Ama-Inca akholelwa ukuthi i-vicuña kwakuwukuphindukuzalwa kwentombazane esencane eyathola ikapa legolide elimsulwa, isipho esivela enkosini endala embi futhi eyayithandana nobuhle. Ngakho-ke, imithetho yabantu basendulo base-Andes yayinqabela ukubulawa kwezilwane ezinhle zasentabeni, futhi abasebukhosini kuphela ababevunyelwe ukugqoka imikhiqizo eyenziwe ngoboya babo.
Incazelo nezici
Ingenye yezinhlobo ezimbili zamakamela asendle aseNingizimu Melika ahlala ezinkangala zase-Andes, enye injalo guanaco. UVicuna - isihlobo se-llama futhi sithathwa njengokhokho wasendle we-alpaca, asebenesikhathi eside bekwazi ukufuya.
IVicuña intekenteke, inomusa futhi incanyana kune-guanaco. Into esemqoka ehlukanisa i-morphology yalezi zinhlobo ukukhula okungcono kwama-vicuna incisors. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazinyo aphansi obuhle base-Andes akhula kuyo yonke impilo futhi akwazi ukuzicija ngokwawo ngenxa yokuxhumana njalo neziqu zotshani obunzima.
Umbala we-Vicuna kuyajabulisa iso. Uboya obude besilwane bunombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo futhi beige ngemuva, uphenduka umbala obisi esiswini. Esifubeni nasemphinjeni - "ihembe" elingaphambili elimhlophe, umhlobiso oyinhloko wesilwane esinezinselo. Ikhanda lifushane kancane kunele-guanaco, kanti izindlebe, kunalokho, zinde futhi ziyahamba. Ubude bomzimba busuka ku-150 kuye ku-160 cm, amahlombe - 75-85 cm (kufika kwimitha). Isisindo somuntu omdala singama-35-65 kg.
Ama-callus awakwazi ukuziqhayisa ngezinselo ezishiwoyo, ngakho-ke izitho ze-vicuña zigcina zifana nezinzipho. Lezi zinhlayiya zivumela isilwane ukuba sigxume phezu kwamatshe, okuqinisekisa “ukubambelela” okuqinile emhlabathini onamadwala.
Umnikazi wentamo ende namehlo avuleke kakhulu anemigqa yezinkophe ezintofontofo, vicuna esithombeni kubukeka kahle. Kepha ubuhle obunamahloni abuvumeli abantu ukuba basondele kuye, ngakho-ke bashutha lesi simangaliso ngamakhamera anokuphakanyiswa okuphezulu ukusuka kude.
Izinhlobo
UVicuna - isilwane esincelisayo sohlelo lwe-artiodactyls, i-suborder of calluses, umndeni we-camelid. Kuze kube muva nje, izazi zezilwane zazikholelwa ukuthi i-llama ne-alpaca kwakuyinzalo yama-guanacos. Kepha ukutadisha ngokucophelela kwe-DNA kukhombisile ukuthi i-alpaca ivela ku-vicuna.
Yize kunezingxoxo ngalokhu, ngoba zonke izinhlobo ezibalwe eduze ezihlobene kakhulu zingashada ngokwemvelo. Kunenhlobo eyodwa kuphela yalezi zilwane ezisezintabeni, ehlukaniswe yaba yimifanyana emibili, iVicugna Vicugna Vicugna neVicugna Vicugna Mensalis.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
UVicuña uhlala enkabeni ye-Andes eNingizimu Melika, bahlala ePeru, enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Argentina, eBolivia, enyakatho yeChile. Inani elincane, elethulwe liyabonakala enkabeni ye-Ecuador.
Ngokusho kohlu olubomvu lwe-IUCN, inani eliphelele lama-vicuna lisuka ku-343,500 laya ku-348,000 abantu. Nazi izinombolo eziyindilinga (ziyahlukahluka kusuka kusizini kuye kwesizini) yezifunda ezithile:
- I-Argentina - cishe ezingama-72,670;
- IBolivia - 62 870;
- IChile - 16,940;
- I-Ecuador - 2680,
- I-Peru - 188330.
Ama-camelids aseNingizimu Melika akhetha ukuphakama kwamamitha angama-3200-4800 ngaphezu kolwandle. Uklaba emini emathafeni anotshani e-Andes, futhi uchithe ubusuku emithambekeni, ukungabikho komoya-mpilo akusona isithiyo kubo. Imisebe yelanga iyakwazi ukungena emkhathini onqabile wezindawo zezintaba, inikeze izinga lokushisa elifudumele emini.
Kodwa lapho sekumnyama, i-thermometer yehla ngaphansi kuka-zero. "Ijazi" elifudumele elifudumele lenzelwe ngendlela yokuthi libamba izingqimba zomoya ofudumele eduze komzimba, ngakho isilwane sibekezelela amazinga okushisa amabi kahle.
UVicuña uyisilwane esabekayo futhi ophapheme, unendlebe enhle futhi ubaleka ngokushesha, afinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-45 km / h. Indlela yokuphila ifana nokuziphatha kwe-guanaco. Noma zisadla, zigcina ukuzwela okungakholeki futhi zihlala zihlola indawo ezungezile.
Abantu bahlala emaqenjini emindeni, imvamisa akhiwa owesilisa osekhulile, kusuka kwabesifazane kuya kwabayishumi nanhlanu nezilwane ezisencane. Umhlambi ngamunye unensimu yawo enendawo eyi-18-20 sq. km. Lapho i-vicuña izwa ingozi, yenza umsindo ocacile wokushaya umlozi.
Umholi ovelele uxwayisa "umndeni" ngosongo oluzayo bese ethatha izinyathelo zokuzivikela. Lo wesilisa ungumholi ongenakuphikiswa weqembu, unquma ibanga lobubanzi ngokuya ngokutholakala kokudla, alawule ubulungu futhi axoshe abantu bangaphandle.
Laba bantu base-Andes banendawo yokudla nendawo ehlukile yokulala, ezindaweni eziphakeme kancane ukuphepha. Abantu abadala abangekho ekhanda lomhlambi bajoyina iqembu elikhulu lezilwane ezingama-30-150, noma bahlala bodwa. "Abazalayo" abangakafiki ekuvuthweni ngokocansi baphambukela "emndenini" ohlukile wama-bachelors, ovimbela ukuncintisana kwe-intraspecific.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Njengama-guanacos, abanikazi boboya begolide bavame ukukhotha amatshe e-limestone nezindawo ezinamadwala ezigcwele amaminerali, futhi abawadeleli amanzi anosawoti. UVicuña uyadla utshani obuncane.
Izifunda ze-Alpine azicebile ngohlaza; lapha kukhula kuphela iziqu zotshani ezingapheli, ezingenamsoco omningi, kufaka phakathi okusanhlamvu. Ngakho-ke izakhamuzi zase-Andes azithobeki.
Basebenza ngokukhethekile ekuseni nasekushoneni kwelanga. Uma ngabe ihlobo elomile nelishisayo, emini ama-vicuñas awadli, kepha aqamba amanga futhi ahlafune ngeziqu ezinzima ezikhiwa entathakusa, njengamakamela.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha
Ukukhwelana kwenzeka entwasahlobo, ngoMashi-Ephreli. Uhlobo lwesithembu. Owesilisa ovelele uvundisa bonke abesifazane abavuthiwe emhlambini wakhe. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe izinsuku ezingama-330-350, insikazi izala inkuzi eyodwa. Ingane ingavuka kungakapheli imizuzu eyi-15 izelwe. Ukuncelisa ingane ibele kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-10.
Ama-vicuña amancane azimela eneminyaka eyi-12-18 izinyanga. Abesilisa bajoyina ama-bachelor "club", abesifazane - emiphakathini efanayo yabesifazane, bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eminyakeni emibili. Abanye besifazane basazala beneminyaka engu-19.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Izitha eziyinhloko zama-artiodactyls endle yezintaba yizilwane ezidliwayo zempungushe yase-Andes kanye nempisi enomhlwenga. Ezimweni zemvelo, ama-vicua aphila cishe iminyaka engama-20 (amanye aze afike ku-25). Ababolekisi ngokufuya, kepha kwamanye ama-zoo bafunde ukuthi bangawagcina kanjani ama "highlands" anamahloni.
Lokhu kudinga izindiza ezinkulu. Isibonelo, i-nursery ye-suburban zoo yadalwa eMoscow Zoo emthambekeni wentaba. Maphakathi no-2000s, abesifazane abathathu nowesilisa balethwa lapha. Zazala kahle, kangangokuba inani lemihlambi landa laya kumashumi amabili, izingane eziningana zathuthela kwamanye ama-zoo.
Ingozi enkulu ezilwaneni ezingavamile ngaso sonke isikhathi ibimelwe ngabantu. Kusukela esikhathini sokunqoba kweSpain iNingizimu Melika kuze kube ngo-1964, ukuzingelwa kwama-vicunas kwakungalawulwa. Iphutha lilele koboya babo obuyigugu. Lokhu kuholele emiphumeleni eyinhlekelele: ngeminyaka engamashumi ayisithupha, inani labantu abayizigidi ezimbili eliwele kubantu abayi-6,000. Lezi zinhlobo kwathiwa zisengozini.
Ngo-1964, uServicio Forestal, ngokubambisana ne-US Peace Corps, i-WWF kanye neLa Molina National Agrarian University, bakhe indawo yokulondolozwa kwemvelo (ipaki kazwelonke) yezindawo zasePampa Galeras esifundeni sase-Ayacucho ePeru, manje sekuneziqiwi e-Ecuador naseChile.
Engxenyeni yesibili yamashumi ayisithupha, kwaqala uhlelo lokuqeqesha abaqaphi bokuzithandela bokuvikela izilwane. Amazwe amaningi akuvumile ukungeniswa koboya be-vicuna. Ngenxa yalezi zinyathelo, ePeru kuphela inani lama-vicunas lenyuke kaningi.
Njalo ngonyaka ePampa Galeras, kubanjwa i-chaku (emadlelweni, ekubambeni nasekugundeni) ukuqoqa uboya nokuvikela ukuzingelwa ngokungemthetho. Wonke ama-vicunas abantu abadala aphilile anejazi lamasentimitha amathathu noma ngaphezulu agundiwe. Lesi yisinyathelo seNational Council of South American Camels (CONACS).
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- UVicuña yisilwane sikazwelonke sasePeru, izithombe zakhe zihlobisa ingubo yezingalo nefulegi lezwe laseNingizimu Melika;
- Uboya beVicuna budumile ngokugcina ukushisa okuhle. Izikali ezincane ezintanjeni eziyize zivimba umoya, zivimbela amakhaza ukuba angene;
- Imicu yoboya inebubanzi obungu-microns ayi-12 kuphela, kanti ezimbuzini ze-cashmere le nkomba iyashintshashintsha ebangeni lama-microns ayi-14-19;
- Umuntu omdala unikeza cishe u-0.5 kg woboya ngonyaka;
- I-villi iyazwela ekusetshenzisweni kwamakhemikhali, ngakho-ke umbala wemikhiqizo uvame ukuhlala ungowemvelo;
- Ezinsukwini zama-Inca, "izinto zokusetshenziswa" eziwusizo zaziqoqwa kusetshenziswa i-chaku efanayo: abantu abaningi babeshayela amakhulu ezinkulungwane zezilwane "emigodini" yamatshe, baziphuca futhi bazidedela, inqubo yayiphindwa njalo eminyakeni emine;
- Abahlanganyeli banamuhla emkhosini benza izinwele kusuka ngoMeyi kuya ku-Okthoba, abantu bendawo bakhama indandatho ezungeze umhlambi, behola izidalwa ezesabekayo ekorali, kwenziwa isiko lasendulo. Labo ababanjiwe bahlelwa: izilwane ezisencane, abesifazane abakhulelwe, iziguli azisikwa. Basebenzisa izimoto zikagesi. Bakhipha wonke umuntu ngasikhathi sinye ukuze imindeni izotholana.
- Udick no-0.5 cm woboya bushiywe ukuze isilwane singabandi, futhi ukugunda izinwele kuthinta kuphela izinhlangothi nomhlane;
- Uhulumeni wasePeruvia wethule uhlelo lokulebula olukhomba zonke izingubo ezenziwe nge-chaku egunyaziwe. Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi isilwane siyabanjwa bese sibuyiselwa endle. Kukhona futhi ukumakwa kwama-vicuna ukuze abantu bengeke bagundwe iminyaka emibili ezayo;
- Ngaphandle kokuvinjelwa, kufika kuma-22,500 kg we-vicuna wool athunyelwa minyaka yonke ngenxa yemisebenzi engekho emthethweni;
- E-Andes yaseChilean, amapulazi asungulelwe ukukhulisa izilwane ngokuhweba ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo;
- Amanani wezindwangu ezenziwe ngoboya, abizwa ngokuthi "uboya begolide", angangena ku- $ 1,800-3,000 egcekeni ngalinye (0.914 m);
- Vicuna uvolo esetshenziselwa ukukhiqizwa kwamasokisi, amajezi, amajazi, amasudi, amatshali, izikhafu, ezinye izesekeli, izingubo zokulala, izingubo zokulala, izigqoko;
- Ukwebiwa okwenziwe ngezinto ezinjalo kubiza ama-ruble angama-420,000, ijazi lase-Italy - okungenani ama- $ 21,000.
