Igundane loqalo Ingabe igundane lishintshelwe ukuhlala ngaphansi komhlaba. Leli yiqembu elidume kakhulu elingelomndeni futhi linamalungu amathathu. Umbala woboya ungahluka kakhulu phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo. Lawa magundane ahlobene nama-voles ohlobo lomhlaba ongaphansi komhlaba futhi afana ne-zokor enkulu. Amagundane oqalo awavamile ukugcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo, yize lezi zilwane zinokubukeka kwasekuqaleni futhi okungajwayelekile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Igundane loqalo
Kukholakala ukuthi amagundane eqiniso avela e-Asia. Baqala ukuvela emafosilini ekupheleni kwePaleocene nase-Eocene yokuqala e-Asia naseNyakatho Melika, eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-54 edlule. Lezi zilwane zasekuqaleni ngokwazo zavela kokhokho abanjenge-rodent ababizwa nge-Anagalida, lapho kwavela khona iqembu lamaLagomorpha lama-lagomorphs.
Ividiyo: Igundane loqalo
IMuridae ngumndeni wasendulo owazala amagundane anamuhla, amagundane asekhaya, ama-hamsters, ama-voles nama-gerbils, aqala ukuvela ekugcineni kwe-Eocene (cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-34 edlule). Izinhlobo zesimanje ezinjengegundane zavela eMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-23.8-5 edlule) futhi zakhiwa ngesikhathi sePliocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyisi-5.3-1.8 edlule).
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ngekhulu le-18 nele-19 eYurophu, kwabanjwa amagundane kwadliwa ngesikhathi sendlala. Abadobi begundane baqashwa ukuqothula amagundane nokubamba abantu ababukhoma ukuthi babambe iqhaza ezimpini zamagundane, emijahweni yamagundane nasekusunguleni imigodi yamagundane. Abadali begundane nabo babamba futhi bagcina amagundane asendle emakheji. Ngalesi sikhathi, kwakukhethwa amagundane emvelo e-albino asendle kolahleko bamagundane abathunjiwe ngokubonakala kwawo okuhlukile. Amagundane asendle angama-albino emvelo aqala ukurekhodwa eYurophu ngo-1553.
Uhlobo olukhulu lwamagundane luqale ukuvela emndenini wakwaMuridae kusuka cishe ku-3.5 kuye ku-5-6 mil. iminyaka edlule. Kwakungowokuzalwa eMedithera, Middle East, India, China, Japan, naseNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia (kufaka phakathi iPhilippines, iNew Guinea ne-Australia). Ngemuva kokuqalwa kwayo, uhlobo lwegundane lwathola iziqephu ezimbili ze-speciation enamandla, eyodwa cishe ye-2.7 mil. eminyakeni edlule, kanti enye yaqala cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.2 edlule futhi ingaqhubeka nanamuhla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani igundane loqalo
Ubude bomzimba wegundane loqalo kusuka ku-16.25 kuye ku-45.72 amasentimitha, umsila ubude buyi-6-7 cm, kanti isisindo sisuka ku-210 kuye ku-340 amagremu. Uvame ukubizwa ngokuthi igundane loqalo elincane. Izilwane zinezindlebe namehlo amancane, futhi ziyefana kakhulu ne-poker gopher yaseMelika ngaphandle kwezikhwama zezihlathi ezingekho. Igundane loqalo linoboya obukhulu futhi obuthambile ekhanda nasemzimbeni, kodwa inani elincane loboya emsileni walo.
Umbala walezi zilwane ezincelisayo kusuka kusinamoni obomvu kanye ne-chestnut kuya kumlotha ompunga nokuhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezingxenyeni ezingenhla futhi kunalokho kuphaphathekile futhi kuzacile ezingxenyeni ezingezansi. Abanye abantu banomugqa omhlophe phezulu kwekhanda kanye nomugqa omncane kusuka kusilevu kuya emphinjeni. Izindlebe ezincane zesilwane zifihlwe ngokuphelele eboyeni, futhi intamo ayiphinyiswa. Imilenze imifushane.
I-Cannomys badius iyisilwane esincelisayo, esiphakathi nendawo esinemilenze emifushane, enamandla. Banezinzipho zokumba ezinde ezinamandla namaphakethe abushelelezi ematheni ezinyawo zabo. Le rat ine-incisors enkulu nama-molars anemiqhele eyisicaba nezimpande. Ikhothamo le-zygomatic libanzi kakhulu futhi umzimba ujiyile futhi uyasinda. Amagundane esikazi oqalo anezimbambo ezimbili zesifuba nezesisu ezimbili zezindlala ezincelisayo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Iqoqo lama-chromosomes engxenyeni eyinhloko yegundane loqalo lifinyelela kuma-50, ezinhlotsheni ezincane zegundane lilingana namashumi ayisithupha. Lesi yisici esibaluleke kunazo zonke esinezimpawu kumagundane.
Ukwakheka kogebhezi kuhambelana ngqo nempilo yesilwane esincelisayo esingaphansi komhlaba. Ukuma kwayo kucindezelwe, kuyisicaba ohlangothini lwangaphakathi. Imengamo yeZygomatic ivezwe ngokusobala futhi yehluka kakhulu ezinhlangothini. Ku-cecum kukhona isibaya esifana nokuvunguza.
Ihlala kuphi igundane loqalo?
Isithombe: Igundane loqalo ngokwemvelo
Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zinhlobo isukela empumalanga yeNepal (2000 m ngenhla kogu lolwandle), enqamula enyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya, eBhutan, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeBangladesh, eMyanmar, eningizimu yeChina, enyakatho ntshonalanga. IVietnam, iThailand neCambodia. Izinhlobo zamagundane oqalo zivame ukurekhodwa zifike cishe kumamitha ayi-4000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kanti amanye ama-taxa anqunyelwe ezindaweni ezithile eziphakeme, futhi ububanzi bokuphakama abuhlali kulo lonke uhla olwaziwayo.
Izindawo zokuhlala eziphambili zamagundane oqalo:
- ENepal;
- ECambodia;
- IZaire;
- IVietnam;
- India;
- E-Uganda;
- ITopiya;
- ILaos;
- Thailand;
- ESomalia;
- Inhlonhlo yaseMallakku;
- IMyanmar;
- IKenya;
- ETanzania.
Ubukhona abuchaziwe kahle:
- IBangladesh;
- Butane.
Lezi zinhlobo zirekhodwe ezindaweni eziningi ezahlukahlukene, kusuka ehlathini loqalo kuya emhlabeni wezolimo olimekayo nakwezinye izindawo zokuhlala kwabantu, yize kungekho emadlelweni elayisi. ENingizimu ye-Asia, kwenzeka emahlathini asezingeni eliphansi asezintabeni nasemahlathini amahlathi oqalo emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kwenzeka ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu. Ziyizinhlobo eziphila isikhathi eside ezinomdlwane owodwa noma emibili kudoti ngamunye. Futhi bahlala ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi ezinezimila ezinamakhambi. Amagundane oqalo emba imigodi eyinkimbinkimbi engaphansi komhlaba ngendlela yemigudu futhi achitha isikhathi esiningi emigodini.
Manje uyazi ukuthi igundwane loqalo lihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Idlani igundane loqalo?
Isithombe: Igundane loqalo
Amagundane oqalo asebenza ikakhulukazi ekuseni noma kusihlwa, lapho izilwane zivela ebusweni bomhlaba zifuna ukudla. Zidla ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene ezingaphansi komhlaba zezitshalo, ikakhulukazi uqalo, kanye nembewu nezithelo. Umkhiqizo oyinhloko osetshenzisiwe uqalo, okuyigama lalesi silwane esiyimfihlo. Bamba kahle kakhulu. Ukudla kwabo akuqukethe kuphela izingxenye zoqalo, babuye badle izihlahlana, amahlumela amancane amakhambi nezinye izimpande, futhi badle imbewu nezithelo.
Emini, izilwane ziphumula ngokuthula endaweni yazo yokuhlala, kuthi ebusuku zivukele phezulu zidle izingxenye zasemoyeni zezitshalo.
Njenge:
- amahlumela ezitshalo;
- zonke izinhlobo zamaqabunga;
- izithelo eziwile;
- imbewu ehlukahlukene.
Ngokungafani namanye amagundane emvukuzane, avele acashe emhubheni, amagundane oqalo athola ukudla ngokushesha, ahlala ekhulisa ubude bemigodi yawo ezindaweni lapho kumi khona utshani obukhulu. Lapho sesiqedile ukusigcoba lesi sitshalo, lesi silwane sizovimba umhubhe ongaphakathi ngekhokho emhlabeni. Lokhu kwaziswa kokudla okunempilo kunika ithuba lokuthola umthombo wokudla onokwethenjelwa futhi ongaguquguquki, ukugwema ukuncintisana.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane angacasha ngokushesha emigodini ejulile. Amagundane oqalo avame ukuhlala ezingadini zetiye futhi akhe imisele kanye nezinhlelo zomhubhe kulezi zindawo, kulimaze lezi zilimo futhi kubangele ukulimala okungalungiseki. Lawa magundane aziwa njengabantu abadla kahle kakhulu, abakwazi ukudla ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Ebusuku, ungezwa ukugquma okuhlukile kwamagundane oqalo azama ukugcwalisa izisu zawo ngamahlumela amnandi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Igundane loqalo emgodini
Igundane loqalo limba kahle umhlaba ngezidladla nangocezu, lihlela uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lokuhamba, olwenza ngcono njalo ngokubenza babe nobude. Ngokungafani negundane lama-bamboo lamaShayina, lonke uhlobo lohlobo aludonseli ezindaweni ezinotshani, kepha kuzinkuni zoqalo ezakha ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwabo. Kusihlwa, amagundane oqalo ashiya indawo yawo yokuhlala ukuze adle uhlaza. Ngenkathi besekuthunjweni, umsebenzi wafinyelela ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa, futhi babelala cishe usuku lonke.
Lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zigubha ezindaweni ezinotshani, emahlathini nasezivandeni. Ukumba kwenziwa hhayi ngemilenze yabo enamandla kuphela, kodwa futhi nangosizo lwama-incisors abo amakhulu. Umuntu oyedwa angakha izimbobo ezimbalwa, kepha uzohlala kowodwa kuphela. Imigudu eyakhiwe ilula futhi ifaka igumbi lokuhlalisa izinhloso eziningi. Le mihubhe engaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile ijule kakhulu. Ukuhamba okungaphezu kwamamitha angamashumi amahlanu okwenziwe ngaphansi komhlaba kwehlela kumuntu oyedwa.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Amagundane amancane oqalo ahamba kancane uma engaphezulu komhlaba futhi kuthiwa awesabi lapho isitha sihlasela.
Ukumba ama-labyrinths anjalo kuyadingeka ukuze igundane lithole ukudla futhi lenze indawo yokukhosela enokwethenjelwa. Bahambisa inhlabathi eyebiwe ngezitho zabo zangaphambili ngaphansi kwesisu, kanti ngezitho zabo zangemuva bayayiphonsa emuva. Izimpande zidla ngamazinyo. Lapho umba, kwenziwa inqwaba yobumba, okususwa igundane loqalo ngomlomo walo nangemigwaqo egudle umgodi. La magundane afihla indawo yawo yokuhlala emahlathini amade futhi aminyene ezitshalo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Igundane loqalo lwezingane
Igundane loqalo lingazala unyaka wonke, kodwa kanye ngonyaka, okungenani kabili uma izimo zivuma. Ukuphakama kuzala ngenkathi yezimvula. Owesifazane uletha kusuka kwengu-1 kuye kwezi-5 ezisanda kuzalwa ezingaboni nezinqunu. Ziyakhula futhi zikhuluphale ngokushesha okukhulu. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha cishe amasonto ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa. Amagundane amancane oqalo akwazi ukuzala izinyanga ezi-5-8 emva kokuzalwa. Izinsana ezisanda kuzalwa, njengamanye amagundane amaningi, azivuli amehlo kuze kube yizinsuku eziyi-15 ubudala.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Abasakhulayo bahlala bengenaboya isikhathi esiningi sokudla. Ukulunyulwa nokuzimela komama kwenzeka kumaviki ama-3-4 ubudala.
Njengoba abesilisa bephikisana nowesifazane oyedwa bese bedlulela kokulandelayo, abanikeli kangako ekunakekeleni amagundane amancane. Ubulongwe abancane buhlala bungenakuzisiza cishe amasonto amabili, kuze kube yilapho uboya babo buqala ukukhula, amehlo abo evulekile, futhi bekhuthele futhi behamba ngokwengeziwe. Ukulunyulwa kuhambisana nemizamo eyenziwa ngumama. Kuze kube yilapho amagundane oqalo efinyelela ebudaleni bawo obukhulu, ahlala esidlekeni sikamama.
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabesilisa kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba banikezwe ithuba lokuya ocansini. Lokhu kusuka eqinisweni lokuthi kunomncintiswano omkhulu wokutholakala kowesifazane e-estrus nokuthi abantu abancane abanesikhundla esiphansi kunzima ukuheha abobulili obuhlukile. Izinsikazi zakha isidleke ngezidwedwe engxenyeni eqhelile yohlelo lwemhubhe, lapho kuzalwa khona amadzinyana amancanyana ka-bamboo angenazinsiza.
Izitha zemvelo zamagundane oqalo
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani igundane loqalo
Izilwane ezaziwayo zamagundane oqalo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngemvelo yazo. Okunye kokuzivumelanisa nezilwane ezidla ezinye ukushintsha kwemibala kulezi zilwane nendlela yayo yokuphila yasebusuku. Obunye ubufakazi busikisela ukuthi umbala uhlotshaniswa nendawo okuyo futhi ngenxa yalokho amandla okuhlala engagqamile kakhulu endaweni yendawo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane oqalo avame ukuba nolaka kubantu bawo futhi avikelwe ngonya ngazo zonke izindlela onawo. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi abakwa-C. badius ababanjiwe bathatha ukuma okujwayelekile okusongela ukukhombisa isifiso sabo sokuzivikela. Amagundane oqalo ame ngemilenze yawo yangemuva futhi aveze izingqimba zawo ezinamandla.
Izilwane ezihlasela kakhulu amagundane ngoqalo:
- izinja (Canidae);
- izikhova ezinkulu (Strigiformes);
- u-feline (Felidae);
- izibankwa (Lacertilia);
- izinyoka (Izinyoka);
- izimpisi (Canis);
- izimpungushe (i-Vulpes);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens).
Eningizimu yeChina, eLaos naseMyanmar, abantu badla amagundane oqalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu futhi babhubhisa inani elikhulu kakhulu lamagundane aseNorway njengezinambuzane. Futhi zingazingelwa yinoma yiliphi inani lezilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo, izinyoni kanye nezilwane ezihuquzelayo ezihlala esifundeni esivamile nazo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zamagundane zibhekwa njengezilokazane ezinkulu kunazo zonke ezincelisayo. Babangele ukufa okuningi kunanoma iyiphi impi emlandweni. Kukholakala ukuthi izifo ezibangelwe ngamagundane zibulale abantu abaningi kule minyaka eyi-1000 eyedlule kunezimpi nokuvukelwa okuke kwaliwa. Zondla izintwala namazeze athwala isifo se-bubonic, i-typhus, i-trichinosis, i-tularemia, i-jaundice esithathelwanayo, nezinye izifo eziningi ezimbi.
Amagundane abuye adale umonakalo omkhulu empahleni, kufaka phakathi izitshalo, ukubhujiswa nokungcoliswa kokugcinwa kwabantu kokudla, nokulimaza ingaphakathi nengaphandle lamabhilidi. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi amagundane adala izigidigidi zamaRandi emphakathini womhlaba wonke minyaka yonke. Kodwa-ke, ingozi evela kumagundane oqalo incane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Igundane loqalo
Ubuningi bezindawo ezingamagundane zingabantu abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili nohhafu ngekhilomitha elilodwa lesikwele. Lezi zinhlobo zibalwa njengeziNsongo Zokuqothulwa Okungencane ngenxa yokusatshalaliswa kwazo kabanzi futhi kulindeleke inani elikhulu labantu.
Kwenzeka ezindaweni eziningi ezivikelwe, kuyabekezelela ushintsho lwendawo yokuhlala futhi akunakwenzeka ukuthi kwehle ngokushesha okwanele ukufanelekela ukufakwa ezigabeni ezisongela kakhulu. Lezi zilwane kukholakala ukuthi zisendaweni evikelekile eNdiya naseNepal.
ENdiya kunjalo:
- IDumpa Wildlife Sanctuary;
- isiqiwi iMizoram.
ENepal kunjalo:
- IRoyal Chitwan National Park, (eCentral Nepal);
- IMakalu Barun National Park, (Nepal eseMpumalanga).
Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe kuLuhlu V (olubhekwa njengesinambuzane) se-Wildlife Conservation Act yaseNdiya kusukela ngonyaka we-1972. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyadingeka ekusatshalalisweni, kuningi, emvelweni nasezinsongweni zale taxa encane engaziwa. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lwentela lubonisa ukuthi le tekisi ingahle ibe nezinhlobo eziningana, lapho kuzodingeka khona ukubuyekezwa koHlelo Olubomvu.
Ngokuvamile, igundane loqalo isetshenziswa kakhulu kwezinye izindawo ukukhiqizwa kokudla, futhi, ikakhulukazi, abantu abathile bangancipha ngenxa yokuvunwa ngokweqile. Iphinde yaqedwa njengesilokazane emasimini enjoloba ezingxenyeni zobubanzi bayo (njengeMyanmar), lapho ingatholwa khona ngobuningi bezilwane ezifika ku-600 ehektheleni ngalinye. ENingizimu ye-Asia, isongelwa endaweni ngokulahleka kwendawo yokuhlala, imililo yehlathi kanye namagundane oqalo okuzingela ukuze asetshenziswe ngokwemvelo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 14.08.2019 ngo-21: 22
