ISpringbok - i-antelope ehlala e-Afrika, uyi-sprinter yangempela kanye ne-jumper enkulu. NgesiLatin, igama elithi Antidorcas marsupialis lanikezwa lesi sazi semvelo nguJalimane u-Eberhard von Zimmermann. Ekuqaleni, wathi i-cloven-hoeded yohlobo lwe-antelopes enezimpondo. Kamuva, ngo-1847, uCarl Sundewald wahlukanisa isilwane esincelisayo saba uhlobo olwehlukile olunegama elifanayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Springbok
Lawa ma-bovids athola igama lawo ngenxa yesici sawo: agxuma kakhulu, kanti imbuzi eyeqa izwakala njenge-springbok ngesiJalimane nesiDashi. Igama lesiLatini lohlobo lohlobo ligcizelela ukuthi akuyona eyezinsephe, okungukuthi, i-anti noma i- "non-gazelle".
Igama elithile yi-marsupialis, elihunyushwe lisuselwa kwisiLatini, lisho ukuthi iphakethe. Kulesi sikhanyisi, isibambo sesikhumba sitholakala emsileni maphakathi nendawo ngemuva, esivaliwe futhi esingabonakali sisesimweni esizolile. Ngesikhathi sokugxuma okuqondile, kuyavuleka, kuveze uboya obumhlophe njengeqhwa.
Isilwane somndeni omncane wezinhlwathi zangempela sinama-subspecies amathathu:
- OwaseNingizimu Afrika;
- kalahari;
- I-Angola.
Izihlobo eziseduze zama-springboks yizinsephe, i-gerenuki, noma izinsephe zezindlulamithi, izinsephe ezinezimpondo nama-saigas, konke okungokomndeni owodwa. Izinhlobo zanamuhla zalezi zinhlwathi zavela ku-Antidorcas recki ePleistocene. Phambilini, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane ezibolayo idlulela ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zezwekazi lase-Afrika. Izinsalela ezindala kakhulu zitholakala ePliocene. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ngaphezulu zalesi sakhi se-artiodactyls, ezanyamalala eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziyisikhombisa eyedlule. Ukutholwa kokuqala eNingizimu Afrika kusukela esikhathini seminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu BC.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal springbok
I-ungulate ezacile enentamo ende nemilenze ephakeme inobude bomzimba obungu-1.5-2 m. Ukuphakama ekubuneni naseqolo kucishe kufane futhi kusuka ku-70 kuye ku-90 cm. Isisindo sabesifazane ngokwesilinganiso singama-37.5 kg, kwabesilisa - 40 kg. Ubukhulu bomsila buba kusuka ku-14-28 cm, kukhona i-tuft encane emnyama ekugcineni. Izinwele ezimfishane zisondele emzimbeni. Abantu bobubili ubulili banezimpondo ezinsundu ezimnyama (35-50 cm). Zifana nehabhu ngesimo, izisekelo ziqondile, futhi ngaphezulu ziyagoba emuva. Ngesisekelo, ububanzi bawo bungu-70-83 mm. Izindlebe ezincane (15-19 cm), ezihleli phakathi kwezimpondo, zikhonjiswe phezulu. Isifonyo sihlangene, simise okonxantathu. Izinselo eziphakathi nendawo ezincane zinokuphela okucijile, izinselo eziseceleni nazo zichazwe kahle.
Intamo, emuva, uhhafu wangaphandle wemilenze yangemuva - nsundu ngokukhanyayo. Isisu, ingxenye engezansi ezinhlangothini, isibuko, uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwemilenze, ingxenye engezansi yentamo imhlophe. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba, ngokuvundlile, okuhlukanisa okusobala kokumhlophe, kunomugqa omnyama onsundu. Esifubeni somlomo omhlophe, kunebala elinsundu ngokukhanyayo phakathi kwezindlebe. Umugqa omnyama wehla usuka emehlweni uye emlonyeni.
Kukhona futhi okwakhiwe ngokufakelwa, ngokukhetha, izilwane zombala omnyama ezinombala onsundu onsundu kanye nebala elimhlophe ebusweni, kanye nomhlophe, onomugqa onombala onsundu ezinhlangothini. Izinhlobo ezingafani nazo ziyahluka ngombala.
INingizimu Afrika inombala omunyene we-chestnut onemivimbo emnyama emaceleni kanye nemivimbo elula embotsheni yomlomo. I-Kalaharian - inombala okhanyayo we-fawn, onemibala emnyama nsundu noma ecishe ibe mnyama emaceleni. Esifubeni kunemigqa emincane emnyama emnyama. Ama-subspecies ase-Angola abomvu ngokubomvu ngomugqa omnyama we-lateral. Esifubeni kunemigqa ensundu emnyama ebanzi kunamanye ama-subspecies, awafinyeleli emlonyeni.
Ihlala kuphi i-springbok?
Isithombe: I-Springbok Antelope
Phambilini, indawo yokusatshalaliswa kwale nhlwathi yayimboze izifunda ezisenkabeni nasentshonalanga ye-Afrika eseningizimu, ingena eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Angola, ezindaweni eziphansi entshonalanga yeLesotho. I-ungulate isatholakala kule ndawo, kepha e-Angola incane ngesibalo. I-Ruminant itholakala ezifundeni ezomile eningizimu naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yezwekazi. ISpringbok sitholakala ngobuningi oGwadule iKalahari kuze kufike eNamibia, eBotswana. EBotswana, ngaphezu koGwadule iKalahari, izilwane ezincelisayo zitholakala ezindaweni ezimaphakathi naseningizimu nentshonalanga. Ngenxa yamapaki kazwelonke nokubhuka, lesi silwane sisindile eNingizimu Afrika.
Kutholakala esifundazweni saKwaZulu-Natali, enyakatho neBushveld, kanye naseziqiwini ezahlukahlukene zikazwelonke naseziqiwini zezilwane zasendle ezizimele:
- IKgalagadi eNyakatho Kapa;
- Sanbona;
- I-Aquila eduzane naseKapa;
- Indlovu i-Addo eduze kwasePort Elizabeth;
- Pilanesberg.
Izindawo ezijwayelekile ze-springbok yimifula eyomile, izihlahlana zezihlahlana, ama-savanna kanye nezingwadule ezinemihlobiso ephansi yotshani, izimila ezingatheni. Abangeni ezingwadule, yize zitholakala ezindaweni ezingasemngceleni wazo. Ezihlahleni eziminyene bacasha emoyeni kuphela ngenkathi ebandayo. Agwema izindawo ezinotshani obude noma izihlahla.
Idlani i-springbok?
Isithombe: Springbok
Ukudla kwe-ruminant kuncane futhi kuqukethe amakhambi, okusanhlamvu, umhlonyane nomhluzi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke bathanda izihlahlana, badla amahlumela abo, amaqabunga, amahlumela, izimbali nezithelo, kuya ngesizini. Umunwe wengulube - isitshalo esilingana nogwadule esidala inkinga kwezolimo, sinezimpande ezinde kakhulu ngaphansi komhlaba futhi singakwazi ukuzala ngisho nangemvuthuluka. Ingulube yakha isabelo esikhulu sezitshalo ezine-herbaceous ekudleni kwama-springbok, kanye ne-cereal tymeda stalk ezintathu.
I-ungulate izivumelanise ngokuphelele nempilo ezimweni ezinzima nezomile zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika. Ngesikhathi lapho izitshalo zigcwele amajusi, ngesikhathi semvula, azidingi ukuphuza, njengoba zidla otshanini obunamanzi. Ngezikhathi zokoma, lapho kusha ikhava yotshani, izinhlwathi zishintshela ekudleni kwamahlumela kanye nasezihlahleni zezihlahla. Lapho kunokudla okuncane kakhulu, khona-ke bangabheka amahlumela angaphansi komhlaba amnandi kakhulu, izimpande nezilimo eziyizigaxa zezitshalo.
Ividiyo: Springbok
Lezi zilwane ezibolayo kungenzeka zingavakasheli izindawo ezinisela isikhathi eside, kepha uma kunemithombo yamanzi eduzane, ama-bovids ayisebenzisa njalo lapho itholakala. Ngezikhathi zonyaka, lapho utshani buvele bushe ngokuphelele elangeni elishisayo, balwela ukuthola amanzi nokuphuza isikhathi eside. Ezinkathini ezomile, izilwane ezincelisayo zondla ebusuku, ngakho-ke kulula ukugcina ibhalansi yamanzi: ebusuku umswakama uphakeme, okwandisa okuqukethwe kwempuphu ezitshalweni.
Ngekhulu le-19, ngezikhathi zokufuduka, lapho ama-bovids ahamba ngobuningi obukhulu, wona, afinyelela ogwini lolwandle, awela emanzini, awaphuza afa. Indawo yabo yathathwa ngokushesha ngabanye abantu, ngenxa yalokho kwakheka uthango olukhulu lwezidumbu zezilwane ezimbi ngebanga lamakhilomitha angamashumi amahlanu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Animal springbok
Ama-ruminants asebenza kakhulu ekuntweleni kokusa nasebusuku, kepha ubude bomsebenzi buya ngezimo zezulu. Ekushiseni, ingondla ebusuku, nasezinyangeni ezibandayo, emini. Ukuphumula, izilwane zihlala emthunzini, ngaphansi kwezihlahla nezihlahla, uma kupholile, ziphumula emoyeni ovulekile. Isikhathi sokuphila sesilwane esincelisayo isilinganiso seminyaka engu-4.2.
AmaBhokobhoko phambilini ayebonakala ngokufuduka emihlambini emikhulu, abizwa ngokuthi yi-trekkboken. Manje ukufuduka okunjalo akukukhulu kangako, kuyabonakala eBotswana. Ukwehla kwesibalo sezinhlwathi kubavumela ukuba baneliswe ukuphakelwa kokudla okukhona. Phambilini, lapho ukunyakaza okunjalo kwakugcinwa njalo, kwenzeka njalo eminyakeni eyishumi.
Abantu abadla emaphethelweni omhlambi bayaqaphela futhi baqaphe kakhulu. Le mpahla yehla ngokulingana nokukhula kweqembu. Eduze nezihlahla noma imigwaqo, ukuqapha kuyanda. Abesilisa abadala bazwela kakhulu futhi banakekele kunabesifazane noma abantu abasha. Njengokubingelela, ama-ungulates enza imisindo yamacilongo aphansi futhi ahoxe uma kwenzeka kunomsindo.
Esinye isici esivelele nesibonakalayo salaba bantu abangasetshenziswanga yi-jumping ephezulu. Izinyamazane eziningi ziyakwazi ukweqa kahle nangaphezulu. USpringbok uqoqa izinselo zakhe ngesinye isikhathi, ekhothamise ikhanda lakhe phansi futhi egoba umhlane, agxume aye ebangeni elingamamitha amabili. Ngalesi sikhathi sokuhambisa, kuvuleka isibambo emhlane wakhe, ngalesi sikhathi ubomvu omhlophe ngaphakathi uyabonakala.
Ukugxuma kubonakala kude, kufana nesiginali yengozi kuwo wonke umuntu oseduze. Ngalezi zenzo, isilwane esikhanyayo siyakwazi ukudida isilwane esidla inyamazane. I-ungulate igxuma ngenxa yokwesaba noma ukubona into engaqondakali. Ngalesi sikhathi, wonke umhlambi ungagijimela ukugijima ngejubane elikhulu elifinyelela kuma-88 km / h.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Springbok Antelope
Ama-Springboks yizilwane ezincelisayo ezihlangene. Ngenkathi lapho kungekho khona imvula, bahamba ngamaqembu amancane (kusuka kubantu abahlanu kuya kwabayishumi nambili). La maqembu akha imihlambi ngezikhathi zemvula. Emiphakathini enjalo, kuze kufike ezinhlokweni eziyinkulungwane nengxenye, izilwane ziyafuduka, zifuna izindawo ezinotshani obucebile.
Ngo-1896, uquqaba olukhulu lwama-springboks ngesikhathi sokufuduka lwahamba kukholamu eliminyene, ububanzi balo babungu-25 km nobude obungu-220 km. Abesilisa bahlala phansi ngokwengeziwe, baqapha indawo yabo, indawo emaphakathi yayo engaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-200 m2. Babeka indawo yabo ngomchamo nangezinqwaba zomquba. Abesifazane kule ndawo bafakiwe ezindlini zabesifazane. Iduna labo livikela ekungeneleleni kwezimbangi. Izinduna ngokuvamile zinezinsikazi eziyishumi nambili.
Abesilisa abavuthiwe bagcinwa ngamaqembu amancane anamakhanda angama-50. Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kuzo kwenzeka ngeminyaka emibili, kwabesifazane ngaphambili - ezinyangeni eziyisithupha ubudala. Isikhathi sokubamba nokukhwelana siqala ekupheleni kwenkathi yemvula kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kuya ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi. Lapho owesilisa ekhombisa amandla akhe, ugxuma phezulu nge-arched back njalo ezinyathelweni ezimbalwa. Kulokhu, isibambo esingemuva siyavula, kuso kunemibhobho yezindlala enemfihlo ekhethekile ekhipha iphunga elinamandla. Ngalesi sikhathi, phakathi kwabesilisa kusetshenziswa izikhali - izimpondo. Ophumeleleyo ulandela owesifazane; uma, ngenxa yokujaha okunjalo, umbhangqwana ungena ensimini yomunye owesilisa, bese kuthi lokho okufunwayo kuphele, owesifazane ukhetha umnikazi wesayithi njengomlingani wakhe.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha amasonto angama-25. Isikhathi sokuzala sizala kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuDisemba, kanti isiqongo saso ngoNovemba. Izilwane zivumelanisa ukuzalwa kwamawundlu nemvamisa yemvula: ngesikhathi semvula, kunotshani obuningi obuluhlaza obudliwayo. Inzalo iqukethe eyodwa, ingasaphathwa eyamankonyane amabili. Izingane zivuka ngezinyawo ngosuku olulandelayo noma lwesithathu ngemuva kokuzalwa. Okokuqala, bacasha endaweni evikelekile, ehlathini, ngalesi sikhathi umama udla buqamama nethole, elungele ukondliwa kuphela. Lezi zikhathi ziyancipha kancane kancane, futhi emavikini angu-3-4 ingane isivele idla njalo eduze kukanina.
Ukondla amawundlu kuthatha izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngemuva kwalokho, izinsikazi ezincane zihlala nonina kuze kufike inkonyane elilandelayo, bese kuthi ezeduna ziqoqane ngokwehlukana ngamaqembu amancane. Ngezikhathi ezomile, abesifazane abanezinsana baqoqana emhlambini ofinyelela emakhanda ayikhulu.
Izitha zemvelo zama-springboks
Isithombe: Springbok e-Afrika
Esikhathini esedlule, lapho imihlambi yezilwane ezinenselo efile inkulu kakhulu, izidlova zazingavamile ukuhlasela lezi zinkomo, ngoba ngokwesaba zigijimela ngejubane elikhulu futhi zinganyathela zonke izinto eziphilayo ezisendleleni yazo. Njengomthetho, izitha zezilwane ezisolisayo zidla ngamaqembu angashadile noma abantu abagulayo, kepha ikakhulukazi kwabancane nabancane. Ama-Springboks ahamba ehlathini asengozini enkulu yokuhlaselwa yizilwane ezidla ezinye, njengoba kunzima ukuwavimbela, futhi izitha zivame ukubaqamekela lapho.
Ingozi yalezi zilwane ezikhanyayo yilezi:
- izingonyama;
- inja yasendle yase-Afrika;
- impungushe enomhlane omnyama;
- ingwe;
- Ikati lasendle laseNingizimu Afrika;
- ingulule;
- impisi;
- isidumbu.
Kusukela kuma-springboks anezimpaphe, izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkozi ezihlasela, zingabamba amawundlu. Futhi izidumbu, izinja zasendle namakati, izimpungushe, izimpisi zizingela izingane. Lezi zidlakela azikwazi ukuthola ama-jumpers amadala anemilenze emide futhi asheshayo. Izilwane ezigulayo noma ezibuthakathaka zibhekwa ngamabhubesi. Izingwe ziqamekela futhi ziqamekele izilwane zazo. Ama-Cheetahs, akwazi ukuncintisana ngejubane nalawa ma-artiodactyls, ahlela ukusukelwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Springbok
Inani lezilwane ezikhanyayo liye lehla kakhulu kule minyaka eyikhulu edlule, futhi selinyamalele ezingxenyeni eziningi zeNingizimu Afrika ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwabantu nangemva kobhadane lwesifo esibulalayo. Ama-Springboks ayazingelwa, njengoba inyama yezinyamazane, izikhumba zawo nezimpondo zithandwa kakhulu. Iningi labantu manje selihlala emapaki kazwelonke nasezindaweni ezivikelwe ezizimele kulo lonke uhla lwemvelo lwangaphambili. Bafuywa emapulazini kanye nezimvu. Ukufunwa njalo kwenyama nezikhumba zalawa ma-ungulates kukhuthaza abantu bendawo ukuthi bazalele ekuthunjweni.
Kwezinye izifunda zaseNamibia naseKalahari, ama-springbok atholakala ngokukhululeka, kepha ukufuduka nokuhlala mahhala kukhawulwa ngokwakhiwa kwemigoqo. Ziyekile ukutholakala emahlathini asehlathini ngenxa yobukhona bemikhaza, ephethe isifo, ehambisana nokuqoqwa koketshezi oluzungeze inhliziyo. Ama-ungulates awanazo izindlela zokulwa nalesi sifo.
Ukusatshalaliswa kwama-subspecies kunezifunda zawo:
- INingizimu Afrika itholakala eNingizimu Afrika, eningizimu yomfula. Iwolintshi. Kunamakhanda angaba yizigidi eziyi-1.1 lapha, okungaba isigidi sawo ahlala eKaru;
- IKalakhara isabalele enyakatho yomfula. I-Orange, endaweni yaseNingizimu Afrika (abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-150), iBotswana (izinkulungwane eziyikhulu), eningizimu yeNamibia (izinkulungwane ezingama-730);
- U-Angola uhlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeNamibia (inani alinqunywa), eningizimu ye-Angola (amakhophi ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi).
Sekukonke, kukhona amakhophi ayi-1,400,000-1750,000 alesi sithole. I-IUCN ayikholwa ukuthi abantu basengozini, akukho okusongela ukusinda kwesikhathi eside kwalezi zinhlobo. Isilwane sihlukaniswe njenge-LC esengozini encane. Ukuzingela nokuhweba kuvunyelwe ku-springbok. Kudingeka inyama yayo, izimpondo, isikhumba, izikhumba, futhi amamodeli wetermidermy nawo athandwa kakhulu. Lesi silwane esincelisayo siyisilwane esibalulekile esizalisayo eningizimu ye-Afrika. Ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo okuhle, inyama iyimpahla eqinile yokuthumela ngaphandle.
Phambilini ispringbok kubhujiswa ngonya, njengoba ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwanyathelwa futhi kwadliwa izitshalo. Iziphathimandla zamazwe atholakala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika zithatha izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene zokunweba amapaki kazwelonke kanye nokugcina lolu hlobo lwezilwane zasendle zasendle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-15: 21
