Uboya uphawu - uhlobo oluvamile lwamaphini ahlala cishe emhlabeni wonke. Naphezu kokubukeka kwabo okuhle, bayizilwane ezimbi. Kodwa-ke, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo, njengoba zihlala endaweni ebalulekile ochungechungeni lokudla lwezinye izidlo ezinkulu eziningi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Uboya uphawu
Izimpawu zoboya zingezomndeni wezimpawu zezimpawu ezinamacici. Lawa ama-pinnipeds, ahola kokubili impilo yasemhlabeni neyasemanzini. Ihlukile kweminye imindeni yama-pinnipeds ngesakhiwo samaphiko nokhakhayi, okusondelene kakhulu nebhere.
Kunezinhlobo eziningana zezimpawu zoboya:
- uphawu loboya olusenyakatho (eMpumalanga Ekude). Izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu ezihlala olwandle iPacific Ocean;
- Uphawu loboya lwaseNingizimu Melika. Kufaka ama-subspecies amabili ahluke kancane komunye nomunye: I-Arctocephalus australis gracilis neFalkland fur seal;
- Uphawu loboya lwaseNew Zealand. Izimpawu zezinwele ezimpunga ngokunsundu, ezeduna zazo zihlukaniswa ngumhlwenga ojiyile;
- Uphawu loboya beGalapagos. Ukubuka okuncane kakhulu;
- Uphawu loboya beKerguelen. Ukuhluka ngamabhuleki oboya obumpunga noma obumpunga;
- I-Cape fur seal. Abantu abakhulu abanoboya obubomvu velvety;
- Uphawu lwoboya lweGuadalupe. Kulezi zinhlobo, i-dimorphism yezocansi ibonakala kakhulu: abesilisa bakhulu kakhulu kunabesifazane;
- uphawu loboya obungaphansi komhlaba. Amalungu amakhulu omndeni anoboya obukhulu.
Ukuvela kwama-pinnipeds kuhlukile futhi kunemibuzo eminingi. Njengemikhomo, ngesikhathi sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lezi zilwane ziqale zashiya ulwandle zayophila emhlabeni. Okhokho bezimvu zamanzi ezingoboya bangama-mustelid, abahola impilo yasemhlabeni neyasemanzini.
Izimbaza zondliwa kakhulu kusuka olwandle, ngoba zazingazi ukuthi zigijime kanjani futhi zazingenazo izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokuzivikela ezilwaneni eziyingozi ezinkulu zomhlaba. Lokhu kwaphoqa izilwane ezincelisayo zokuqala ukuba zehlele njalo ekujuleni. Ngokuziphendukela kwemvelo, baqala ukuthola amandla okubamba umoya isikhathi eside, base bakha iwebhu phakathi kweminwe yabo.
Izinhlobo eziphakathi eziphakathi zikhomba ukuthi izilwane ezincelisayo ezidlayo ziyigagasi lesibili lezilwane ezibuyela olwandle ngemuva kwemikhomo. Izinzwani zezidladla zazo zazeluliwe futhi zakhula ngolwelwesi oluminyene, ekugcineni olwaba amaphiko. Izimpawu zoboya, ukwahlulela ngesakhiwo sezinsipho zazo zangemuva, kusondele kakhulu ezinhlotsheni zasendulo zomhlaba, kamuva ezangena emanzini.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Uboya uphawu emvelweni
Amasayizi we-Fur seal ayahluka ngama-subspecies. Abamele abakhulu kunabo bonke (eKapa naseMpumalanga Ekude) bafinyelela ebangeni elingamamitha amabili nohhafu, futhi banesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-200 kg. Abamele abancane kakhulu bezimpawu zoboya (uphawu lwegalapogos fur) bafinyelela ubude bemitha elilodwa nohhafu, amabanga wesisindo kusuka ku-60-80 kg., Kubesilisa. Abesifazane, njengomthetho, bancane kakhulu kunabesilisa - i-dimorphism yezocansi ibonwa kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu zoboya, kepha kokunye kubonakala kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukwehlukanisa uphawu loboya kunophawu, kwanele ukunaka izindlebe zabo - kufanele zichazwe kahle futhi, njengomthetho, zimbozwe ngoboya.
Umzimba wezimpawu zoboya uvulekile, intamo imfushane, iyajiya, futhi ayisebenzi. Ikhanda elincane elihlobene nomzimba, isifonyo esifushane esibukhali. Amehlo amnyama, makhulu; Amakhala amakhulu omakhalekhukhwini ayamenyezelwa, avalwe ngokuqinile lapho uphawu lwoboya lucwila.
Ividiyo: Seal Fur
Izimpiko zangaphambili zifushane futhi ziyisicaba ezinhlangothini zomzimba. Amaphiko ezinsikazi asemaphethelweni omzimba futhi amafushane kunamaphiko angaphambili. Ngokungafani namaphiko ezimpawu, izimpaphe zangemuva zezimvu zamanzi zezimvu zamanzi ziyafana futhi azivali ndawonye lapho zihamba.
Imvamisa, abesilisa banomhlwenga emqaleni wabo - ungqimba olujiyile olujiyile. Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu - izingonyama zolwandle - zinoboya obufanayo. Iningi lama-subspecies wezimpawu zoboya ligcotshwe ngokuphelele, futhi lobu boya babubaluleke kakhulu njengokuhweba.
Amawundlu e-Fur seal amnyama, amancane, embozwe ngokuphelele ngoboya obukhulu. Zihamba ngokushesha ezweni ngenxa yesisindo sazo esincane namaphiko amade ngokuqhathaniswa, afushaniswa nobudala.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izimpawu zinomsila, kepha mfushane futhi ucishe ungabonakali phakathi kwamaphiko amabili angemuva.
Isisindo sezimpawu zezinwele zesifazane singahluka phakathi kwama-25-60 kg, kuya ngohlobo. Azinazo izinwele nezinwele ezijiyile, futhi isifonyo sazo sifushane kunesabesilisa. Zonke izimpawu zoboya zinamehlo angaboni kahle, afana ne-myopia, kepha ukuzwa okuhle nephunga. Banamandla e-echolocate, ngakho-ke bayakwazi ukuthola izilwane ezidla ezinye ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Manje uyawazi umehluko phakathi kophawu loboya nophawu. Ake sithole ukuthi lesi silwane esimangalisayo sihlala kuphi.
Uhlala kuphi uphawu loboya?
Isithombe: Uboya uphawu eRussia
Izimpawu zamanzi zikhetha iziqhingi namachibi njengezindawo zokuhlala, lapho zihlala khona ngemihlambi emikhulu. Zihlala eduze kwamanzi anosawoti kuphela futhi azitholakali emanzini angaphakathi komhlaba anjengemifula namachibi. Njengoba izimvu zamanzi zivunyelaniswa nempilo esemhlabeni kunezimvu zamanzi, zikhetha ugu olumnene, ikakhulukazi olunamadwala. Kwesinye isikhathi zingabonakala eziqhingini ezinamadwala ezingenalutho, lapho zithamela khona ilanga.
Ngokuvamile, izimpawu zoboya zingatholakala kulezi zindawo ezilandelayo:
- California;
- EJapan;
- Iziqhingi zasePacific;
- ugu lwaseNingizimu Melika;
- Iziqhingi zaseFalkland;
- E-New Zealand;
- eningizimu nasentshonalanga ye-Australia;
- Iziqhingi zaseGalapagos;
- I-South Georgia Islands;
- I-South Sandiche Islands;
- IPrince Edward Islands;
- ISouth Shetland, i-Orkney Islands;
- Bouvet;
- Kerguelen;
- Kulimele;
- Macquarie;
- IBass Strait;
- ugu lwasehlane laseNamib eNingizimu Afrika;
- ENingizimu ye-Atlantic nase-Amsterdam.
Izimpawu zoboya zikhetha amanzi afudumele. Imvamisa zifuduka ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo ziye ezindaweni ezifudumele, zibhukuda zisuka esiqhingini ziye kwesinye ngomhlambi omkhulu. Kepha ezifundeni ezifudumele kakhulu, izimpawu zoboya zingahlala unyaka wonke. Uphawu lwoboya baseKerguelen yilona olujwayelene kakhulu nesimo sezulu esibandayo, njengoba lutholakala cishe kuyo yonke i-Antarctica, kepha luhola impilo yokufuduka.
Izimpawu zoboya zikhetha izindawo ezivulekile zama-rookeries, azakhi izindlu noma zimba imigodi. Ziyizilwane zendawo, futhi insimu ivikelwe ngomona owesilisa, yize abesifazane bengakwazi ukuwela ngokukhululekile imingcele yepakethe futhi beze kwamanye ama-rookeries.
Kudliwa yini uphawu lwoboya?
Isithombe: Seal from the Red Book
Izimpawu ziyi-carnivores kuphela. Ziyaphuma ziyokondla nsuku zonke, ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokukhulisa. Ehlobo izimvu zamanzi zidla kakhulu ukugcina amafutha ngenkathi ebandayo, lapho kunokudla okuningi.
Ukudla kwansuku zonke kwezimpawu zoboya kufaka phakathi:
- izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene (ikakhulukazi i-herring, anchovy, pike, oshaka abancane, i-cod, i-stickleback, i-flounder);
- kufana nexoxo;
- ama-crustaceans;
- ama-molluscs wokugoqa;
- octopus, squid, cuttlefish, jellyfish.
Ukugaywa kokudla kwizimpawu zoboya kukhulu kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuhlolwa nokuhlolwa kwesidumbu sezilwane ezibulewe akunikezi inkomba enembile yokudla kwezimpawu zoboya. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi badla ngisho ne-jellyfish enobuthi, entanta iye kuma-rookeries e-fur seal.
Izinyoni ezahlukahlukene zivame ukuhlala eduze kwezimpawu zoboya - izinhlanzi, ama-albatross, ama-petrels. Abakhombisi ubudlova komakhelwane futhi abazingeli emhlabathini, kanti izihlobo zezimpawu zoboya, izimvu zamanzi, zingahlasela izinyoni nezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane. Kwesinye isikhathi ulwelwe lutholakala esiswini sezimpawu zoboya: kungenzeka bafike lapho ngengozi nezinhlanzi; kodwa-ke, kwesinye isikhathi, izimpawu zingabonakala ziluma utshani kuma-rookeries.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Izimpawu azinandaba ne-salmon nama-halibuts - azihlaseli nhlobo lezi zinhlanzi.
Emanzini, izimvu zamanzi ziyizilwane eziyizidlakela futhi eziyingozi. Ngokushesha zihamba ngaphansi kwamanzi bese zibamba inyamazane ehamba kancane, ngokushesha ziyimunce ngokuphelele. Isisu sezimvu zamanzi ezinoboya siqukethe amatshe amatshe amuncwa yibo ngenkathi sondla - enza njenge "grater", esiza isisu ukubhekana nokudla okuqinile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Izimpawu
Izimpawu ziyizilwane ezithanda ukuhlala ndawonye ezigudla ogwini naseziqhingini. Zondla ebusuku nasebusuku, njengoba zithembele ekuzweni, ekunukeni nasekufundisweni kwe-echolocation. Ogwini, bathamela ilanga futhi baphumule, bagaye ukudla.
Bahamba kabuhlungu emhlabathini, bahlehle ngamaphiko angaphambili nangemuva futhi bashwiba intamo emuva naphambili. Ekuhambeni, basizwa futhi ngamafutha angaphansi, lapho kubonakala sengathi bayabhampa, bacindezela phansi. Kepha izimvu zamanzi ezinoboya zibhukuda kahle, zakha ijubane lamakhilomitha ayi-17 kuye kwangama-26., Ngehora.
Izimpawu zasolwandle zaseNyakatho zihlala zifuduka lapho kuqala ubusika, zibhukuda ziye ezindaweni ezifudumele. Lapho bahlela ama-rookeries futhi akuvamile ukuthi bondle, banciphise isisindo ngesikhathi sokubanda. Entwasahlobo ziyabuya, zihlela inkathi yokuzalanisa.
Ezimweni eziningi, izimpawu azinalo ulaka futhi zinamahloni, yize kunesikhala sokufuna ukwazi. Kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala lapho abesilisa beba nolaka kakhulu futhi bangondli kangako ngenxa yokugadwa njalo kwabesifazane.
Izimpawu zoboya zinesithembu. Owesilisa unabafazi kusuka kwabathathu kuya kwabangamashumi amane - ubukhulu bezinduna buxhomeke emandleni endoda kanye nolaka lwayo. Udinga ukushaya njalo abesifazane kusuka kwabanye besilisa nabo abafuna ukwakha amabutho abo.
Izimpawu ze-Fur azinazo izindlela zokuzivikela. Azikwazi ukuzivikela emhlabeni nasemanzini. Izimpawu zezinwele zesifazane azikwazi ukuvikela amathole azo, angahlaselwa yizilwane ezizingela umhlaba noma izinyoni ezinkulu ezinjenge-albatross. Uma kunengozi, zikhetha ukugijimela emanzini.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Uphawu loboya bezingane
Isikhathi sokuzala sisentwasahlobo, kepha lokhu kungaba ngaphambi noma emuva kwesikhathi, kuya ngokufika kokushisa. Abesilisa babhukuda baye kuma-rookeries - iziqhingi kanye nogu, bezama ukuhlala endaweni eningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Lapho baqala izimpi zabo zokuqala zamalungelo okuthola indawo ethile. Indoda enamandla kunazo zonke ithatha indawo enkulu.
Eziduna ziqala ukuduma, zihehe izinsikazi endaweni yazo. Izinsikazi zihamba ngokukhululeka phakathi kwezindawo zabesilisa, zikhetha indawo efaneleke kakhulu yokuzalanisa. Uma bethanda insimu, bazohlala nalona wesilisa - ngakho-ke abesilisa abanamandla kakhulu bazithathela izindawo ezinkulu nenani elikhulu labesifazane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa uzama ukuntshontsha insikazi kwenye indawo yabesifazane ngokubamba ngesankahlu sentamo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma "umnikazi" wesifazane ekubona lokhu, uzoqala amhudulele ngakuye. Njengoba kunikezwe umehluko ngosayizi phakathi kwabantu, owesifazane uvame ukulimala okungahambisani nempilo ngemuva komzabalazo onjalo.
Izintokazi zingaba nabesifazane abangamashumi amane. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukukhwelana kwenzeka, lapho abesilisa beqala khona izimpi zabo, futhi abesifazane baphinde bakhethe ukuthi iyiphi indoda ezokhiqiza inzalo. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuhlala unyaka, kepha ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kwakhe angakhwelana namanye amaduna.
Ezigabeni zokuqala zokukhulelwa, owesifazane usasebenza njengakuqala, kepha ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha uyaphuma ayokondla kaningi. Lapho ukuzala kusondela, isikhathi esengeziwe sowesifazane sichitha osebeni, futhi umzimba wakhe uzondla ngezinqolobane zamafutha. Cishe emasontweni amabili ngemuva kokubeletha, uhlala nengane ayondle. Uphawu loboya luzalwa lunesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu amabili kuphela, futhi ekuqaleni alukwazi ukuhamba ngokuzimela ngasogwini.
Ngemuva kwamasonto amabili, insikazi isikhuluphele kakhulu kangangokuba kufanele ishiye ingane yodwa iyozingela. Ngalesi sikhathi, uphawu loboya lungenza uhambo lokuqala olufushane olusuka ogwini ngenkathi umama elindile. Ngaphandle komama, usengozini ikakhulukazi, ngoba angachotshozwa kalula ezinye izimpawu zoboya eduze kwakhe.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Owesilisa ovela kwenye insimu angangena abelethe abesilisa ukuze bazalane nabo; ngalokhu, ubulala amawundlu abo ngenkathi abesifazane beyozingela.
Izinga lokufa kwezilwane ezincane liphezulu kakhulu. Uma owesifazane elahlekelwa yinyama emasontweni amabili okuqala ngemuva kokubeletha, angaphinde akhulelwe, kepha amawundlu afike sekwedlule isikhathi asinda ekufikeni kwesimo sezulu esibandayo.
Izitha zemvelo zezimpawu zoboya
Isithombe: Uboya obuncane
Uphawu loboya luyingxenye ebalulekile yochungechunge lokudla. Ngenkathi idla izinhlanzi eziningi nezimbaza, ezinye izidalwa zidla ngophawu loboya.
Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
- imikhomo yokubulala. Lezi zilwane eziyingozi zizingela izimpawu zasoboya hhayi nje kuphela ukudla, kodwa futhi nokuzijabulisa. Baqhuba umuntu oyedwa baye esiqhingini esincane, bese bephonswa kuso, babambe inyamazane. Kwesinye isikhathi kubonakala imikhomo ebulalayo iphonsa izimvu zoboya emoyeni futhi iyazibamba;
- oshaka, kufaka phakathi abamhlophe abakhulu. Oshaka bayashesha ukufuna izimvu zamanzi ezinoboya, futhi bavame ukudedela izinhlanzi ezinkulu;
- ama-albatross, ama-petrels, ama-cormorants ahlasela izimvu zamanzi ezincane - izimvu zamanzi ezincane azikwazi ukuzivikela ezinyonini ezinkulu.
Lapho uphawu loboya luhlaselwa ngushaka noma umkhomo obulalayo, into yokuqala eyenzayo ukuzama ukubhukuda ihambe, ifike ngejubane elifinyelela kuma-26 km ngehora. Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kwanele ukufika ogwini oluseduze bese uphumela ezweni, yize abanye oshaka nemikhomo ebulalayo baphonswa ogwini ngemuva kwabo. Kwesinye isikhathi idlala ihlaya elinonya noshaka abakhulu abamhlophe, abangakwazi ukubuyela emanzini, ngakho-ke bayafa kanye nophawu loboya olusemazinyweni abo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Seal emanzini
Ngekhulu le-18, inani lezimpawu zoboya laliyinto yokuhweba. Ngenxa yoboya babo obuthambile namanoni ayigugu, abantu babezishabalalisa ngokushesha izimpawu zasoboya bezingane, yingakho, ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabili eminyaka, izimpawu zoboya zifinyelele ezingeni labantu elibucayi, zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Izinyathelo ezithathiwe ukuvikela izimvu zamanzi ezinoboya bezingasebenzi kahle, futhi bezingafa ziphele nya ukube inani lezikhumba zoboya obusemakethe belingelikhulu kakhulu, ngenxa yalokho zehle ngentengo. Ukuzingelwa koboya bezimvu kuqedwe ngenxa yokushoda kwenzuzo.
Ukuvinjelwa kokudoba izimvu zamanzi ezinoboya sekuholele ekwandeni kwabantu. Inani elikhulu kakhulu lezimpawu zoboya liyabonakala esiqhingini saseNingizimu Georgia, lapho kunabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili. Ama-subspecies amaningi wezimpawu zoboya asesimweni esizinzile ngokwezinombolo, kepha uma kukhona okuhlukile.
Izimpawu zoboya zihambisana kahle nabantu ekuthunjweni. Ziyizinhlobo eziqeqeshwayo nezingenalo ulaka eziphephile ukuxhumana nazo, ngokungafani nezimpawu zamabhubesi nolwandle. Kuma-zoo nakuma-aquariums, ama-seal seal anikezwa izinhlanzi ezifile - i-herring ne-anchovy.
Ukuvikelwa Seal
Isithombe: Seal from the Red Book
I-Northern Fur Seal ibilokhu ikwi-International Red Book kusukela ngo-1911. Kwakuyinto yokudoba okusabalele ngenxa yesikhumba sayo esiminyene namafutha, okubangelwa izici eziningi zokuphulukisa. Ensimini yeRussia iTyuleniy Island kanye ne-Commander Islands zigcinelwe ngenxa yama-rookeries amakhulu wezimpawu zasenyakatho zoboya.
Ukudoba uphawu lwasenyakatho kwasabalala ikakhulukazi ngo-1780, ngesikhathi kwakhiwa inkampani yaseRussia naseMelika. Esikhathini esisuka ku-1799 kuya ku-1867 kuphela, kwabulawa abangaphezu kwezigidi ezimbili nohhafu zabamele le mikhakha.
Isibalo sezimpawu zoboya sehle safinyelela kuzinkulungwane eziyi-130 ngonyaka we-1910, okuyisibonakaliso esibucayi ngenxa yesikhathi sokuphila esifushane nokusinda okuncane kwezilwane ezisencane. Okwamanje, kuvunyelwe ukuzingela kuphela abesilisa abangasenyakatho besilisa abasenyakatho. Ekuthunjweni, izimvu zamanzi zihlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-30, kepha endle, iningi lifa eminyakeni emibili yokuqala yokuphila.
Uboya uphawu Isilwane esimangalisayo esihlala ezindaweni eziningi zeplanethi.Abasongelwa nje abazingeli abangekho emthethweni kanye nabazingeli bezemvelo kuphela (imikhomo ebulala oshaka balawula kuphela inani lezimpawu zoboya, kepha ababhubhisi), kepha futhi nokushisa komhlaba. Ngenxa yokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa nokungcola kwezilwandle, baphucwa izindawo zokuhlala kanye nezindawo zokuzingela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 23.07.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 09/29/2019 ngo-19: 37
