Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo yizo zonke izinto eziphilayo, inani lalo gesi liya ngokuya lincipha, ngakho-ke izinqolobane zomoya-mpilo kufanele zigcwaliswe njalo. Yilo mgomo umjikelezo we-oxygen obamba iqhaza kuwo. Le yinqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali lapho umkhathi ne-ozone yomhlaba kushintshana ngayo. Uhamba kanjani umjikelezo onjalo, siphakamisa ukuthola kulesi sihloko.
Umqondo womjikelezo
Phakathi komkhathi, i-lithosphere, izinto zomhlaba eziphila kanye ne-hydrosphere, kukhona ukushintshana kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto zamakhemikhali. Ukushintshana kwenzeka ngokungapheli, kugeleza kusuka esigabeni kuya esigabeni. Kuwo wonke umlando wokuba khona kweplanethi yethu, ukuxhumana okunjalo bekuqhubeka kungapheli futhi kuqhubeke iminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezine no-4,5.
Umqondo wokujikeleza ungaqondakala kangcono ngokubhekisa kwisayensi efana ne-geochemistry. Le sayensi ichaza lokhu kusebenzisana nemithetho emine ebalulekile, evivinyiwe yaqinisekiswa ngemizamo engaphezu kweyodwa eyenziwe:
- ukusatshalaliswa okuqhubekayo kwazo zonke izakhi zamakhemikhali kumagobolondo omhlaba;
- ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo ngesikhathi sezinto zonke;
- ubukhona obuhlukahlukene bezinhlobo namafomu;
- ukubusa kwezakhi ezweni elihlakazekile, ngaphezu kwezinto ezisendaweni ehlangene.
Imijikelezo enjalo ihlobene kakhulu nemvelo nemisebenzi yabantu. Izakhi zemvelo zisebenzisana nezinto ezingaphili futhi zakhe umjikelezo oqhubekayo wamakhemikhali obizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo.
Umjikelezo we-oksijeni emvelweni
Umlando wokutholakala kwe-ozone
Kuze kube ngo-Agasti 1, 1774, isintu sasingazi ukuthi kukhona i-oxygen. Ukutholakala kwayo sikutholile kusosayensi uJoseph Priestley, owakuthola ngokubola i-mercury oxide esitsheni esivalwe ngophethiloli, ngokumane agxilise imisebe yelanga nge-lens enkulu ekwi-mercury.
Lo sosayensi akazange akuqonde ngokuphelele ukutshalwa kwezimali kwakhe kusayensi yomhlaba futhi wakholwa ukuthi wayengatholanga into entsha elula, kepha wathola kuphela ingxenye yomoya, ayibiza ngokuziqhenya - umoya we-deflogistic.
Usosayensi ovelele waseFrance, uCarl Lavoisier, waqeda ukutholakala komoya-mpilo, ethatha iziphetho zikaPriestley njengesisekelo: wenza ucwaningo oluningi futhi wafakazela ukuthi i-oxygen yinto ehlukile. Ngakho-ke, ukutholakala kwalo gesi kungokwesosayensi ababili ngasikhathi sinye - uPriestley noLavoisier.
Oxygen njengengxenye
I-oksijeni (i-oxygenium) - ihunyushwe isuselwa kuzindlela zesiGreki - "ukubeletha i-asidi". EGrisi lasendulo, wonke ama-oxide abizwa nge-asidi. Le gesi eyingqayizivele ifunwa kakhulu emvelweni futhi yenza u-47% wesisindo sonke soqweqwe lomhlaba, igcinwe kokuphakathi komhlaba nasemikhakheni yomkhathi, izilwandle, izilwandle, futhi ifakwa njengengxenye ezingxenyeni ezingaphezu kwenkulungwane nesigamu sezingaphakathi zomhlaba.
Ukushintshaniswa komoya-mpilo
Umjikelezo we-ozone ukuhlangana kwamakhemikhali ashukumisayo wezinto zemvelo, izinto eziphilayo, kanye nendima yazo enqobayo kulesi senzo. Umjikelezo wamakhemikhali uyinqubo yesikali seplanethi, uxhuma izakhi zomkhathi nobuso bomhlaba futhi usetshenziswe kanjena:
- ukukhishwa kwe-ozone yamahhala kusuka ku-flora ngesikhathi se-photosynthesis, kuzalwa ezitshalweni eziluhlaza;
- ukusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen eyakhiwe, inhloso yayo ukugcina umsebenzi wokuphefumula wazo zonke izinto eziphefumulayo, kanye ne-oxidation yezinto eziphilayo nezingajwayelekile;
- ezinye izinto eziguqulwe ngokwamakhemikhali, okuholela ekwakhiweni kwezinto ezinjenge-oxidizing njengamanzi ne-organogen dioxide, kanye nokuheha okuphindaphindekayo kokulandelana kwezakhi kwiluphu elandelayo ye-photosynthetic.
Ngaphezu komjikelezo owenzeka ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, i-ozone nayo ikhishwa emanzini: ebusweni bamanzi amaningi, izilwandle, imifula nezilwandle, izimvula nokunye kwezulu. Umoya-mpilo emanzini uyahwamuka, ujiye bese uyadedelwa. I-oksijeni nayo ikhiqizwa yisimo sezulu samatshe afana ne-limestone.
I-photosynthesis njengomqondo
I-photosynthesis ijwayele ukubizwa njengokukhishwa kwe-ozone ngenkathi kukhishwa izakhi zemvelo emanzini nakucarbon dioxide. Ukuze inqubo ye-photosynthesis yenzeke, izingxenye ezilandelayo ziyadingeka: amanzi, ukukhanya, ukushisa, isikhutha kanye nama-chloroplast - ama-plastids okutshala aqukethe i-chlorophyll.
Ngenxa ye-photosynthesis, umoya-mpilo okhiqizwayo ukhuphukela emabhholeni asemkhathini bese wenza ungqimba lwe-ozone. Ngenxa yebhola le-ozone, elivikela ubuso beplanethi emisebeni ye-ultraviolet, impilo emhlabeni yazalwa: izakhamuzi zasolwandle zikwazile ukuya emhlabathini futhi zahlala ebusweni bomhlaba. Ngaphandle komoya-mpilo, impilo emhlabeni wethu izophela.
Amaqiniso amnandi nge-oxygen
- I-oksijeni isetshenziswa ezitshalweni ze-metallurgical, ekusikeni kagesi nasekushiseni, ngaphandle kwayo inqubo yokuthola insimbi enhle ibingeke yenzeke.
- I-oksijini egxilile kumasilinda ikuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukujula kolwandle nasemkhathini.
- Munye kuphela umuthi omdala okwazi ukuhlinzeka nge-oxygen kubantu abathathu ngonyaka.
- Ngenxa yentuthuko yezimboni kanye nezimboni zezimoto, okuqukethwe yile gesi emkhathini kwehle ngohhafu.
- Ekukhathazeni, abantu badla umoya-mpilo ophindwe kaningi kunasesimweni sempilo esinokuthula, nesizolile.
- Ukuphakama kobuso bomhlaba ngaphezu kogu lolwandle, kwehlisa umoya-mpilo nokuqukethwe kuwo emkhathini, ngenxa yalokhu kunzima ukuphefumula ezintabeni, kusukela kumkhuba, umuntu angathola indlala yomoya-mpilo, ikhoma nokufa imbala.
- Ama-dinosaurs akwazi ukuhlala ngenxa yokuthi izinga le-ozone ezikhathini zasendulo leqa izikhathi ezintathu ezikhona manje, manje igazi labo belingeke ligcwaliswe kahle nge-oxygen.
