Solpuga i-arachnid yasogwadule ene-chelicerae enkulu, ehlukile, egobile, imvamisa nje njenge-cephalothorax. Ziyizilwane ezinolaka ezikwazi ukuhamba ngokushesha. ISalpuga itholakala ezingwadule ezishisayo nezipholile emhlabeni jikelele. Ezinye izinganekwane zihaba ijubane nobungako bezinambuzane, nobungozi bazo obungaba khona kubantu, okuyinto engabalulekile neze.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Solpuga
ISalpugi yiqembu lama-arachnids anamagama ahlukahlukene ajwayelekile. I-Solpugs iyodwa, ayinazo izindlala ezinobuthi futhi ayisiyongo kubantu, yize inolaka kakhulu futhi ihamba ngokushesha futhi ingadala ukulunywa okubuhlungu.
Igama "solpuga" livela kwelesiLatini elithi "solifuga" (uhlobo lwentuthwane enobuthi noma isicabucabu), nalo, elivela "fugere" (ukugijima, ukundiza, ukubaleka) nelanga (ilanga). Lezi zidalwa ezehlukile zinamagama amaningi ajwayelekile esiNgisini nase-Afrikaans, amaningi afaka igama elithi "isicabucabu" noma "ufezela." Yize kungeyona eyodwa noma enye, "isicabucabu" sithandwa ngaphezu "kofezela." Igama elithi "isicabucabu selanga" lisetshenziswe kulezo zinhlobo ezisebenza emini, ezifuna ukubalekela ukushisa bese ziziphonsa emthunzini ziye ethunzini, okuvame ukunikeza isithombe esiphazamisayo kumuntu ukuthi ziyamcathamela.
Ividiyo: Solpuga
Igama elithi "obomvu baseRoma" kungenzeka lisuselwa egameni lesiBhunu elithi "rooyman" (indoda ebomvu) ngenxa yombala onsundu ngokubomvu wezinhlobo ezithile. Amagama athandwayo athi "haarkeerders" asho "abavikeli" futhi avela ekuziphatheni okuxakile kwezinye zalezi zilwane lapho besebenzisa izinqolobane. Kubonakala sengathi i-solpug yesifazane ibheka izinwele njengezintambo ezifanele zezidleke. Imibiko yaseGauteng ithe isolpugi yagunda abantu izinwele bengazi. Ama-salpugs awakulungele ukusika izinwele, futhi kuze kufakazelwe lokhu kufanele kuhlale kuyinganekwane, yize kungagaya isiqu sezimpaphe zenyoni.
Amanye amagama we-solpug afaka izicabucabu zelanga, izicabucabu zaseRoma, ofezela bomoya, izicabucabu zomoya, noma izicabucabu zekamela. Abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi zihlobene kakhulu nama-mbumbulu-ofezela, kepha lokhu kuyaphikiswa ngucwaningo lwakamuva.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-solpuga
Umzimba we-solpuga uhlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili: i-prosoma (i-carapace) ne-opisthosoma (umgodi wesisu).
I-Prosoma inezingxenye ezintathu:
- i-propeltidium (ikhanda) iqukethe i-chelicerae, amehlo, ama-pedipalps nama-paws amabili okuqala;
- i-mesopeltidium iqukethe ama-paws wesithathu;
- i-metapeltidium iqukethe ama-paws wesine.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ama-solpugs abonakala enemilenze eyi-10, kepha empeleni, ama-appendage amabili okuqala angama-pedipalps aqinile asetshenziselwa imisebenzi ehlukahlukene njengokuphuza, ukubamba, ukondla, ukukhwelana nokukhuphuka.
Isici esingajwayelekile kakhulu sama-solpugs yizitho ezihlukile zamafindo kwizeluleko zezidladla zazo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi amanye ama-salpugs angasebenzisa lezi zitho ukukhuphuka ezindaweni eziqondile, kepha lokhu akudingeki endle. Zonke izidladla zine-femur. Ama-paws okuqala mancane futhi amafushane futhi asetshenziswa njengezitho ezithintekayo (ama-tentacles) kunokuba enze i-locomotion futhi angahle noma angabi nazinzipho.
Ama-salpugs, kanye nama-pseudocorpions, awanayo i-patella (ingxenye yezidladla ezitholakala kwizicabucabu, ofezela nakwamanye ama-arachnids). Umbhangqwana wesine wezidladla mude kakhulu futhi unamaqakala, izitho ezihlukile ezingaba nezindawo zamakhemikhali. Izinhlobo eziningi zinamabhangqa ama-5 amaqakala, kuyilapho izingane ezinamabhangqa angama-2-3 kuphela.
Ama-salpugs ahluka ngosayizi (ubude bomzimba 10-70 mm) futhi angaba nesikhala semikhawulo esifinyelela ku-160 mm. Inhloko inkulu, isekela i-chelicerae enkulu (imihlathi) enamandla. I-propeltidium (carapace) iphakanyiswa ukwamukela imisipha ekhulisiwe elawula i-chelicerae. Ngenxa yalesi sakhiwo esihle, igama elithi izicabucabu zamakamela lisetshenziswa eMelika. I-chelicera inezinzwane ezihleliwe zomgogodla nozwane we-ventral oshukumayo, womabili ahlome ngamazinyo we-cheliceral wokuchoboza isisulu. La mazinyo angesinye sezici ezisetshenziswa ekuhlonzweni kwama-solpugs.
AmaSalpugs anamehlo amabili alula kusigaxa samehlo esiphakanyisiwe ebangeni langaphakathi le-propeltidium, kepha akukaziwa ukuthi bathola ukukhanya kuphela nokumnyama noma banekhono lokubona. Kukholakala ukuthi umbono ungabukhali futhi usetshenziselwe nokubuka izilwane ezidla ezinye. Amehlo atholakele ukuthi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ngakho-ke kudingeka olunye ucwaningo. Amehlo e-lateral lateral ngokuvamile awekho.
Uhlala kuphi usolpuga?
Isithombe: Solpuga eRussia
I-oda le-solpug lifaka phakathi imindeni eyi-12, cishe izizukulwane eziyi-150 nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-900 emhlabeni jikelele. Zitholakala kakhulu emahlane asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo e-Afrika, eMiddle East, Western Asia, naseMelika. E-Afrika, ziyatholakala nasezimfundeni nasemahlathini. Zenzeka e-United States naseNingizimu yeYurophu, kepha hhayi e-Australia noma eNew Zealand. Imindeni emibili eyinhloko yama-salpugs eNyakatho Melika yi-Ammotrechidae ne-Eremobatidae, ngokuhlangene emelwe isigaba esingu-11 nezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-120. Iningi lalezi zitholakala entshonalanga ye-United States. Okuhlukile yi-Ammotrechella stimpsoni, etholakala ngaphansi kwegxolo le-termitic eligcwele iFlorida.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: I-Salpugs fluoresce ngaphansi kokukhanya okuthile kwe-UV kobude namandla afanele, kanti ngenkathi ingafoli fluoresce ngokugqamile njengofezela, lena indlela yokuwaqoqa. Izibani ze-UV LED azisebenzi njengamanje kuma-solpugs.
Ama-salpugs abhekwa njengezinkomba ezivamile zama-biomes ezigwadule futhi ahlala cishe kuzo zonke izingwadule ezifudumele zase-Middle East nasezihlahleni kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwe-Australia ne-Antarctica. Akumangalisi ukuthi i-solpug ayitholakali e-Antarctica, kepha kungani ingekho e-Australia? Ngeshwa, kunzima ukusho - kunzima kakhulu ukugcina izimbiza zikasawoti endle, futhi azisindi kahle lapho zithunjiwe. Lokhu kubenza kube nzima kakhulu ukufunda. Njengoba kune-1,100 subspecies yama-solpugs, kunokwehluka okuningi lapho avela khona nokuthi adlani.
Manje uyazi lapho i-solpuga itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi sidlo sidlani.
Idla ngani isolpuga?
Isithombe: Spider solpuga
Ama-Salpugs adla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, izicabucabu, ofezela, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezincane, izinyoni ezifile, ngisho nomunye nomunye. Ezinye izinhlobo ziyizilwane ezidliwayo kuphela. Amanye ama-solpugi ahlala emthunzini futhi aqamekele inyamazane yawo. Abanye babulala inyamazane yabo, futhi ngokushesha nje lapho beyibamba ngesinyembezi esinamandla nangesenzo esicijile semihlathi enamandla bayidla ngokushesha, lapho isisulu sisaphila.
Izithombe zevidiyo zikhombisile ukuthi ama-solpugs abamba inyamazane yawo ngama-pedipalps enwetshiwe, esebenzisa izitho ze-distal ze-suction ukuze zibambise inyamazane. Isitho esinomsoco ngokuvamile asibonakali njengoba siboshelwe endebeni yomgogodla ne-ventral cuticular. Ngokushesha nje lapho isisulu sibanjwa futhi sidluliselwe e-chelicerae, indlala yokudonsa iyavalwa. Ingcindezi ye-hemolymph isetshenziselwa ukuvula nokuveza isitho sesifuba. Kubukeka njengolimi olufinyeziwe lonwabu. Izici zokubambelela zibonakala zingamandla eVan der Waals.
Iningi lezinhlobo ze-salpug yizilwane ezidla ebusuku ezivela emigodini engapheli ehlala ekudleni ama-arthropods ahlukahlukene. Abanazo izindlala ezinobuthi. Njengezilwane ezidla ezinye, zaziwa nangokondla izibankwa, izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo. Ezingwadule zaseNyakatho Melika, izigaba zoshukela ezingakavuthwa zidla ngomuhlwa. Ama-Solpugs awalokothi aphuthelwe ukudla. Noma bengalambile, i-solpugi izodla. Babazi kahle kamhlophe ukuthi kuzoba nezikhathi lapho kuzoba nzima ngabo ukuthola ukudla. Ama-salpugs anganqwabelana ngamafutha omzimba ukuze aphile ngezikhathi lapho engadingi ukudla okuningi okusha.
Ngasizathu simbe, ama-solpugs kwesinye isikhathi alandela isidleke sentuthwane, avele adabule izintuthwane zibe uhhafu kwesokudla nangakwesobunxele zize zizungezwe yinqwaba enkulu yezidumbu zezintuthwane ezisikwe phakathi. Abanye ososayensi bacabanga ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi babulala izintuthwane ukuze bazisindise njengokudla okuzayo, kepha ngo-2014 uReddick washicilela i-athikili ekhuluma ngokudla kweSalpug, kwathi ngomunye wababhali, bathola ukuthi abakwaSalpugs abathandi kakhulu ukudla izintuthwane. Enye incazelo yalokhu kuziphatha kungenzeka ukuthi bazama ukusula isidleke sentuthwane ukuze bathole indawo enhle futhi baphunyuke elangeni lasogwadule, kepha empeleni kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo ukuthi kungani bekwenza lokhu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ICrimea Solpuga
Iningi lama-solpugs lihamba ebusuku, lichitha usuku lingcwatshwe ekujuleni kwezimpande ze-butress, emigodini noma ngaphansi kwegxolo, futhi kubonakala sengathi bahlala balinde inyamazane lapho sekumnyama. Kunezinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezikhathi ezijwayele ukukhanya ngombala ezinemivimbo ekhanyayo nemnyama kubude bazo bonke, kuyilapho izinhlobo zasebusuku zimnyama futhi zivame ukuba zinkulu. Umzimba wezinhlobo eziningi umbozwe ngama-bristles anobude obuhlukahlukene, amanye afinyelela ku-50 mm ubude, afana nebhola lezinwele elicwebezelayo. Eziningi zalezi zinhlayiya ziyizinzwa ezithintekayo.
ISolpuga ingundabamlonyeni wezinganekwane eziningi zasemadolobheni kanye nehaba maqondana nosayizi wazo, isivinini, indlela abaziphatha ngayo, ukuthanda kwabo ukudla nokubulala. Azinkulu ngokukhethekile, enkulu kunazo zonke ine-paw span engaba ngamasentimitha ayi-12. Ziyashesha impela emhlabathini, ijubane lazo elikhulu lilinganiselwa ku-16 km / h, futhi zicishe zibe yingxenye yesithathu kunesigijimi somuntu esisheshayo.
Ama-salpugs awanazo izindlala zobuhlungu noma amanye amadivayisi wokuletha ubuthi, njengamazinyo esicabucabu, ukulunywa iminyovu, noma izigaxa ezinobuthi zamacimbi e-lonomy. Ucwaningo olukhonjiswa njalo kusuka ku-1987 lubike ukuthola okuhlukile kulo mthetho eNdiya ngokuthi i-salpuga yayinezindlala ezinobuthi, futhi ukujova izimfihlo zazo kumagundane kwakuvame ukuholela ekufeni. Kodwa-ke, azikho izifundo eziqinisekisile amaqiniso ngalolu daba, ngokwesibonelo, ukutholwa okuzimele kwezindlala, noma ukubaluleka kokubonwayo, okuzoqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: AmaSolpugs angenza umsindo wokuhayiza lapho ezwa ukuthi asengozini. Lesi sexwayiso sinikezwa ukuze sikwazi ukubakhipha esimweni esinzima.
Ngenxa yokubukeka okufana nesicabucabu nokunyakaza okusheshayo, ama-solpugs akwazi ukwethusa abantu abaningi. Lokhu kwesaba kwakwanele ukuxosha umndeni endlini lapho kutholakala isolpugu endlini yamasosha eColchester, eNgilandi, futhi umndeni waphoqeleka ukuthi usole isolpuga ngokufa kwenja yabo ethandekayo. Yize kungenabo ubuthi, i-chelicerae enamandla yabantu abakhulu ingadala ukushaya okubuhlungu, kepha ngokombono wezokwelapha, lokhu akubalulekile.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-solpuga ejwayelekile
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-solpugs kungafaka ukudluliswa kwesidoda ngqo noma ngokungaqondile. Ama-solpugs abesilisa ane-flagella efana nomoya ku-chelicerai (njengezimpondo ezijike emuva), eyakhelwe ngokukhethekile uhlobo ngalunye, okungenzeka ukuthi idlala indima ekuhlanganiseni. Abesilisa bangasebenzisa lawa ma-flagella ukufaka i-spermatophore ekuvulekeni kwesitho sangasese sowesifazane.
Owesilisa ufuna owesifazane esebenzisa isitho sakhe somzimba, asikhipha kowesifazane lapho ehlehla khona. Owesilisa usebenzisa ama-pedipalps ukubamba iqhwa lowesifazane futhi kwesinye isikhathi ubhucabhuca isisu sakhe nge-chelicerae yakhe ngenkathi efaka i-spermatophore ekuvulekeni kowesifazane.
Cishe amaqanda angama-20-200 akhiqizwa futhi achanyuselwa esikhathini esingamasonto amane. Isigaba sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa kwe-solpuga yisibungu, futhi ngemuva kokuthi igobolondo lihlukane, isigaba se-pupal senzeka. Ama-Solpugs aphile isikhathi esingangonyaka. Yizilwane ezizihlalela zodwa ezihlala ezindlini ezinesihlabathi ezihlanziwe, imvamisa ngaphansi kwamatshe kanye nezingodo noma emigodini efinyelela ku-230 mm ukujula. I-Chelicerae isetjenziselwa ukumba lokha umzimba nawugandelela isihlabathi, nofana imilenze yangemuva isetjenziswa ngokunye ukuhlwengisa isihlabathi. Kunzima ukugcina ekuthunjweni futhi imvamisa zifa kungakapheli amasonto ayi-1-2.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Ama-Solpugs adlula ezigabeni eziningi, kufaka phakathi iqanda, iminyaka engu-9-10 kanodoli, nesigaba sabadala.
Izitha zemvelo i-solpug
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani i-solpuga
Ngenkathi zivame ukubhekwa njengezilwane ezidlayo, ama-salpugs nawo angaba ukwengeza okubalulekile ekudleni kwezilwane eziningi ezitholakala ezindaweni ezomile nezingenamanzi. Izinyoni, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, izilwane ezinwabuzelayo kanye nama-arachnids afana nezicabucabu ziphakathi kwezilwane ezibhaliswe njengezidla inyama ye-solpug. Kuphinde kwabonwa ukuthi ama-solpugs ayondelana.
Izikhova kubukeka sengathi yizona ezidla kakhulu i-solpug eningizimu ye-Afrika, ngokususelwa ebukhoneni bezinsalela ze-cheliceral ezitholakala kubobulembu besikhova. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwaqashelwa ukuthi ama-New World stallion, ama-lark kanye ne-Old World wagtails nawo azingela i-solpug, kanti izinsalela ze-chelicera zitholakale nakumajusi we-bustard.
Ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zifaka i-solpug ekudleni kwazo, njengoba kufakazelwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-scat. Impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu ikhonjiswe ukuthi idla i-solpug ezikhathini zombili ezimanzi nezomile eKalahari Gemsbok National Park. Amanye amarekhodi okusetshenziswa kwe-salpugi njengemihlatshelo yezilwane ezincelisayo zase-Afrika kuncike ekuhlaziyweni kwe-scat kwezinto ezijwayelekile zofuzo ze-geneta ejwayelekile, i-civet yase-Afrika kanye nejakalase ehlutshiwe.
Ngakho-ke, izinyoni eziningana ezidla inyama, izikhova, nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane zisebenzisa i-saltpug ekudleni kwazo, kufaka phakathi:
- impungushe enamaqabunga amakhulu;
- ufuzo oluvamile;
- Impungushe yaseNingizimu Afrika;
- I-civet yase-Afrika;
- impungushe enomhlane omnyama.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Solpuga
Amalungu esikwati se-solpug, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi izicabucabu zekamela, izicabucabu zamanga, izicabucabu zaseRoma, izicabucabu zelanga, ofezela bomoya, bangamaqembu ahlukahlukene futhi athakazelisayo, kodwa angaziwa kangako, ikakhulukazi asebusuku, asebenza ngokuzingela ama-arachnids, ahlukaniswa yi-chelicerae enamandla kakhulu isivinini esikhulu. Bakha ukuhleleka kwesithupha okuhlukahlukene kakhulu kwama-arachnids ngokwenani lemindeni, genera nezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ama-salpugs ayindida ngama-arachnids ahlala ezingwadule emhlabeni wonke (cishe yonke indawo ngaphandle kwe-Australia ne-Antarctica). Kukholakala ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezibalelwa ku-1 100, eziningi zazo ezingakafundwa. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kungenxa yokuthi izilwane zasendle kunzima kakhulu ukuzibona, futhi ngokwengxenye ngoba azikwazi ukuhlala isikhathi eside ebhokisatri. INingizimu Afrika inezilwane ezinosawoti ocebile nezinhlobo eziyi-146 emindenini eyisithupha. Kulezi zinhlobo, ezingama-107 (71%) zigcwele eNingizimu Afrika. Izilwane zaseNingizimu Afrika zimele u-16% wezilwane zomhlaba.
Ngenkathi amagama abo amaningi ejwayelekile ebhekisa kwezinye izinhlobo zabakhasayo ezinwabuzelayo - ofezela bomoya, izicabucabu zelanga - empeleni zingezabo ohlobo lwabo lwama-arachnids, ahlukaniswe nezicabucabu zangempela. Olunye ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izilwane zihlobene kakhulu nofezela mbumbulu, kanti ezinye izifundo zixhumanise i-solpug neqembu lemikhaza. Ama-salpugs awavikelekile, kunzima ukuwagcina ekuthunjweni, ngakho-ke awadumile ekuhwebeni kwesilwane. Kodwa-ke, zingaba sengozini yokungcola kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwendawo. Njengamanje, kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezingama-24 zama-solpugs zihlala emapaki kazwelonke.
Solpuga Ungumzingeli oshesha ebusuku, owaziwa nangokuthi isicabucabu samakamela noma i-sun spider, ezahlukaniswa yi-chelicerae yazo enkulu. Zitholakala ikakhulu ezindaweni ezomile. Ama-salpugs ahluka ngosayizi kusuka ku-20 kuye ku-70 mm. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-1100 ezichazwe ngama-solpugs.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06.01.
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/13/2019 ngo-14: 55
