinca, abesilisa bakhipha ukuduma okunamandla, okuqinile, futhi okungatheni, okukhumbuza ukufika kwesiphepho. Zizwakala ebangeni elingamakhilomitha ama-5-7.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, isikhathi sokukhulelwa siqala, esihlala izinyanga eziyi-9-9.5. Imvamisa, insikazi ibheka indawo eyimfihlo, ekude yokubeletha futhi ihambe ngesikhathi sokuqala kwayo. Uma ingenaso isikhathi sokuyithola, ithole lizalwa khona kanye emhlambini. Owesifazane oyedwa angazala ithole elilodwa kuphela, ukuzalwa kwezingane ezimbili kuyindlala enkulu. Abanye abantu bomhlambi bakhombisa ubumnene nokunakekela ingane - bayayikhotha, bayayivikela, bayinakekele.
Emahoreni angu-1.5-2 ngemuva kokuzalwa, ingane isivele isimile futhi inyakaze ngemuva kukanina.
Amathole adla ubisi lukanina olunamafutha, olunama-khalori aphezulu isikhathi esingangonyaka. Bathola isisindo somzimba ngokushesha okukhulu, baba namandla futhi bavuthwe. Amankonyane mancane kakhulu, ayadlala, futhi ahlaliseki, ayathanda ukugxuma agijime. Kodwa-ke, phakathi nalesi sikhathi azikwazi ukuzivikela futhi ziyizisulu ezilula zezilwane ezidlayo, ngakho-ke zihlala emkhakheni wokubuka wabantu abadala. Inyathi ifinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi ineminyaka engama-3-5. Isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila ezimweni zemvelo yiminyaka engama-23-26.
Izitha zemvelo zenyathi
Isithombe: Isilwane senyathi
Ngenxa yamandla abo, amandla nobukhulu obukhulu, inyathi cishe ayinazo izitha phakathi kwabamele umhlaba wezilwane ezimweni zemvelo. Okuhlukile yizimpisi, ezizingela amathole amancane, kanye nabantu abadala nabagulayo. Izidlakela azikwazi ukunqoba izinyathi ezincane nezinamandla, noma zingazidla, zizozihlasela ngomhlambi wonke. Inani lezinyoni lehle kakhulu emakhulwini eminyaka amuva ngenxa yokungenelela komuntu okusebenzayo. Babezingelwa ngenkuthalo ngamaNdiya, indlela yawo yokuphila yayixhomeke kakhulu kulezi zilwane ezincelisayo ezinamandla.
Okubaluleke kakhulu ulimi kanye ne-hump, okwakuyinqolobane yamafutha, lapho kwakhiwa khona amasheya ezinhlinzeko zesikhathi sasebusika. Izikhumba zezilwane zazisebenza njengomthombo wezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenza izingubo, futhi ikakhulukazi izindawo ezijiyile neziminyene zazisetshenziselwa ukumenzela izicathulo namathe. AmaNdiya asebenzise zonke izitho zomzimba wezilwane ngaphandle kokukhetha.
Ngaphezu kwezingubo zokugqoka, amatende, izinto zokugibela, izintambo zezinqola, amabhande, njll. Zazenziwe ngesikhumba nezikhumba. Izinwele zezinyathi zaba umthombo wokuluka izintambo eziqinile. Amathambo ayesetshenziselwa ukwenza izinto zokusika ezicijile, izitsha zasekhishini, ubulongo kwakusetshenziselwa ukwenza uphethiloli, nezinselo kwakusetshenziselwa ukwenza i-glue.
Kodwa-ke, ososayensi bathole ukuthi kuze kube ngu-1840, imisebenzi yabantu ayizange ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuqothulweni kwalezi zilwane nasekunciphiseni izinombolo zazo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bison waseMelika
Emakhulwini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, inani lezinyathi liye lehla laba sezingeni eliyinhlekelele. Ezimweni zemvelo, azikho ngaphezu kwamakhanda angama-35,000. Inqwaba yinyathi ye-steppe. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi izilwane zikhuliswa ngempumelelo emapulazini ezizimele. Ngokwezibalo zezazi zezilwane, isibalo sabangabanjwanga abagcinwe ekuthunjweni sifinyelela kubantu abayi-5 000.
Lezi zinhlobo zezilwane ezidla utshani zibhalwe kuRed Book. Inikezwe isikhundla sezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisengcupheni yokuqothulwa ngokuphelele. Izinyathi zikhuliswa kakhulu ngenhloso yezimboni emapulazini akhethekile. Ngokusho kokulinganiswa kwezazi zezilwane, kunamakhanda acishe abe yingxenye yesigidi endaweni yamapulazi anjalo.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, kwakukhona izinhloko zezilwane ezingaba yizigidi ezingama-60 ezimweni zemvelo. Ngemuva kuka-1840, kwaqala ukuzingelwa okusebenzayo kwezilwane ezidla izilwane. Kuthathe indawo enhle eminyakeni engama-25 kamuva. Ngaleso sikhathi, kwaqala ukwakhiwa komzila wesitimela onqamula amazwekazi, futhi ngenhloso yokuheha abagibeli, ngakho-ke, imali engenayo, abagibeli bamenywa ukuba babe yingxenye yohambo olujabulisayo.
Abagibeli besitimela esigudlukayo babekwazi ukudubula badle izilwane ngokuthula, beshiya inqwaba yabantu abafayo. Babulawa futhi ukuze bathole inyama yokondla abasebenzi abasebenza ekwakheni ujantshi. Kwakunenqwaba yezinyathi kangangokuba imvamisa izidumbu zazo zazinganqunywa ngisho nokusikwa, kwakusikwa ulimi kuphela.
Iqiniso lomlando elithandekayo. Inani labazingeli bezinyathi lakhula kancane. Ngo-1965, zazingaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili zazo. Abakhonze kakhulu - iBuffalo Beale - babhubhisa abantu abayi-4280.
Unogada wenyathi
Isithombe: Inyathi evela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Izinyathi zibalwe kwiRed Book yamazwe omhlaba ezinesimo sezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngo-1905, iziphathimandla zaseMelika zabona futhi zabona ukuthi izilwane zisongelwa ngokuqothulwa ngokuphelele, futhi zakha i-American Convention for the Rescue of Animals. Kwakhiwe izinqolobane eziningana - iMontana, Oklahoma, Dakota, indawo eyayingaphansi kokuvikelwa kweziphathimandla zendawo. Imicimbi enjalo yanikeza imiphumela yayo.
Kungakapheli iminyaka emihlanu, inani lezilwane laphindeka kabili, kwathi emuva kweminyaka eyishumi, isibalo sabantu safinyelela ku-9 000. ECanada, kwenziwa isenzo esikhulu, okwaholela ekunyakazeni okukhulu, okusebenzayo nokubandakanyeka kweziphathimandla kanye nabahlali bendawo, okuhloswe ngakho ukulwa nokubhujiswa kwenyathi.
Ngo-1915, iWood Buffalo National Park yadalwa, yakhelwe ukugcina nokwandisa inani lezinyathi zasehlathini. Inyathi ivikelwe ngenkuthalo yizishoshovu zamalungelo ezilwane futhi namuhla abantu bayo bangabantu abangama-35,000.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 27.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-9: 11
