Tridacna Uhlobo oluhlaba umxhwele lwe-mollusc enkulu kunazo zonke, enamathiselwe phansi. Zithandwa njengomthombo wokudla kanye nokubukwa kuma-aquariums. Izinhlobo ze-tridacna kwakuyizinhlobo zokuqala zasemanzini zama-molluscs. Bahlala ezixhotsheni zamakhorali nasemachibini lapho bengathola khona ukukhanya kwelanga okwanele.
Endle, amanye ama-tridacnas amakhulu agcwala izipanji, ama-coral kanye nolwelwe kangangokuba ukwakheka kwawo kungabonakali! Lokhu kudale izinganekwane eziningi kanye nokwesaba "ngamahlwili adla abantu". Kodwa-ke, namuhla siyazi ukuthi le mibono yobandlululo ayinangqondo. I-Tridacna ayinalo neze ulaka.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Tridacna
Lo mndeni omncane uqukethe ama-bivalve molluscs amakhulu kunawo wonke, kufaka phakathi i-giant clam (T. gigas). Sinenkosi amagobolondo lukathayela esindayo ne 4-6 emphethweni. Umbala wezembatho ukhanya ngokwedlulele. Bahlala ezixhotsheni zamakhorali emachibini asolwandle afudumele esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific. Ama-molluscs amaningi ahlala ku-symbiosis ne-photosynthetic zooxanthellae.
Ividiyo: iTridacna
Kwesinye isikhathi izimbaza ezinkulu, njengakuqala, zibhekwa njengomndeni ohlukile weTridacnidae, noma kunjalo, ukuhlaziywa kwesimanje kwe-phylogenetic kwenze ukuthi kube lula ukuzibandakanya njengomndeni omncane emndenini weCardiidae. Imininingwane yakamuva yezofuzo ikhombisile ukuthi bangudade ofanayo ohlukile. I-tridacna yahlukaniswa okokuqala ngo-1819 nguJean-Baptiste de Lamarck. Waze wababeka isikhathi eside njengomndeni omncane ku-oda leVenerida.
Njengamanje, izinhlobo eziyishumi zifakiwe emkhakheni wesibili womndeni omncane iTridacninae:
Uhlobo lukaHippopus:
- Imvubu yemvubu;
- Imvubu porcellanus.
URod Tridacna:
- T. costata;
- T. crocea;
- T. gigas;
- T. maxima;
- T. squamosa;
- T. derasa;
- T. mbalavuana;
- T. rosewateri.
Izinganekwane ezahlukahlukene zakhiwe ezungeze i-tridacna kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo. Kuze kube namuhla, abanye abantu bababiza ngokuthi "ababulali" futhi baqamba amanga bathi ama-mollusks amakhulu ahlasela abatshuzi noma ezinye izidalwa eziphilayo futhi azibamba ekujuleni. Eqinisweni, umphumela wokuvala wama-valve emollusk uhamba kancane.
Ingozi ebhalwe ngokusemthethweni yenzeka ePhilippines ngawo-1930. Umzingeli wamaparele ulahlekile. Kamuva watholakala eseshonile nemishini ifakwe ku-tridacne ongu-160kg. Ngemuva kokuyisusa ngaphezulu, kwatholakala iparele elikhulu esandleni, ngokusobala livela egobolondweni. Umzamo wokususa leli pearl ubulele.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-tridacna
I-Tridacna yi-bivalve mollusk enkulu kunazo zonke ephilayo. Igobolondo lingaba amamitha angu-1.5 ubude. Zibonakala ngokuba khona kwezingu-4 kuye kwezingu-5 ezinkulu, ezibheke ngaphakathi ezibukwayo ezingunxantathu zokuvulwa kwegobolondo, amagobolondo aminyene, asindayo angenazihlangu (abasebasha bangaba nezihlangu eziningana) kanye nesiphon sokuhogela ngaphakathi ngaphandle kwezindwangu.
Isembatho ngokuvamile sinsundu ngokusagolide, saphuzi, noma luhlaza okotshani sinamabala amaningi aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ansomi, noma aluhlaza, ikakhulukazi emaphethelweni engubo. Abantu abakhulu bangaba namabala amaningi kangangokuthi isembatho sibonakala sinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noma onsomi ngombala. I-tridacne nayo inezindawo eziningi eziphaphathekile noma ezisobala engubeni ebizwa nge "windows".
Iqiniso Elimnandi: IGiant Tridacnae ayikwazi ukuvala ngokuphelele igobolondo labo lapho sebekhulile. Noma kuvaliwe, ingxenye yengubo ihlala ibonakala, ngokungafani ne-Tridacna deraz efanayo. Izikhala ezincane zihlala zihlala phakathi kwamagobolondo lapho kubonakala khona ingubo enombala onsundu ophuzi.
Ama-tridacnid amancane kunzima ukuhlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo ze-mollusc. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kungabonwa kuphela ngobudala nokuphakama. Zinezigoqo eziqondile ezine kuya kweziyisikhombisa kugobolondo lazo. Ama-bivalve molluscs aqukethe i-zooxanthellae athambekele ekukhuleni amagobolondo amakhulu e-calcium carbonate. Imiphetho yengubo igcwele i-zooxanthellae, okucatshangwa ukuthi isebenzisa i-carbon dioxide, i-phosphates, ne-nitrate evela ku-shellfish.
Uhlala kuphi tridacna?
Isithombe: iTridacna olwandle
I-Tridacnae itholakala kuso sonke isifunda esishisayo i-Indo-Pacific, kusukela olwandle lwaseNingizimu China enyakatho kuya ogwini olusenyakatho ye-Australia naseziQhingini zaseNicobar entshonalanga kuya eFiji empumalanga. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinamakhorali, ngokuvamile ezingamamitha angama-20 ngaphezulu. AmaMolluscs avame ukutholakala emachibini angajulile nasemathafeni anezixhobo zamanzi futhi kwenzeka ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwesihlabathi noma kumfucumfucu wamakhorali.
I-Tridacnes iseduze nezindawo ezinjengalezi:
- Australia;
- Kiribati;
- I-Indonesia;
- EJapan;
- IMicronesia;
- IMyanmar;
- EMalaysia;
- IsiPalau;
- Iziqhingi zaseMarshall;
- Tuvalu;
- EPhilippines;
- ESingapore;
- Iziqhingi zaseSolomon;
- Thailand;
- IVanuatu;
- IVietnam.
Kungenzeka kuphele ezindaweni ezinjalo:
- IGuam;
- Iziqhingi zaseMariana;
- Fiji;
- INew Caledonia;
- ETaiwan, isifundazwe saseChina.
I-specimen enkulu kunazo zonke ezaziwayo yayilinganisa amasentimitha ayi-137. Yatholwa cishe ngonyaka we-1817 ogwini lwaseSumatra, e-Indonesia. Isisindo sayo sasicishe sibe ngama-250 kg. Namuhla iminyango yayo iboniswe emnyuziyamu eNyakatho ye-Ireland. Enye i-tridacna enkulu ngokungavamile yatholakala ngo-1956 ngasesiqhingini saseJapane i-Ishigaki. Akuzange kuphenywe ngokwesayensi kwaze kwaba cishe ngo-1984. Igobolondo lalingu-115 cm ubude futhi linesisindo esingu-333 kg nengxenye ethambile. Ososayensi balinganisile ukuthi isisindo esibukhoma singama-340 kg.
Manje uyazi lapho i-tridacna itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idla ini i-tridacna?
Isithombe: Giant Tridacna
Njengamanye ama-bivalve molluscs, i-tridacna ingahlunga izinhlayiya zokudla emanzini olwandle, kufaka phakathi izitshalo zasolwandle ezincane (i-phytoplankton) ne-zooplankton yezilwane, emanzini olwandle kusetshenziswa imishayo yayo. Izinhlayiya zokudla ezibhajwe emgodini wesambatho zihlanganiswe ndawonye bese zithunyelwa emlonyeni wokuvula osendaweni yomlenze. Kusuka emlonyeni, ukudla kuya esikhunjeni bese kuya esiswini.
Kodwa-ke, i-tridacna ithola inqwaba yokudla kwayo kusuka ku-zooxanthellae ehlala ezicutshini zayo. Zikhula nge-clam yomsingathi ngendlela efanayo neyamakhorali. Kwezinye izinhlobo ze-tridacne, i-zooxanthellae inikeza ama-90% wamaketanga e-carbon. Le yinyunyana ephoqelekile yama-molluscs, izofa ingekho i-zooxanthellae, noma kumnyama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukuba khona kwe- "windows" engutsheni kuvumela ukukhanya okwengeziwe ukungena ezicutshini zengubo futhi kukhuthaze i-photosynthesis ye-zooxanthellae.
Ubulembu obunjalo buhlinzeka i-tridacn ngomthombo owengeziwe wokudla. Lezi zitshalo zakhiwe ngo-algae unicellular, onemikhiqizo ye-metabolic engezwa kokudla kwesihlungi se-shellfish. Ngenxa yalokhu, ziyakwazi ukukhula zikhule zifike kumitha elilodwa ngobude ngisho nasemanzini asemifuleni yamakhorali angenazakhi. AmaMolluscs akhula ulwelwe ohlelweni olukhethekile lokujikeleza kwegazi, oluwavumela ukuthi agcine inani elikhulu kakhulu lama-symbionts ngevolumu yeyunithi ngayinye.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Tridacna mollusk
Ama-tridacnae angama-molluscs angamavila futhi angasebenzi. Iminyango yabo ivalwa kancane kakhulu. Abantu abadala, kufaka phakathi i-Tridacna gigas, bahlala phansi, bazinamathisela phansi ezansi. Uma indawo yabo elinganisiwe iphazamisekile, izicubu ezinemibala egqamile yengubo (equkethe i-zooxanthellae) ziyasuswa, futhi ama-valve egobolondo ayavalwa.
Njengoba i-giant clam ikhula, ilahlekelwa i-byssus gland yayo, engakwazi ukuqinisa ngayo. Ama-tridacna clams athembele kule divayisi ukuthi azimise ngokwazo endaweni, kepha i-clam enkulu iba nkulu futhi inzima kangangokuba ivele ihlale lapho ikhona futhi ingakwazi ukunyakaza. Lapho besebancane, bayakwazi ukuvala amagobolondo abo, kepha hhayi njengama-mollusks amadala amakhulu alahlekelwa leli khono.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Yize i-tridacnae ivezwa njenge- "killer clams" kumafilimu akudala, alikho icala langempela lokuthi abantu babhajwe futhi bacwiliswe. Kodwa-ke, ukulimala okuhlobene ne-Tridacnid kuvamile, kepha kuvame ukuhlotshaniswa ne-hernias, ukulimala emuva, nezinzwane eziphukile ezenzeka lapho abantu bephakamisa i-shellfish yabantu abadala ngaphandle kwamanzi ngaphandle kokubona isisindo sabo esikhulu emoyeni.
Ukuqhamuka kwe-mollusk kuqondana namaza asesigabeni sesibili (esigcwele), kanye nesigaba sesithathu + sesine (esisha) senyanga. Ukwehliswa kokuzala kwenzeka kaningi emizuzwini emibili noma emithathu, ngokuzala okusheshayo kusuka kumizuzu engamashumi amathathu kuya emahoreni amathathu. I-Tridacnae engaphenduli ekukhiqizeni ama-molluscs aseduze kungenzeka ukuthi ayisebenzi ngokuzala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Igobolondo leTridacna
I-Tridacna izala kabusha ngokocansi futhi iyi-hermaphrodite (ikhiqiza womabili amaqanda nesidoda). Ukuzilimaza akunakwenzeka, kepha lesi sici sibavumela ukuba bazalane nanoma yiliphi elinye ilungu lohlobo. Lokhu kwehlisa umthwalo wokuthola umlingani ohambelana naye, ngenkathi ngasikhathi sinye kuphindwe inani lenzalo ekhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Njengazo zonke izinhlobo zokukhiqiza kabusha, i-hermaphroditism iqinisekisa ukuthi inhlanganisela entsha yofuzo idluliselwa esizukulwaneni esilandelayo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Njengoba ama-tridacnid amaningi engakwazi ukuzihambela, aqala ukuzala ngokukhipha isidoda namaqanda ngqo emanzini. I-ejenti yokudlulisa isiza ukuvumelanisa ukuvimba kwesidoda namaqanda ukuqinisekisa ukukhulelwa.
Ukutholakala kwento kuvusa i-tridacne ukuba ivuvuke esifundeni esiphakathi sejazi futhi ithole imisipha ye-adductor. Imbaza igcwalisa amakamelo ayo amanzi futhi ivale i-siphon yamanje. Ubungako bucindezelwa ngamandla yi-adductor ukuze okuqukethwe kwegumbi kugeleze kusiphon. Ngemuva kokufinyela okuningana okuqukethe amanzi kuphela, amaqanda nesidoda kuyaphuma egumbini elingaphandle bese kudlula ngesiphon emanzini. Ukukhululwa kwamaqanda kuqala inqubo yokuzala. Umuntu omdala angakhipha amaqanda angaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-500 ngasikhathi sinye.
Amaqanda avundisiwe azungeza ulwandle cishe amahora ayi-12 kuze kube yilapho lesi sibungu sichanyuselwa. Ngemuva kwalokho, uqala ukwakha igobolondo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbili, ikhula ibe ama-micrometer ayi-160. Bese iba "nomlenze" osetshenziselwa ukunyakaza. Izibungu ziyabhukuda futhi zondle kukholamu lamanzi zize zivuthwe ngokwanele ukuhlala esihlahleni esifanelekile, imvamisa isihlabathi noma imfucumfucu yamakhorali, bese ziqala impilo yazo yabantu abadala njengemollusk ehlala phansi.
Lapho cishe isonto elilodwa, i-tridacna ihlala phansi, kepha ivame ukushintsha indawo phakathi namasonto okuqala. Izibungu azikatholi ulwelwe lwe-symbiotic, ngakho-ke zithembele ngokuphelele eplankton. I-zooxanthellae yokuzula yamahhala iyabanjwa lapho kuhlungwa ukudla. Ekugcineni, umsipha wangaphandle we-adductor uyanyamalala, kuthi owangemuva udlulele enkabeni ye-mollusc. Ama-tridacnas amaningi amaningi afa kulesi sigaba. I-mollusk ibhekwa njengengavuthiwe ize ifinyelele kubude obungu-20 cm.
Izitha zemvelo ze-tridacna
Isithombe: Marine tridacna
I-Tridacnae ingaba yisisulu esilula ngenxa yokuvuleka kwayo okubanzi ku-gland. Izilwane eziyingozi kakhulu iminenke ekhiqiza kakhulu i-pyramidellid yohlobo lweTathrella, iPyrgiscus neTurbonilla. Ziyiminenke eyisinanakazana elingana nohlamvu lwelayisi noma ngaphansi, kuyaqabukela zifinyelele kubukhulu obucishe bube ngu-7 mm ubude. Bahlasela i-tridacnus ngokushaya izimbobo ezicutshini ezithambile zemollusk, bese bedla uketshezi lomzimba wayo.
Ngenkathi isendalweni, ama-tridacnas amakhulu angabhekana neminye iminenke eyi-parasitic, ekuthunjweni le minenke ivame ukuzala ibe yizinombolo eziyingozi. Zingacasha ezikhungwini zembaza noma ku-substrate emini, kepha zivame ukutholakala emaphethelweni wesicubu sembaza noma ngomhubhe (ukuvuleka okukhulu kwemilenze) ngemuva kokumnyama. Bangakhiqiza inqwaba yamaqanda amancane, ama-gelatinous, amaqanda kumagobolondo e-shellfish. Lezi zigaxa zisobala ngakho-ke kunzima ukuzibona.
Kukhona izakhamizi eziningana ze-aquarium ezingadla isembatho noma zonakalise yonke imbaza, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zidale ukungakhululeki okukhulu kumbambuzane omkhulu:
- inhlanzi yokubangela;
- i-blowfish;
- inja yenja (Blenny);
- izinhlanzi zovemvane;
- i-goby clown;
- ingelosi inhlanzi;
- ama-anemones;
- ezinye izimfanzi.
Abantu abadala abakwazi ukuwavala ngokuphelele amagobolondo abo ngakho-ke baba sengozini enkulu. Bazodinga ukuvikelwa kuma-anemones nakumakhorali athile kuzo zonke izigaba zokukhula. Akufanele basondelane nezidalwa ezivuthayo zeseli futhi kufanele bahlale kude nezinsika zabo. Ama-anemone kufanele abhekwe njengoba esondela eduze kwemollusk futhi ayilume noma ayidle.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-tridacna
I-Tridacnae iphakathi kwezidalwa ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle ezidume kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, okungaziwa kangako iqiniso elimangazayo lokuthi zikhiqiza kakhulu-ama-lobes enhliziyo, i-morphology lapho kubantu abadala yahlelwa kabusha ngokujulile yisifo sabo eside sokuziphendukela kwemvelo nama-photosymbionts. Babanjiswe ngokweqile ebangeni labo elihlangene futhi ukudoba okungekho emthethweni (ukuzingela ngokungemthetho) kusalokhu kuyinkinga enkulu namuhla.
Inani le-tridacnus lithonywe ngu:
- ukwehla okuqhubekayo ezindaweni okwabiwa kuzo;
- ubukhulu nekhwalithi yendawo yokuhlala;
- ukudoba nokungazingeli ngokungalawuleki.
Ukubanjwa okubanzi kwama-tridacnids kuholele ekwehlisweni okukhulu kwabantu. Izakhamizi zezinye iziqhingi, amagobolondo asetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha noma ezobuciko. Kuneziqhingi lapho kwenziwa khona izinhlamvu zemali ngazo. Mhlawumbe ama-mollusks azosindiswa ekujuleni kolwandle, ngoba ikwazi ukuntywila ngokuphepha ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-100. Kukhona inketho yokuthi ama-aquarists afunde ukuzikhulisa ezimweni zokufakelwa eminyakeni yamuva angonga i-tridacnus.
Ama-tridacnids angabamele abadidiyelwe nabavelele bezinto eziphilayo zemvelo zamakhorali esifundeni sase-Indo-Pacific. Zonke izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezimbaza ezinkulu ziyalinywa njengamanje. Amabhizinisi e-aquaculture anezinhloso ezahlukahlukene, ezibandakanya izinhlelo zokongiwa nokugcwaliswa komhlaba. Ama-clams amakhulu atshaliwe nawo athengiselwa ukudla (imisipha ye-adductor ibhekwa njengokudla okumnandi).
Ukuvikelwa kweTridacna
Isithombe: iTridacna esivela kwiRed Book
Ama-molluscs amakhulu afakwe kuhlu lwe-IUCN Red List njenge "Sengozini" ngenxa yokuqoqwa okubanzi kokudla, okwezamanzi nokuthengiswa kuma-aquariums. Inani labantu endle lehliswe kakhulu futhi liyaqhubeka nokwehla. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka phakathi kwabaphenyi abaningi.
Kunokukhathazeka phakathi kwabalondolozi bemvelo ngokuthi ngabe imithombo yemvelo isetshenziswa ngokweqile yini yilabo abasebenzisa lezi zinhlobo ukuziphilisa. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuthi ama-molluscs amakhulu asengozini mhlawumbe ukuxhashazwa okunzima kwemikhumbi yokudoba ama-bivalve. Kakhulu, abantu abadala abaningi bayafa ngoba yibo abanenzuzo enkulu.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Iqembu lososayensi baseMelika nabase-Italy bahlaziya ama-bivalve molluscs bathola ukuthi bacebile ngama-amino acid akhulisa amazinga ama-hormone ocansi. Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-zinc kunomthelela ekukhiqizeni i-testosterone.
Tridacna kubhekwe njengesibiliboco eJapan, eFrance, e-Asia naseziqhingini eziningi zasePacific. Okunye ukudla kwase-Asia kuqukethe inyama evela kulezi zinhlanzi. Emakethe emnyama, amagobolondo amakhulu adayiswa njengezinto zokuhlobisa. AmaShayina akhokha izizumbulu zemali ngengaphakathi, ngoba le nyama bayithatha njenge-aphrodisiac.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 09/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 25.08.2019 ngo-23: 06
