Impilo yanamuhla ixhunyaniswe kakhulu nemisebenzi yomkhakha wamakhemikhali. Ukupakisha, imihlobiso, imfucuza yokukhiqiza - konke lokhu kudinga ukulahlwa okufanele. "Udoti" otholwe ngezindlela zamakhemikhali ubonakala isikhathi eside sokubola, futhi kwezinye izimo, kuyingozi enkulu emvelweni.
Yini ebizwa ngokuthi yimfucuza yamakhemikhali?
Imfucumfucu yamakhemikhali "imfucuza" ehlukahlukene eyenziwa imisebenzi yomkhakha ofanele. Udoti ngezimpawu zokucaphuna, njengokuthi ngaphezu kwezinto eziqinile, kungahle kube neziphuzo. Okokuqala, lokhu kungukungcola okuvela ezimbonini zamakhemikhali ezikhiqiza ama-reagents namalungiselelo okuqhubeka nokusebenzisa.
Ukukhiqizwa kwezinto zokupakisha, imithi, uphethiloli wezinto zokuhamba, umanyolo wezolimo nezinye izimpahla kubandakanya nokudala imfucuza ehlukahlukene engalimaza imvelo nabantu.
Hlobo luni lwemfucuza yamakhemikhali ekhona?
Ukusingathwa kohlobo lwamakhemikhali olungalahlwa kuhlukaniswe ngezinhlobo eziningana: ama-acid, i-alkalis, imishanguzo yokubulala izinambuzane, izinsalela zikawoyela, ama-electrolyte, uwoyela nemithi yokwelapha. Uwoyela wemfucuza wenziwa ngenqubo yokuthola uphethiloli, uphethiloli kadizili, uphalafini, uwoyela kaphethiloli futhi awunakusetshenziswa njalo. Ama-acid nama-alkalis asetshenziswa kabusha, kepha futhi adinga ukulahlwa ngobuningi ezindaweni zokulahla komhlaba ezikhethekile.
Ngokwezinga elithile, izinto zasendlini ezitholwe ngenxa yesenzo sokukhiqizwa kwamakhemikhali zingabekwa njengodoti wamakhemikhali. Okokuqala, lokhu yizo zonke izinhlobo zokupakisha. Isikhathi lapho izinto zokudla nezinto zasendlini ebezigcwele ephepheni sezadlula futhi manje ukugoqwa kwepulasitiki kuyabusa lapha. Izikhwama, izikhwama zokudla, amakhadi epulasitiki, izitsha ezilahlwayo - konke lokhu kuphonswa ezindaweni zokulahla okuvamile, kepha kunesikhathi eside kakhulu sokubola. Uma kungekho lutho olusele lwebhokisi lephepha onyakeni owodwa noma emibili, khona-ke isitsha sepulasitiki sizohlala kudoti wokulahla inhlabathi eminyakeni engama-30. Iningi lezinto zepulasitiki aziboli ngokuphelele kuze kube unyaka wama-50.
Kwenzekani kudoti wamakhemikhali?
Imfucuza yamakhemikhali ingaphendulwa ibe yizinto zokusetshenziswa zenye inqubo yokukhiqiza, noma ilahlwe. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwemfucuza nezinga lobungozi bayo emhlabeni wangaphandle, kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene bokulahlwa: ukungathathi hlangothi, i-chlorine ene-oxidation, i-alcohol, indlela yokushisa, i-distillation, indlela yebhayoloji. Zonke lezi zindlela zenzelwe ukunciphisa ubuthi bekhemikhali, futhi kwezinye izimo ukuthola ezinye izakhiwo ezidingekayo ukuze zigcinwe kuyo.
Iningi lodoti ovela ekukhiqizweni kwamakhemikhali liyingozi futhi liyingozi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukulahlwa kwabo kusondela ngokuziphendulela nangokuqonda. Imvamisa izinhlangano ezikhethekile ziyabandakanyeka ngale njongo. Ezinhlotsheni ezithile zemfucumfucu, ngokwesibonelo, imikhiqizo eyinsalela yokuphuzisa iziphuzo zikawoyela, kudalwa imfucuza ekhethekile - isitoreji sludge.
Ukusetshenziswa kabusha kwemfucumfucu yamakhemikhali kuvame ukuhilela ukusetshenziswa kabusha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezimweni eziningi, imfucuza yasendlini, eyingozi emvelweni, ingabuye isetshenziswe kabusha kunokufakwa endaweni okulahlwa kuyo udoti. Ngale njongo, kusungulwe ukuqoqwa kukadoti okwehlukene nokuhlunga izitshalo.
Isibonelo esihle sokuphinda kusetshenziswe udoti wamakhemikhali wasekhaya ukucekelwa phansi kwepulasitiki nokukhiqizwa kwesisindo okulandelayo sokukhipha imikhiqizo emisha. Amathayi emoto ajwayelekile angasetshenziswa ngempumelelo ekukhiqizeni imvuthu yenjoloba, okuyingxenye yokumbozwa kwezinkundla, i-asphalt, i-flooring ezingeni lokuwela.
Amakhemikhali ayingozi empilweni yansuku zonke
Kwenzeka ukuthi empilweni yansuku zonke umuntu abhekane nekhemikhali ebeka ingozi enkulu. Isibonelo, uma wephula i-thermometer yezokwelapha yakudala, i-mercury izothululela kuyo. Le nsimbi ingahwamuka ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa ekamelweni, futhi umhwamuko wayo unobuthi. Ukuphathwa kwe-mercury kwe-inexpert kungaholela ekufakweni ubuthi, ngakho-ke kungcono ukunikela lolu daba kochwepheshe bese ushayela uMnyango Wezimo Eziphuthumayo.
Wonke umuntu angenza umnikelo olula kodwa osebenza kahle ekulahlweni kukadoti wasemakhaya ongathandeki emvelweni. Isibonelo, phonsa udoti ezitsheni ezihlukene, bese unikezela amabhethri (aqukethe i-electrolyte) ezindaweni ezikhethekile zokuqoqa. Kodwa-ke, inkinga ekule ndlela akuyona nje ukuntuleka kwesifiso "sokuzikhathaza", kodwa futhi nokuntuleka kwengqalasizinda. Emadolobheni amancane amakhulu eRussia, azikho nje izindawo zokuqoqa amabhethri neziqukathi zemfucuza ezihlukene.
