I-marten iyisidli esisheshayo nesinobuqili, esikwazi ukunqoba kalula izithiyo eziningi, sikhuphuke iziqu eziqinile futhi sihambisane namagatsha ezihlahla. Uboya bayo obuhle obuphuzi noshokoledi bunenani elithile.
Incazelo yemarten
Lesi yisilwane esikhulu ngokwanele. Izindawo zokuhlala i-marten zingamahlathi ahlanganisiwe futhi axubekile, lapho kunezinombolo ezanele zezihlahla ezindala eziyize kanye nezihlahlana ezingangeneki zezihlahla... Kusezindaweni ezinjalo lapho i-marten ingathola kalula ukudla futhi izitholele isiphephelo sayo, esiyihlomisa emigodini endaweni ephakeme.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-marten ingakhuphuka ngokushesha ezihlahleni ize igxume isuke kwelinye igatsha iye kwelinye, isebenzisa umsila wayo kanokusho njengepharashuthi. Iyabhukuda futhi igijime kahle kakhulu (kufaka phakathi ihlathi elineqhwa, ngoba umphetho ominyene onemihlathi yayo uvimbela isilwane ekushoneni phakathi eqhweni).
Ngenxa yejubane, amandla nobukhazikhazi bayo, lesi silwane singumzingeli oncomekayo. Izilwane ezincane, izinyoni kanye nezilwane eziphila ezweni nasemanzini ngokuvamile ziba yisisulu sazo, futhi ngokulandela ingwejeje, i-marten iyakwazi ukwenza ukweqa okukhulu emagatsheni ezihlahla. I-marten ivame ukuchitha izidleke zezinyoni. Akuzona izinyoni zasemhlabeni kuphela ezihlaselwa ukuhlaselwa kwayo, kepha nalabo abakha izidleke zabo phezulu ezihlahleni. Kumele kuqashelwe futhi ukuthi i-marten izuzisa abantu ngokulawula inani lamagundane endaweni yalo.
Ukubukeka
I-marten inengubo enhle futhi enhle, elula kakhulu ebusika kunehlobo. Umbala wayo ungaba nemibala ehlukene kansundu (ushokoledi, i-chestnut, nsundu). Ingemuva lesilwane linombala onsundu ngokumpunga, futhi izinhlangothi zilula kakhulu. Esifubeni, indawo eyindilinga yombala ophuzi ogqamile ibonakala kahle, ekhanya kakhulu ehlobo kunasebusika.
Izidladla ze-marten zimfishane, zinezinzwani ezinhlanu ezinamazipho abukhali. Isifonyo sikhonjisiwe, sinamadlebe amafushane angunxantathu, embozwe ngoboya obuphuzi emaphethelweni. Umzimba we-marten u-squat futhi unesimo esilinganisiwe, futhi usayizi womuntu omdala ucishe ube uhhafu wemitha. Isisindo samadoda sikhulu kunesabesifazane futhi kuyaqabukela kweqa amakhilogremu ama-2.
Indlela Yokuphila
Umthethosisekelo wesilwane uyithinta ngqo indlela yaso yokuphila nemikhuba yaso. I-marten ihamba ikakhulu ngokugxuma. Umzimba oguquguqukayo, omncane wesilwane uyasivumela ukuba sihambe ngesivinini sombani emagatsheni, sivele umzuzwana kuphela ezikhaleni zikaphayini nezipayipi. Umarten uthanda ukuhlala phezulu ezihlahleni. Ngosizo lwamazipho akhe, uyakwazi ukukhuphuka ngisho neziqu ezibushelelezi futhi eziningi kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Lesi silwane kaningi sikhetha indlela yokuphila yasemini. Ichitha isikhathi sayo esiningi ezihlahleni noma ekuzingeleni. Umuntu uzama ngazo zonke izindlela ukugwema.
UMarten uhlela isidleke emigodini ngokuphakama okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10 noma esihlokweni sezihlahla... Inamathele kakhulu ezindaweni ezikhethiwe futhi ayizishiyi ngisho nokuntuleka kokudla. Ngaphandle kokuphila ngokuhlala phansi okunje, laba bameleli bomndeni weasel bangafuduka belandela izingwejeje, kwesinye isikhathi ezifuduka ngobuningi ebangeni elide.
Phakathi kwezindawo zehlathi lapho kuhlala khona amaMarten, kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezindawo: izindawo ezinamadokodo, lapho zingekho khona, kanye "nezindawo zokuzingela", lapho zichitha khona cishe sonke isikhathi sazo. Ngenkathi efudumele, lezi zilwane zikhetha indawo encane enothe ngokudla ngangokunokwenzeka bese uzama ukungakushiyi. Ebusika, ukuntuleka kokudla kuyabaphoqa ukuthi bandise amasimu abo futhi babeke amamaki emizileni yabo.
Izinhlobo zama-martens
AmaMartens yizilwane ezidla inyama zomndeni wamaMarten. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zalezi zilwane, ezinokuhluka okuncane ekubukekeni nasemikhubeni, ngenxa yendawo yazo ehlukile:
I-American marten
Lolu uhlobo lwesilwane olungajwayelekile futhi olungafundiswanga kahle. Ngaphandle, i-American marten ibukeka njenge-pine marten. Umbala wayo ungahluka kusuka kumthubi ophuzi noshokoledi. Isifuba sinombala ophuzi ngokukhanyayo futhi izinyawo zingacishe zibe mnyama. Imikhuba yalo mmeli womndeni weasel ayikakafundwa ngokuphelele, ngoba i-American marten incamela ukuzingela kuphela ebusuku futhi ngazo zonke izindlela iyabagwema abantu.
Ilka
Kunhlobo enkulu yemarten. Ubude bomzimba wayo kanye nomsila kwabanye abantu bufinyelela imitha elilodwa, kanti isisindo sawo singama-4 kilograms. Ijazi limnyama, ikakhulukazi linombala onsundu. Ehlobo, uboya bunzima kakhulu, kepha ebusika buba buthakathaka futhi bube bude, kuvele umbala othambile wesiliva kuwo. U-Elk uzingela izingwejeje, izimbungulu, amagundane, izingungumbane ezinezinyoni nezinyoni. Sithanda ukuzitika ngezithelo namajikijolo. Laba bameleli bomndeni weasel bangalandela kalula inyamazane hhayi kuphela ngaphansi komhlaba, kodwa futhi futhi phezulu ezihlahleni.
Itshe lemarten
Indawo eyinhloko yokusatshalaliswa kwayo yinsimu yaseYurophu. I-marten yamatshe ivame ukuhlala kude nokuhlala kwabantu, okuyinto engeyona into eyenzeka kakhulu kubamele umndeni we-weasel. Uboya balezi zinhlobo zezilwane bunzima ngokwengeziwe, bumpunga ngokunsundu ngombala. Entanyeni, inendawo ekhanyayo eyi-oblong. Izici zesici se-marten yamatshe ziyimpumulo nezinyawo ezikhanyayo, ezingenayo imiphetho. Isisulu esiyinhloko salolu hlobo amagundane amancane, amaxoxo, izibankwa, izinyoni nezinambuzane. Ehlobo, bangadla ukudla kwezitshalo. Bangakwazi ukuhlasela izinkukhu zasekhaya kanye nonogwaja. Yilezi zinhlobo ezivame ukuba yinto yokuzingelwa kanye nokukhishwa koboya obubalulekile.
I-Pine marten
Indawo ehlala kuyo ngamahlathi e-European Plain nakwezinye izingxenye ze-Asia. Lesi silwane sinombala onsundu futhi sinendawo ephuzi emqaleni. I-pine marten i-omnivorous, kepha ingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwayo inyama. Uzingela kakhulu izingwejeje, ama-voles, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini nezinyoni. Ungadla ngokufa. Ngenkathi efudumele, udla izithelo, amajikijolo namantongomane.
Kharza
Lo mmeli womndeni weasel unombala ongajwayelekile kangangokuba abaningi babheka lesi silwane njengohlobo oluzimele. UKharza uyisilwane esikhulu ngokwanele. Ubude bomzimba (ngomsila) kwesinye isikhathi budlula imitha elilodwa, kanti isisindo sezinhlobo ezithile singaba ngamakhilogremu ayisithupha. Ibhantshi line sheen elihle. Izingela kakhulu izingwejeje, amasabuli, ama-chipmunks, izinja ze-raccoon, ama-hares, izinyoni namagundane. Ngokwehlukahlukana kokudla ngezinambuzane noma amaxoxo. Kube khona amacala okuhlaselwa yi-kharza kuma-elk amancane, izinyamazane, nezingulube zasendle. Ubuye adle amantongomane, amajikijolo noju lwasendle.
UNilgir kharza
Ummeleli omkhulu womndeni. Ubude bayo bufinyelela imitha elilodwa, kanti isisindo sayo sifinyelela kuma-2,5 kilograms. Imikhuba nendlela yokuphila kaNilgir kharza kufundwa kabi. Kukholakala ukuthi lesi silwane sithanda impilo yasemini futhi sihlala ikakhulu ezihlahleni. Ososayensi bayavuma ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuzingela, isilwane sicwila emhlabathini, njengezinye izinhlobo zemartens. Abanye ofakazi bokuzibonela bathi bake bazibonela ukuzingelwa kwalesi silwane ngenxa yezinyoni nezingwejeje.
UMarten uhlala isikhathi esingakanani
Isikhathi se-marten ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle singafinyelela eminyakeni eyi-15, kepha endle baphila kancane kakhulu. Lesi silwane sinezimbangi eziningi ngokukhishwa kokudla - zonke izakhamuzi eziphakathi nendawo nezinkulu zehlathi. Kodwa-ke, azikho izitha ezingaba yingozi enkulu kubantu bemarten emvelweni.
Kwezinye izindawo, inani lezilwane lincike ezikhukhuleni zasentwasahlobo (lapho ingxenye enkulu yamagundane, engenye yezinto eziyinhloko zokudla kwe-marten, ifa) nokugawulwa kwamahlathi njalo (ukubhujiswa kwamahlathi amadala kungagcina kuholele ekunyamalaleni okuphelele kwalezi zilwane).
Indawo yokuhlala
Impilo yemarten ihlobene kakhulu nehlathi. Imvamisa ingatholakala ngesi-spruce, pine noma kwamanye amahlathi e-coniferous. Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho zendawo yokuhlala, lezi yi-spruce noma i-fir, kanti eningizimu - ngesihlahla sonwele saseYurophu noma emahlathini ahlanganisiwe.
Ukuhlala unomphela, ukhetha amahlathi acebile nge-windbreak, izihlahla ezindala ezinde, imiphetho emikhulu, kanye nokuchithwa okuningi okunezihlahla ezincane.
I-marten ingathanda ukuthanda izindawo ezisicaba namahlathi asezintabeni, lapho ihlala ezigodini zemifula emikhulu nemifudlana. Ezinye izinhlobo zalesi silwane zithanda izindawo ezinamadwala nokufakwa kwamatshe. Iningi lala ma-mustelids azama ukugwema izindawo zabantu. Okuhlukile yi-marten yamatshe, engahlala ngqo eduze nezindawo zokuhlala abantu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ngokungafani namanye amalungu omndeni, ngokwesibonelo, amasables (ahlala eSiberia kuphela), i-marten isatshalaliswa cishe kuyo yonke indawo yaseYurophu, kuze kufike ezintabeni zase-Ural nase-Ob River.
Ukudla kweMarten
AmaMartens yizilwane ezi-omnivorous, kepha izinhloso eziyinhloko zokuzingelwa kwazo yizilwane ezincane (izingwejeje, amagundane asensimini)... Bazingela ngenkuthalo amagundane, amakati amaningi azama ukuwagwema ngenxa yobukhulu bawo obukhulu. Bangakwazi ukubhubhisa izidleke zezinyoni, futhi bazingele izilwane ezihuquzelayo nezilwane eziphila ezweni. Kwesinye isikhathi bayazivumela ukuthi badle izidumbu. Ngenkathi efudumele, ama-martens adla ngezithelo, amantongomane, amajikijolo, ikakhulukazi umlotha wezintaba.
Ekupheleni kwehlobo futhi kulo lonke ukuwa, ama-martens enza izinto ezizobasiza ukuthi baphile ebusika. Ukudla kwe-marten kuncike kakhulu esikhathini sonyaka obandayo, indawo yokuhlala, ehambelana nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, izinyoni nezitshalo. Yize isilwane sihamba kahle emagatsheni ezihlahla, sondla kakhulu emhlabathini. Enyakatho nasenkabeni yeRussia, ukudla okuyinhloko ngama-squirrels, ama-black grouse, ama-hazel grouse, i-ptarmigan, amaqanda namachwane awo.
I-marten yamatshe ayivikelekile ekulunyweni yizinyosi kanye neminyovu, ngakho-ke ama-martens kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela izidleke zezinyosi noma adle uju lwezinyosi zasendle. Kwesinye isikhathi bagibela ezindlini zezinkukhu noma kwezinye izindlu zezinkukhu. Ukuphosa inyoni ethukile kuvusa kubo ukucabanga kwesilwane sangempela, kubenze babulale yonke into engaba yisisulu, ngisho naleyo abasakwazi ukuyidla.
Izitha zemvelo
Azikho izidalwa eziningi eziyingozi empilweni yamaMartens emahlathini. Kwesinye isikhathi zizingelwa izimpisi, izimpungushe, izimpisi, izingwe zeqhwa, kanye nezinyoni ezidla inyama (izinkozi zegolide, izikhova zokhozi, izinkozi, amachwane). Lezi zilwane ezifanayo yizimbangi zazo eziqondile zokudla.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Inani lama-martens liyahlukahluka unyaka nonyaka, okuchazwa yimvelo yesilwane. Lesi silwane singavala isikhala sokushoda kokudla okunye sikufake okunye. Ukwanda noma ukwehla kwenani labantu kwenzeka ngenxa yokweqisa noma ukushoda kokudla iminyaka eminingana ilandelana, kepha ushintsho olunjalo aluvamile. Okunamandla kakhulu kunani lama-martens endaweni ethile kuthonywa ukuzingelwa komuntu kulesi silwane esithwele uboya.
AmaMartens afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu yokuphila... Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ekupheleni kwehlobo. Insikazi ithwala amawundlu izinyanga eziyi-7-9. Izinkathi ezinde ezinjalo zihlotshaniswa nokuba khona embungwini kwesikhathi esikhule kancane, esiqala kuphela entwasahlobo.
Maduze, insikazi izoba namazinyane amabili kuya kwangu-8. Zizalwa zinqunu futhi ziyimpumputhe (umbono uvela ngemuva kwenyanga kuphela) futhi unesisindo esingeqile kumagremu angama-30. Ngemuva kwesikhathi esifushane, amazinyo abo ayasikwa bese umama eqala ukubanikeza ukudla kwezilwane. Ama-martens amancane aqala ukweqa agibele izihlahla ezinyangeni eziyi-3-4, futhi azingele ngokuzimela ezinyangeni eziyisithupha. Kusukela eminyakeni eyizinyanga ezimbili, abesifazane baqala ukusala ngemuva kwesisindo sesilisa futhi bagcine lo mehluko ezimpilweni zabo zonke.
Ebusika afinyelela usayizi wezilwane ezindala, kanti izinkukhu ziyahlakazeka. Ekuqaleni, izilwane ezincane zizingela esizeni somama, bese ziqala ukwakha izindawo ezingakahlali muntu, ezimbi kakhulu futhi ezinezindawo zokukhosela ezimbalwa kunezo ezithuthukile. Ngakho-ke, ekuqaleni kokuzingela, yibo abakha inqwaba yezisulu zabazingeli.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ihlala kakhulu e-Eurasia. Indawo ehlala kuyo isuka ePyrenees iye eHimalaya. Ukuchichima kuyo yonke insimu kuphakeme impela futhi ukuzingela kuvunyelwe i-marten. Kwezinye izifundazwe zaseNyakatho Melika, i-marten yalethwa ngokukhethekile futhi yazalelwa ukuzingela uboya.
Kuyathakazelisa!I-marten ingummeleli womndeni omkhulu wama-weasel. Uyisilwane soboya obuyigugu, futhi futhi une-chestnut emnyama kanokusho noma uboya obunsundu obuphuzi.
