Ama-tuna ayisizwe sonke se-mackerel, ahlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-5 nezinhlobo eziyi-15. ITuna bekuyisikhathi eside iyinhlanzi ethengiswayo; ngokusho komlando, abadobi baseJapan babamba i-tuna eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu eyedlule. Igama lenhlanzi livela esiGrekini sasendulo "thyno", okusho ukuthi "ukuphonsa, ukuphonsa."
Incazelo kanye nezici ze-tuna
Zonke izinhlobo ze-tuna zibonakala ngomzimba omile okwe uthi lokuphotha ongena ngqo ngasemsileni. Isiphetho esisodwa sangemuva sinesimo esiwukhonkolo, kunalokho side, kanti esinye simile okwe-rhengqa, sincane futhi ngaphandle siyafana nesendunu. Kusukela ekugcineni kwesibili kwesifuba kuya emsileni, amaphiko amancane angama-8-9 ayabonakala.
Umsila ubukeka njengenyanga yenhlendla. Nguye owenza umsebenzi we-locomotive, kanti umzimba, oyindilinga ububanzi, uhlala unganyakazi lapho unyakaza. I-tuna inekhanda elikhulu eliyindilinga elinamehlo amancane nomlomo obanzi. Imihlathi ifakwe amazinyo amancane ahlelwe ngomugqa owodwa.
Izikali ezimboza umzimba we-tuna, engxenyeni engaphambili yomzimba nasezinhlangothini, zikhulu kakhulu futhi zikhudlwana, zakha into efana negobolondo lokuvikela. Umbala uncike ezinhlotsheni, kepha zonke zibonakala ngomhlane omnyama nesisu esilula.
Izinhlanzi ze-tuna inempahla engajwayelekile - bayakwazi ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba eliphakeme elihlobene nemvelo yangaphandle. Leli khono, elibizwa ngokuthi i-endothermia, libonakala kuphela ku-tuna noshaka be-herring.
Ngenxa yalokhu, i-tuna ingakhula ngesivinini esikhulu (kufika ku-90 km / h), ichithe amandla amancane kuyo futhi izivumelanise kangcono nezimo zemvelo, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi.
Uhlelo lonke lwemikhumbi emincane, enamagciwane emithambo yegazi, ahlangana futhi agxilwe ezinhlangothini zenhlanzi, asiza "ukufudumeza" igazi le-tuna.
Igazi elifudumele emithanjeni, elifudunyezwe izicubu zemisipha, linxephezela igazi elibandayo lemithambo. Ochwepheshe babiza leli bhande le-vascular lateral "rete mirabile" - "magic network".
Inyama ye-tuna, ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi, ine-red-pink hue. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona egazini lenhlanzi kweprotheni ekhethekile ebizwa nge-myoglobin, equkethe insimbi eningi. Yenziwa lapho ushayela ngejubane elikhulu.
KU-IN incazelo yezinhlanzi ze-tuna akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungathinti inkinga yokupheka. Ngaphezu kokunambitheka kwayo okuhle, inyama ye-tuna ifana kakhulu nenyama yenkomo, ngoba ukunambitheka kwayo okungavamile abahlaziyi baseFrance bakubiza ngokuthi "i-veal sea".
Inyama iqukethe lonke uhla lwezinto ezilandelwayo, ama-amino acid namavithamini awusizo emzimbeni. Ukusetshenziswa njalo ekudleni kunciphisa ubungozi bomdlavuza nesifo senhliziyo, kwandisa amasosha omzimba futhi kuthuthukise isimo somzimba wonkana.
E-USA, ngokwesibonelo, izitsha ze-tuna ziphoqiwe kumenyu yabaphenyi nabafundi baseyunivesithi. Izinto ezifakiwe ekwakhiweni kwayo zithuthukisa umsebenzi wobuchopho.
I-tuna cishe ayingeni ekuthelelekeni ngama-parasites, inyama yayo ingadliwa iluhlaza, eyenziwa ezindaweni zokupheka eziningi zomhlaba. Kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezingama-50 ze-tuna, ezithandwa kakhulu ngokudoba yilezi:
Esithombeni, inyama ye-tuna
- ezejwayelekile;
- I-Atlantic;
- umbumbulu;
- imigqa (skipjack);
- uphaphe olude (albacore);
- i-yellowfin;
- ngamehlo amakhulu.
Okuvamile i-tuna - izinhlanzi ezilinganiselwe umxhwele ngokwedlulele. Ingakhula ize ifike ku-3 m ubude futhi ibe nesisindo esifinyelela ku-560 kg. Ingxenye ephezulu yomzimba, njengazo zonke izinhlanzi ezihlala emanzini angaphezulu, inombala omnyama. Endabeni ye-tuna evamile, iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okujulile, lapho lolu hlobo lubizwa nangokuthi i-bluefin tuna. Isisu simhlophe okwesiliva, amaphiko anombala osawolintshi onsundu.
I-tuna ejwayelekile
I-Atlantic (i-blackfin tuna) icishe ibe ngamasentimitha angama-50 ubude, ibe nobude obungu-1 m. Ngokungafani nabanye umndeni wezinhlanzi, ituna i-blacktip ihlala kuphela endaweni elinganiselwe eNtshonalanga ye-Atlantic.
I-tuna yase-Atlantic
IMackerel tuna yisakhamuzi esisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo ezindaweni ezisogwini: ubude - abudluli ku-30-40 cm, isisindo - kufika ku-5 kg. Umbala womzimba awuhlukile kakhulu kweminye: emuva okumnyama, isisu esilula. Kepha ungayibona ngezimpiko zayo ezinemibala emibili ye-pectoral: ngaphakathi zimnyama, ngaphandle zinombala onsomi.
I-Mackerel tuna
I-tuna emthende iyisakhamuzi esincane kunazo zonke olwandle oluvulekile phakathi kohlobo lwazo: ngokwesilinganiso ikhula kuze kufike ku-50-60 cm, ama-specimens angavamile - aze afike kumitha eli-1. Isici saso esihlukile simnyama, imichilo ye-longitudinal echazwe kahle engxenyeni yesisu.
Esithombeni imidwebo tuna
Uphaphe olude (omhlophe i-tuna) - izinhlanzi zasolwandle kuze kufike ku-1.4 m ubude, enesisindo esifinyelela ku-60 kg. Ngemuva kunombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngombala osansimbi, isisu sikhanya. ILongtip uyibiza ngosayizi wamaphiko wepectoral. Inyama ye-tuna emhlophe iyigugu kakhulu, kube nezimo lapho abapheki baseJapan bethenga isidumbu ngo- $ 100,000.
Esithombeni i-longfin tuna
I-tuna ye-Yellowfin kwesinye isikhathi ifinyelela ku-2-2.5 m ubude futhi inesisindo esifinyelela ku-200 kg. Ibizwa ngegama layo ngombala ophuzi okhanyayo we-dorsal ne-anal fin. Umzimba uluhlaza ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngenhla, kanye nesiliva ngezansi. Emugqeni ohlangothini kukhona ulamula onomugqa oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, yize kwabanye abantu kungenzeka ukuthi awukho.
Esithombeni i-tuna ye-yellowfin
I-tuna enamehlo amakhulu, ngaphezu kobukhulu bamehlo, inesici esisodwa esingehlukanisa nezihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu. Ulwandle olujulile uhlobo lwe-tuna - inhlanzi ihlala ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angama-200, futhi izilwane ezincane kuphela ezihlala phezulu. Abantu abakhulu bafinyelela ku-2.5 m futhi banesisindo esingaphezu kwama-200 kg.
Izinhlanzi ze-tuna ezinamehlo amakhulu
Indlela yokuphila yaseTuna kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ama-tuna afunda izinhlanzi ze-pelagic ezikhetha amanzi afudumele anosawoti omningi. Bangababhukudi abahle kakhulu, bayashesha futhi bayashesha. I-tuna ihlala idinga ukunyakaza, ngoba kungale ndlela kuphela lapho kutholakala khona umoya-mpilo owanele odlula emithanjeni.
Izinhlanzi ze-tuna zihamba ngezikhathi ezithile ngasogwini futhi zihambe amabanga amade ziyofuna ukudla. Ngokunjalo, ukudotshwa kwe-tuna kwenzeka ngesikhathi esithile lapho inani lezinhlanzi endaweni liphezulu kakhulu. Umdobi ongavamile wayengeke aphuphe ukukwenza isithombe se-tuna - inhlanzi ngokukhula komuntu.
Izindawo zamanzi, lapho kuhlala khona izinhlanzi ze-tuna - zinkulu. Ngenxa yokwanda kwezinga lokushisa kwegazi, izinhlanzi zizizwa zikhululekile kokubili ku- + 5 ° naku- + 30 °. Uhla lwe-tuna luhlanganisa amanzi asezindaweni ezishisayo, ezishisayo kanye nasenkabazwe zolwandle olwandle: i-Indian, i-Atlantic nePacific. Ezinye izinhlobo zikhetha amanzi angajulile eduze nogu, ezinye - kunalokho - ubulula bamanzi avulekile.
Ukudla kwe-tuna
I-Tuna yizinhlanzi ezidla ezinye. Zizingela izinhlanzi ezincane, zondla ama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene nama-molluscs. Ukudla kwabo kufaka ama-anchovies, i-capelin, ama-sardine, i-mackerel, i-herring, i-sprats. Abanye abantu babamba izinkalankala, ama-squid namanye ama-cephalopods.
Izazi ze-Ichthyologists, lapho zihlola inani le-tuna, ziqaphele ukuthi emini isikole senhlanzi sicwila ekujuleni nasekuzingeleni lapho, kuthi ebusuku siseduze phezulu.
Icala lokufuna ukwazi, elifakwe kwividiyo, lenzeke ogwini lwaseSpain: i-tuna enkulu, ekhangwe esikebheni, yagwinya i-seagull, nayo eyayifuna ukunambitha inhlanzi, kanye ne-sardine. Ngemuva kwemizuzwana embalwa, umdondoshiya washintsha umqondo wakhafula inyoni, kepha ububanzi bomlomo wakhe nejubane lokuphendula kwakhe kwahlasela wonke umuntu omzungezile.
Ukuzaliswa kanye nempilo ye-tuna
Endaweni yezinkabazwe, izindawo ezishisayo nezinye izindawo zebhande elisendaweni eshisayo (eningizimu yeJapane, eHawaii), i-tuna izala unyaka wonke. Ezindaweni ezinamazinga apholile futhi apholile - kuphela ngenkathi efudumele.
Insikazi enkulu ingashanela ize ifike kumaqanda ayizigidi eziyi-10 ngasikhathi sinye, engeqi ku-1 mm ngosayizi. Ukukhulelwa kwenzeka emanzini lapho owesilisa ekhipha khona uketshezi lwakhe lwesisu.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-1-2, gazinga kuqala ukuqanduselwa emaqandeni. Ngokushesha baqala ukuzondla ngokwabo futhi ngokushesha bakhuluphale. Izilwane ezincane, njengomthetho, zihlala ezingxenyeni eziphezulu zamanzi ezifudumele, ezicebile ngama-crustaceans amancane kanye ne-plankton. I-tuna ifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili eneminyaka emithathu ubudala, iphila ngokwesilinganiso sama-35, abanye abantu - kuze kufike ku-50.
Ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kanye nokudotshwa ngokweqile okungenasihe, izinhlobo eziningi ze-tuna zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa. IGreenpeace ibeke ituna kuLuhlu Olubomvu Lokudla okumele kungavunyelwa kulo ukuze kugcinwe inani lezilwane ezisengozini futhi lingalimazi imvelo.
