I-Baribal, noma ibhere elimnyama (i-Ursus amеriсanus), isilwane esincelisayo somndeni wakwaBhele, ukuhleleka kokudla okuluhlaza kanye nohlobo lweBhere. Kwesinye isikhathi ibhere elimnyama likhonjwa njengohlobo oluhlukile i-Euarctos.
Incazelo ye-baribal
AmaBarabia amabhere ajwayelekile eNyakatho Melika anombala woboya wasekuqaleni.... Kukhona okwamanje ama-subspecies ayishumi nesithupha, kufaka phakathi i-Kermode ne-Glacier Bears.
Ukubukeka
AmaBarali ahlukile kumabhere ansundu lapho kukhona uboya obushelelezi obumnyama nosayizi omncane. Abesilisa abadala bafinyelela kubude obungu-1.4-2.0 m, kanti omubi bakhona abakhulu kunabo bonke abaziwayo babenesisindo esingama-363 kg futhi badutshulwa eWisconsin eminyakeni eyikhulu edlule. Abesifazane balezi zinhlobo bancane - ubude babo bungu-1.2-1.6 m kuphela futhi banesisindo esifinyelela ku-236 kg. Ukuphakama okujwayelekile komuntu omdala lapho kubuna kufinyelela imitha elilodwa. Umsila mfushane, awudluli kubude obungu-10-12 cm. Ibhere elimnyama nalo linomlomo ocijile nemilenze ephakeme enezinyawo ezincane.
Okubalulekile! Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi amabhere amancanyana ka-baribal kwesinye isikhathi ahlukaniswa ngombala ompunga okhanyayo ongajwayelekile, obuyiselwa esikhundleni ngoboya obumnyama kuphela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Uboya obucwebezelayo be-baribal bumnyama bumsulwa ngombala, kepha kunendawo ekhanyayo embotsheni futhi kwesinye isikhathi esifubeni. Ezinye izinketho zombala azivamile, futhi zingamelwa yimibala ehlukahlukene ensundu. Udoti owodwa ungaqukatha amawundlu anoboya bobabili obumnyama nokumnyama.
Izinketho zombala eziyivelakancane zifaka phakathi "okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka", okungukuthi, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka-mnyama, nombala "omhlophe" noma ophuzi ngokumhlophe. Izinhlobonhlobo ezingavamile zeblue zivame ukubizwa ngokuthi "ibhere le-glacial". Omabhali abamhlophe baziwa futhi njengeKermode noma isiqhingi se-polar bear (i-Ursus amеriсanus kermodei).
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ama-Baribal imvamisa ayizilwane ezi-crepuscular, yize lokhu kungashintsha ngesikhathi sokuzalisa noma sokondla. Ukuphumula, ibhere elimnyama likhetha izindawo zehlathi ezimbozwe ngamahlamvu. Ngokuyinhloko, insimu ihlala izilwane ezihlala zodwa noma abesifazane ngamazinyane abo.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ezindaweni ezinemithombo yokudla eqoqiwe nenenqwaba, abantu abaningi babuthana ndawonye, ngenxa yalokho bakha uhlobo lobukhosi obuphezulu.
Ibhere elimnyama linezinga eliphakeme ngokwanele lobunhloli, ngakho-ke liyakwazi ukukhombisa ukwanda kwelukuluku, futhi futhi linamakhono amahle okuhlola. Ngokusho kochwepheshe, abebhali banamakhono wokuzula angajwayelekile kakhulu okwamanje angaqondakali kahle.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Amabhere amnyama ezimweni zemvelo, zemvelo ziyakwazi ukuphila iminyaka engaba ngamashumi amathathu, kepha ngenxa yethonya lezimo ezingezinhle, isilinganiso sobude bempilo kababa wasendle asidluli eminyakeni eyishumi. Ngaphezulu kwama-90% okufa kwamabhere amnyama aneminyaka engaphezu konyaka owodwa nohhafu amelwe ngokudubula nokubamba izicupho, izingozi ezahlukahlukene zomgwaqo namanye amacala okushayisana nabantu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ekuqaleni, amabhere amnyama ayehlala kuzo zonke izindawo ezingamahlathi nezindawo eziphansi eziseNyakatho Melika.... Ngokwezibalo, ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye, inani labantu lalisezingeni lezigidi ezimbili. Kodwa-ke, ingxenye enkulu yabo ngemuva kwesikhashana baqothulwa noma basinda ngabantu. Amabhere amnyama ashiye izindawo ezisempumalanga, eningizimu-mpumalanga nasenkabeni ye-United States ngobuningi, ngakho-ke amanani abo enqaba ngokuphawulekayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Izindawo eziyinhloko zokudla okuhlukahlukene:
- I-Ursus аmеriсanus аltifrоntаlis - engxenyeni yendawo esogwini olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga yePacific Ocean;
- Ursus аmеriсanus аmblysers - engxenyeni esempumalanga yeMontana nasengxenyeni yogu lwe-Atlantic;
- I-Ursus amеriсanus califоrniеnsis - indawo yezintaba eziseningizimu yeCalifornia;
- Ursus amеriсanus sarlottae - indawo yaseHaida-Guai;
- I-Ursus amеriсanus cinnamomum - eColorado nase-Idaho, entshonalanga yeWyoming naseMontana;
- Ursus amеriсanus emmonsii - inani labantu elizinzile lengxenye eseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Alaska;
- Ama-ursus amеriсanus machete - engxenyeni esenyakatho-maphakathi neMexico.
Iningi lendawo yemvelo yabiwa ibhere elimnyama noma u-baribal ngebhere le-grizzly. Lezi zinhlayiya zebhere elinsundu zikhethe izintaba ezisenyakatho zeRocky, entshonalanga yeCanada kanye noMbuso wase-Alaska. Kulezi zindawo, indawo yokwabiwa kwamabhere amnyama inqunyelwe kuphela yizindawo zezintaba nokuphakama kwamamitha ayi-900-3000 ngaphezu kolwandle.
Okubalulekile! Amabhere amnyama aseCanada ahlala engxenyeni ebalulekile yomlando wawo wonke, ngaphandle kwezindawo zamathafa aphakathi nendawo, ezisetshenziselwa kakhulu imisebenzi yezolimo.
Ibhere elimnyama laseMelika litholakala eMexico, izifundazwe ezingamashumi amathathu nambili zaseMelika naseCanada. Ngokomlando, u-baribal uthathe cishe zonke izindawo ezinamahlathi eNyakatho Melika. Njengamanje, indawo yokuhlala mammalian e-United States ivinjelwe ezindaweni ezingenabantu abaningi kakhulu noma ezitshalwe ngamahlathi amancane.
Ukudla kwe-Baribal
Amabhere amnyama ajwayele ukuba namahloni, angabi nolaka futhi abe omnivorous.... AmaBhali akazikhethi ngokuphelele ekudleni kwawo, kepha adla kakhulu ekudleni okuvela ezitshalweni, kanye nezinambuzane nezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Ibhere elimnyama ngokwemvelo liyisidalwa esingasebenzi, ngakho-ke ama-vertebrate asetshenziswa yibo ikakhulukazi ngendlela yesidumbu noma okuthiwa isidumbu. Noma kunjalo, isilwane esincelisayo esinjalo asikuphikisi nakancane ukudla zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezincane, kufaka phakathi amagundane nama-beavers, izinyamazane nonogwaja, kanye nezinyoni. U-Baribal udla ukudla okulingana nesisu sakhe kuphela, abese eyolala. Ibhere elivukile liphinde lihambe liyofuna ukudla.
Izithako ekudleni okususelwa ezitshalweni zizohluka ngokuya ngesizini nemvelo. Imvamisa, ukudla kwezitshalo akwenzi ngaphezu kuka-80-95% wokudla okuphelele. Isilwane sithanda:
- isihlahla se-okhi;
- umlotha wasentabeni;
- i-dogwood;
- i-bearberry;
- ama-cranberries;
- amajikijolo;
- i-lingonberry;
- amajikijolo;
- amajikijolo;
- rose okhalweni;
- ama-gooseberries;
- umbhede wasenyakatho;
- rosemary;
- uphayini wamantongomane.
Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo, cishe ngo-Ephreli noma ngoMeyi, ama-barbals adla ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezahlukahlukene zezitshalo. NgoJuni, ukudla okuncane okuncane kwebhere elimnyama kunezelwa izinambuzane, izibungu nezintuthwane, futhi ngokuqala kwekwindla, umthombo oyinhloko wezakhamzimba umelelwa yizo zonke izinhlobo zamajikijolo, amakhowe nama-acorn. Lapho nje izikole ze-salmon ziqala ukuzala emifuleni e-Alaska naseCanada, amabhere amnyama ahlangana endaweni engasogwini bese eqala ukudoba okusebenzayo ezindaweni ezijulile zamanzi.
Ekwindla isikhathi esibucayi sebhere elimnyama. Kungokwindla lapho u-baribal kumele agcine inani elanele lamafutha ebusika. Le nqubo ibaluleke kakhulu kwabesifazane, okumele bondle izilwane ezincane ebusika. Njengomthetho, amabhere amnyama aphatha ukuqoqa inani elikhulu lamafutha ngokudla zonke izinhlobo zezithelo, amantongomane nama-acorn, anamafutha namaprotheni amaningi. Lokhu kungukudla okuhle kwamabhere okulungiselela ukulala ebusika.
Izitha zemvelo
Izitha zemvelo zika-baribal endle ngamabhere amakhulu we-grizzly, kanye nezimpisi nama-cougars. Njengoba ukubonwa kukhombisa, ezindaweni lapho inani eliphelele lama-grizzlies lehle ngokusobala, inani labaphangi likhuphuke kakhulu. Hhayi izilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye, kufaka phakathi ama-coyotes, avame ukuzingela amathole amancane kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukubheka kukhombisa ukuthi obhibhi abamhlophe bangama-angler aphumelele kakhulu kunamabhere anoboya obumnyama, ngenxa yekhono lawo lokufana namafu ngombala wawo.
Eningizimu Melika, amabhere amnyama kwesinye isikhathi ahlaselwa ngama-alligator amakhulu eMississippi. Engxenyeni yezwekazi le-range, ama-barbali amhlophe abonakala kakhulu kwezinye izidalwa, ngakho-ke inani lezilwane ezincelisayo lincane lapha.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Phakathi kokuqala kukaJuni kuze kube phakathi nehlobo, izithixo zihlangana ngababili. Amabhere amnyama angena ekuhlanganiseni kwawo kokuqala eneminyaka engama-3-5. Ukukhulelwa kowesifazane kuthatha izinsuku eziyi-180-220, ngemuva kwalokho kusuka kuzinyane elilodwa kuya kwamathathu angaboni nalawo ongezwa ngesisindo somzimba esingu-240-330 g.Izingane zivula amehlo azo ngeviki lesine futhi zikhule ngokushesha ngokwanele, okuchazwa ngenani elihlukile lokudla okunomsoco wobisi lwebhere. Njengomthetho, isikhathi sokuncelisa sithatha izinyanga eziyisithupha zokuqala, kepha kowesifazane inzalo esikhulile ihlala cishe unyaka nohhafu.
Umehluko wesici phakathi kwamawundlu amabhere amnyama nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane ezincelisayo yikhono labo lokulandela umama wabo sonke isikhathi ngemuva kokuthi wonke umndeni ushiye umgodi wasebusika. Ngesikhathi sokuxhumana okusondele kangako, amawundlu ka-baribal afunda kunina imithetho yokondla nokuzivikela.... Ukungalaleli kwentsha kuvame ukucindezelwa ukugquma okusongelayo kukamama ngisho nokushaywa okunzima kakhulu. Ukudla okwanele kanye nokuzivocavoca umzimba ngokwanele kuvumela amawundlu angama-baribal ukuba athole isisindo esihle eneminyaka eyizinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili - 6.8-9.1 kg. Amanye amawundlu angahlala nonina kuze kube yiminyaka emibili noma ngisho nangaphezulu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kwezinye izindawo, o-barbali bayinto yokuzingelwa, ethakazelisa isikhumba sabo, hhayi kangako inyama noma amafutha. Imvamisa ukudutshulwa kwababhali kungenxa yokubamba iqhaza kwabo ekubhujisweni kwezingadi, amasimu noma izindawo zezidleke. AmaBhali, ajwayele ukondla eduze kwendawo yokuhlala abantu, nawo ayingozi enkulu. Yize kunjalo, kwamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi i-barbal, ngokungafani nebhere elinsundu, iyisilwane esincelisayo esinamahloni futhi akuvamile ukuthi sihlasele abantu.
Okubalulekile!Lapho uhlangana nababhali, akukhuthazwa ukuzenza ngathi ufile, njengamabhere ajwayelekile ansundu, kepha okungcono, kunalokho, ukwenza umsindo omkhulu kakhulu ukwenzeka.
Indawo ka-baribal yehle kakhulu esikhathini esithile esedlule, kepha izindlela zokuvikela ezisebenzayo zenze ukuthi isabalale futhi, ikakhulukazi endaweni yamapaki kazwelonke neziqiwi. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yakamuva, manje sebenabantu abangaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-600 emhlabeni, ingxenye ebalulekile ehlala engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezwekazi. Inani labantu lihluka kakhulu, ngakho-ke abantu baseMexico, eFlorida naseLouisiana basasongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
