Ibhubesi (i-Panthera leo) yisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu somndeni wakwaFelidae (feline). Abesilisa banesisindo esingaphezu kwama-250 kg. Amabhubesi azinze eningizimu ye-Sahara e-Afrika nase-Asia, azivumelanisa nezimfunda nezimo ezixubene nezihlahla notshani.
Izinhlobo zamabhubesi
Ingonyama ye-Asiatic (Panthera leo persica)
Ingonyama yase-Asiatic
Inezicucu zezinwele eziqaphelekayo endololwaneni futhi ekugcineni komsila, izinzipho ezinamandla nezintambo ezibukhali ezihudula ngazo inyamazane emhlabathini. Abesilisa banombala ophuzi ngokusawolintshi kuya kobunsundu ngokugqamile, amabhubesikazi anesihlabathi noma anombala ophuzi ngokugqamile. Umhlwenga wezingonyama umnyama ngombala, akuvamile ukuba mnyama, mfushane kunowengonyama yase-Afrika.
Ingonyama yaseSenegal (Panthera leo senegalensis)
Amabhubesi amancane kakhulu ase-Afrika aseningizimu yeSahara, ahlala entshonalanga ye-Afrika ukusuka eCentral African Republic kuya eSenegal at 1,800 kuma-prides amancane.
Ingonyama yaseSenegal
Ingonyama yaseBarbary (Panthera leo leo)
IBarbary lion
Eyaziwa nangokuthi ingonyama yaseNyakatho Afrika. Lezi zinhlayiya ezitholakala phambilini zazitholakala eGibhithe, eTunisia, eMorocco nase-Algeria. Ukuqothulwa ngenxa yokuzingela okungakhethi. Ingonyama yokugcina yadutshulwa ngo-1920 eMorocco. Namuhla, amanye amabhubesi athunjiwe athathwa njengezizukulwane zamabhubesi eBarbary futhi anesisindo esingaphezu kwama-200 kg.
Ingonyama yaseNyakatho yeCongo (i-Panthera leo azandica)
Ingonyama yaseNyakatho yeCongo
Imvamisa umbala owodwa oqinile, ophuzi ngokukhanyayo noma ophuzi osagolide. Umbala uyakhanya kusuka emuva kuye ezinyaweni. Izinduna zamaduna zinomthunzi omnyama wegolide noma onsundu futhi zikhulu ngokugqamile futhi zinde ukwedlula bonke uboya bomzimba.
Ingonyama yaseMpumalanga Afrika (i-Panthera leo nubica)
Ingonyama yaseMpumalanga Afrika
Kutholakala eKenya, Ethiopia, Mozambique naseTanzania. Banemihlane e-arched encane nemilenze emide kunamanye ama-subspecies. Izinhlayiya ezincane zezinwele zikhula ezinhlangothini zamadolo zabesilisa. Ama-manes abonakala sengathi ahlanganisiwe emuva, futhi ama-specimens amadala anezimvu ezigcwele kakhulu kunezingonyama ezincane. Amabhubesi angamaduna ezindaweni eziphakeme anomhlana ojiyile kunezo ezihlala ezindaweni eziphansi.
Ingonyama yaseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Afrika (Panthera leo bleyenberghi)
Ingonyama yaseningizimu-ntshonalanga Afrika
Kutholakala entshonalanga yeZambia naseZimbabwe, e-Angola, eZaire, eNamibia nasenyakatho yeBotswana. Lezi zingonyama ziphakathi kwezinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zezingonyama. Abesilisa banesisindo esingaba ngu-140-242 kg, abesifazane cishe u-105-170 kg. Amadoda amaduna alula kunamanye ama-subspecies.
Ingonyama eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Afrika (Panthera leo krugeri)
Kwenzeka eSouth African National Park naseSwaziland Royal National Park. Iningi labesilisa lalawa ma-subspecies linomhlwenga omnyama othuthukiswe kahle. Isisindo samadoda cishe singu-150-250 kg, abesifazane - 110-182 kg.
Ibhubesi Elimhlophe
Ibhubesi Elimhlophe
Abantu abanoboya obumhlophe bahlala ekuthunjweni eKruger National Park naseTimbavati Reserve empumalanga yeNingizimu Afrika. Akuzona izinhlobo zamabhubesi, kepha yizilwane ezinokushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Imininingwane emfushane ngamabhubesi
Ezikhathini zasendulo, amabhubesi ayezulazula kuwo wonke amazwekazi, kodwa anyamalala eNyakatho Afrika naseNingizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Asia ngezikhathi zomlando. Kuze kube sekupheleni kwePleistocene, eminyakeni engaba ngu-10 000 eyedlule, ibhubesi laliyisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke esasinabantu abaningi kakhulu.
Kwaphela amashumi amabili eminyaka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, i-Afrika yathola ukwehla okungama-30-50% kwesibalo sabantu abangamabhubesi. Ukulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala kanye nokungqubuzana nabantu kuyizizathu zokuqothulwa kohlobo.
Amabhubesi aphila iminyaka eyi-10 kuya kwengu-14 ngokwemvelo. Bahlala ekuthunjweni kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20. Ngokwemvelo, abesilisa abaphila isikhathi eside kuneminyaka eyi-10 ngoba amanxeba okulwa nabanye besilisa anciphisa izimpilo zabo.
Yize kunesidlaliso esithi "King of the Jungle", amabhubesi awahlali ehlathini, kepha ahlala esayana nasezimfundeni, lapho kukhona amahlathi nezihlahla. Amabhubesi aguqulelwa ukubamba inyamazane emadlelweni.
Izici ze-anatomy yengonyama
Amabhubesi anezinhlobo ezintathu zamazinyo
- Ama-incisors, amazinyo amancane ngaphambili komlomo, abamba futhi adabule inyama.
- Fangs, amazinyo amane amakhulu (ezinhlangothini zombili ze-incisors), afinyelela kubude obungu-7 cm, adwengula isikhumba nenyama.
- I-Carnivorous, amazinyo abukhali ngemuva emlonyeni asebenza njengesikele ukusika inyama.
Izinyawo nezinzipho
Izinyawo ziyefana nezekati, kepha kukhulu kakhulu. Zinezinzwani ezinhlanu ezinyaweni zangaphambili nezine ezinyaweni zangemuva. Ukuphakanyiswa kwezidladla zebhubesi kuzokusiza ukuqagela ukuthi isilwane sineminyaka emingaki, owesilisa noma owesifazane.
Amabhubesi adedela uzipho lwawo. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ziyazelula bese ziyaqina, zicashe ngaphansi koboya. Izinzipho zikhula zifike ku-38 mm ubude, ziqinile futhi zibukhali. Uzwane lwesihlanu oludakeni olungaphambili luyisidala, lusebenza njengesithupha ebantwini, lubambe inyamazane ngenkathi idla.
Ulimi
Ulimi lwengonyama lunolaka, lufana ne-sandpaper, lumbozwe ngameva abizwa ngokuthi ama-papillae, abuyiselwe emuva ahlanze inyama yamathambo nenhlabathi eboyeni. Lameva enza ulimi lube lukhuni, uma ibhubesi likhotha emuva isandla kaninginingi, lizohlala lingenasikhumba!
Uboya
Amawundlu ezingonyama azalwa enengubo empunga enamabala amnyama amboze iningi langemuva, izidladla nomlomo. Lezi zindawo zisiza amawundlu ukuba ahlangane nendawo ezungezile, okwenza acishe angabonakali ezihlahleni noma otshanini obude. Amabala ayaphela cishe ezinyangeni ezintathu, yize amanye ehlala isikhathi eside futhi aqhubekele ekubeni mdala. Ngesikhathi sobusha, uboya buba bukhulu futhi bube ngaphezulu ngombala wegolide.
UMane
Phakathi kweminyaka eyi-12 nengu-14 ubudala, amazinyane amaduna aqala ukukhula izinwele ezinde esifubeni nasentanyeni. Imenji iyelula futhi iba mnyama ngobudala. Kwamanye amabhubesi, igijima esiswini iye emilenzeni yangemuva. Amabhubesikazi awunawo umhlwenga. UMane:
- ivikela intamo ngesikhathi sokulwa;
- wethusa amanye amabhubesi nezilwane ezinkulu njengobhejane;
- kuyisiko lomkhuba wokuqomisana.
Ubude nomthunzi wemane lengonyama kuncike lapho ihlala khona. Amabhubesi asezindaweni ezifudumele anamamodi amafushane, alula kunalawo asezindaweni ezibandayo. Izinguquko zombala njengokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kubonakala unyaka wonke.
Amadevu
Isitho esibucayi esiseduze nekhala sisiza ukuzwa imvelo. I-antenna ngayinye inebala elimnyama empandeni. Lawa mabala ahlukile ebhubesini ngalinye, njengezigxivizo zeminwe. Njengoba kungekho mabhubesi amabili anephethini efanayo, abacwaningi bahlukanisa izilwane kuzo ngokwemvelo.
Umsila
Ibhubesi linomsila omude osiza ukulinganisela. Umsila webhubesi unephawuda elimnyama ekugcineni elivela phakathi kwezinyanga ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisikhombisa ubudala. Izilwane zisebenzisa ibhulashi ukuqondisa ukuziqhenya ngotshani obude. Abesifazane baphakamisa umsila wabo, banikeze isignali "wokungilandela" amawundlu, bawasebenzise ukuxhumana nabanye. Umsila uveza ukuthi isilwane sizizwa kanjani.
Amehlo
Amawundlu ezingonyama azalwa eyimpumputhe futhi avula amehlo lapho enezinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezine ubudala. Amehlo azo aqale abe mpunga ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka futhi abe nsundu ngokusawolintshi phakathi kwezinyanga ezimbili noma ezintathu ubudala.
Amehlo ebhubesi makhulu ngabafundi abayindilinga abaphindwe kathathu ngobukhulu babantu. Ijwabu leso lesibili, elibizwa ngokuthi ulwelwesi olucwayizayo, lihlanza futhi livikele iso. Amabhubesi awahambisi amehlo ngapha nangapha, ngakho-ke ajikisa amakhanda abo abuke izinto ohlangothini.
Ebusuku, ukumbozwa ngemuva kweso kukhombisa ukukhanya kwenyanga. Lokhu kwenza umbono webhubesi ube ngcono ngokuphindwe kasishiyagalombili kunowomuntu. Uboya obumhlophe ngaphansi kwamehlo bukhanyisa ngisho nangokwengeziwe umfundi.
Izindlala ezinamakha
Izindlala ezizungeze isilevu, izindebe, izihlathi, intshebe, umsila naphakathi kwezinzwani zikhiqiza izinto ezinamafutha ezigcina uboya buphilile futhi bungangenwa amanzi. Abantu banezindlala ezifanayo ezenza izinwele zabo zibe namafutha uma zingagezwanga isikhashana.
Inzwa yokuhogela
Indawo encane esendaweni yomlomo ivumela ibhubesi "ukuhogela" iphunga emoyeni. Ngokukhombisa amazinyo nezilimi ezigqamile, amabhubesi abamba iphunga ukuze abone ukuthi avela kumuntu ofanele ukudliwa yini.
Ukuzwa
Amabhubesi anokuzwa okuhle. Zijikisa izindlebe zazo ezinhlangothini ezahlukahlukene, zilalele izigaxa ezibazungezayo, futhi zizwe inyamazane ibanga elingu-1.5 km.
Amabhubesi abakha kanjani ubudlelwano phakathi kwawo
Amabhubesi ahlala emaqenjini omphakathi, ayaziqhenya, aqukethe abesifazane abahlobene, inzalo yabo kanye nendoda eyodwa noma ezimbili ezindala. Amabhubesi yiwona kuphela amakati ahlala ngamaqembu. Amabhubesi ayishumi kuya kwamashumi amane akha ukuziqhenya. Ukuziqhenya ngakunye kunendawo yayo. Amabhubesi awavumeli ezinye izilwane ezizingelayo ukuba zizingele ebangeni lazo.
Ukubhonga kwamabhubesi kukodwa, futhi bakusebenzisela ukuxwayisa amabhubesi avela kwamanye amaqhosha noma abantu abanesizungu ukuze bangangeni endaweni yangaphandle. Ukubhonga okukhulu kwebhubesi kuzwakala ebangeni elifinyelela ku-8 km.
Ibhubesi likhula ngesivinini esifinyelela ku-80 km ngehora emabangeni amafushane futhi ligxume ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-9. Iningi lezisulu ligijima kakhulu kunebhubesi elijwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, zizingela ngamaqembu, zijahe noma zisondele buthule inyamazane yazo. Kuqala bayamngunga, bese begxuma ngokushesha, ngokuzuma ngotshani obude. Abesifazane bazingela, abesilisa bayasiza uma kunesidingo ukubulala isilwane esikhulu. Ukwenza lokhu, kusetshenziswa izinzipho ezihlehliswayo, ezisebenza njengezingwegwe zokubambelela ezibamba inyamazane.
Adlani amabhubesi?
Amabhubesi ayizilwane ezidla inyama nezidla izidleke. I-Carrion yakha ngaphezu kwama-50% wokudla kwabo. Amabhubesi adla izilwane ezife ngenxa yezimbangela zemvelo (izifo) ezibulawa ezinye izilwane. Babheka amanqe ajikelezayo ngoba kusho ukuthi kunesilwane esifile noma esilimele eduze.
Amabhubesi adla isisulu esikhulu, njenge:
- izinsephe;
- izinhlwathi;
- amadube;
- i-wildebeest;
- izindlulamithi;
- izinyathi.
Baze babulale nezindlovu, kepha kuphela lapho bonke abantu abadala abavela ekuziqhenyeni behlanganyela ekuzingeleni. Ngisho nezindlovu ziyazesaba izingonyama ezilambile. Lapho ukudla kuyindlala, amabhubesi azingela inyamazane encane noma ahlasele ezinye izilwane ezidlayo. Amabhubesi adla kuze kufike ku-69 kg yenyama ngosuku.
Utshani okuhlala kuwo amabhubesi abufushane noma buluhlaza, kodwa bude futhi ezimweni eziningi bukhanya ngokukhanyayo ngombala. Uboya bengonyama bunombala ofanayo naleli khambi, okwenza kube nzima ukukubona.
Izici zokuziphatha kwetafula kwamakati adlayo
Amabhubesi axosha inyamazane yawo amahora amaningi, kodwa abulala ngemizuzu nje embalwa. Ngemuva kokuthi owesifazane ekhiphe umsindo ophansi, ubiza ukuziqhenya ukuthi bajoyine idili. Okokuqala, amaduna amadala adla, bese kuba abesifazane, bese kuba amawundlu. Amabhubesi adla isisulu sawo cishe amahora amane, kepha kuyaqabukela adle amathambo, izimpisi namanqe aqeda konke okusele. Ngemuva kokudla, ibhubesi lingaphuza amanzi imizuzu engama-20.
Ukuze kugwenywe ukushisa okuyingozi emini bebade, amabhubesi azingela kusihlwa, lapho ukukhanya okuncane kwelanga elishonayo kusiza ukucasha esilwaneni. Amabhubesi anombono omuhle ebusuku, ngakho-ke ubumnyama abuyona inkinga yawo.
Ukuzalela amabhubesi emvelweni
Ibhubesikazi lilungele ukuba ngumama lapho insikazi iba neminyaka engu-2-3 ubudala. Amathole wezingonyama abizwa ngokuthi amawundlu engonyama. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezi-3/2. Amakati azalwa eyimpumputhe. Amehlo awavuli aze abe cishe nesonto ubudala, futhi akaboni kahle aze abe cishe namasonto amabili ubudala. Amabhubesi awanamgodi (ikhaya) lapho ahlala khona isikhathi eside. Ibhubesikazi lifihla amawundlu alo ezihlahleni eziminyene, emihosheni noma phakathi kwamatshe. Uma indawo yokukhosela iqashelwa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, umama uzohambisa amawundlu endaweni yokukhosela entsha. Amawundlu ebhubesi amele ukuziqhenya cishe amasonto ayisithupha ubudala.
Amakati asengozini lapho ibhubesikazi liyozingela futhi lidinga ukushiya amawundlu alo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho owesilisa omusha ekhahlela u-alpha wesilisa ngaphandle kokuziqhenya, ubulala amawundlu akhe. Omama bese behlangana nomholi omusha, okusho ukuthi amazinyane amasha azoba yinzalo yakhe. Udoti wamabili kuya kwayi-6, imvamisa amabhubesi ama-2-3, iyazalwa, futhi kuphela ama-1-2 cubs azosinda aze ajwayelane nokuziqhenya. Ngemuva kwalokho, wonke umhlambi uyawavikela.
Ingonyama encane
Amabhubesi nabantu
Amabhubesi awanazo izitha zemvelo ngaphandle kwabantu abazingele amakhulu eminyaka. Esikhathini esithile esidlule, amabhubesi ayesatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseYurophu eseningizimu naseningizimu ye-Asia ngasempumalanga kuya enyakatho nasenkabeni yeNdiya nakuyo yonke i-Afrika.
Ingonyama yokugcina eYurophu yafa phakathi kuka-80-100 AD. Ngo-1884, amabhubesi kuphela ayesele eNdiya ayeseGir Forest, lapho kwakusele khona idazini elilodwa kuphela. Cishe bafa kwenye indawo eningizimu ye-Asia, njenge-Iran ne-Iraq, ngemuva nje kuka-1884. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, amabhubesi ase-Asiya aye avikelwa yimithetho yendawo, futhi inani lawo liye lakhula ngokuqinile eminyakeni edlule.
Amabhubezi abhujisiwe enyakatho ne-Afrika. Phakathi kuka-1993 no-2015, inani lamabhubesi lancipha ngesigamu eMaphakathi naseNtshonalanga Afrika. Eningizimu ye-Afrika, inani labantu lihlala lizinzile futhi landa. Amabhubesi ahlala ezindaweni eziqhelile ezingahlalwa ngabantu. Ukusabalala kwezolimo nokwanda kwenani lezindawo zokuhlala ezazingaphansi kwamabhubesi yizimbangela zokufa.
