Ibhungane lomhlabathi Ingabe ibhungane elinomhlane onemibala eminingi elihlala cishe yonke indawo. Kukhona namanye amagama futhi: amabhomu, ama-jumpers, ama-garden beetle. Ezinye zazo ziwusizo olukhulu ezitshalweni ezilinyiwe, kanti ezinye ziyingozi kuphela. Obani amabhungane aphansi manje esizama ukuwathola.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ibhungane lomhlabathi
Ama-Ground beetle (Carabidae) angumndeni wamabhungane, izinambuzane ezihamba phambili, ezinjenge-arthropods, zamabhungane e-oda. Igama lamabhungane livela egameni elithi "buzz". Izazi zezinambuzane zazi cishe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-40 zamabhungane omhlabathi, futhi okungenani izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezintathu zingabonwa eRussia kuphela. Zonke zivela ohlotsheni olufanayo, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye zinokungafani okuthile phakathi kwazo: ngosayizi, umbala, futhi nangokubukeka.
Ividiyo: Ibhungane lomhlabathi
Amabhungane aphansi, njengomthetho, anombala omnyama, kwesinye isikhathi anensimbi ekhanyayo eluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka negolide. Ngezikhathi ezithile ungathola izithunzi ezibomvu nezibomvu. Uma ubhekisisa kahle i-metallic sheen, ungabona imivimbo eminingi emincane kakhulu. Ubude bomzimba bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhungane omhlabathi buhluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-10 cm.
Izinhlobo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zebhungane lomhlabathi:
- umhlabathi ibhungane Caucasian. Ihlala kakhulu enyakatho yeCaucasus, kepha ivame ukutholakala eKrasnodar Territory. Ibhungane lomhlabathi laseCaucasus linombala ogqamile oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwesinye isikhathi onsomi noma oluhlaza okotshani. Inani lezinhlobo lincipha ngokushesha, yingakho libhalwe kuRed Book laseRussia;
- Ground ibhungane Crimean. Izinhlobo zitholakala kuphela endaweni yeNhlonhlo YaseCrimea futhi isebenza ikakhulukazi ebusuku. Leli bhungane likhulu ngokwedlulele - ubude bomzimba walo bufinyelela ku-6 cm.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngemuva komzimba, ibhungane lomhlabathi laseCrimea linezindlala ezinoketshezi oluyimbumba, kodwa hhayi olunobuthi, ngosizo lwalo “ludubula” ezitheni zalo ebangeni elifinyelela kumamitha amabili.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ibhungane lomhlabathi
Inhloko yazo zonke izinhlobo ze-carabid incane futhi imvamisa iqondiswa phambili. Kuwo kukhona uhlobo oludlayo lwezinto zomlomo ezinemihlathi eqinile futhi ebukhali. Ukuma kwemihlathi kungahluka futhi kuncike ekuthandweni kokudla kohlobo oluthile.
Isibonelo, izilwane ezidla ezinye zibonakala ngezimpawu ezinde ezimise okwegwebu, ngosizo lwazo ezibamba futhi zibambe inyamazane yazo ngokuqinile. Amabhungane omhlabathi wemifino abonakala ngemihlathi emikhulu nebabazekayo, efanelekile ukugaya imicu yezitshalo.
Usayizi wamehlo abhungane bomhlabathi buxhomeke endleleni yabo yokuphila: ezinhlotsheni zokugqekeza nasemigedeni zincane kakhulu, azibonakali kangako, ezinhlotsheni zasebusuku zikhudlwana, ezinhlotsheni ze-crepuscular nezasemini amehlo makhulu. Izimpondo zamabhungane zivame ukuba mncane, zinezingxenye eziyishumi nanye.
Isimo somzimba iningi liyi-oval, side kancane, kepha kunezinhlobo ezinomumo ohlukile:
- nxazonke, biconvex;
- kunamaqabunga;
- i-convex ne-constriction nekhanda elikhulu, elifana nezintuthwane;
- indilinga, uhlangothi olulodwa uhlangothi;
- enesiqu.
Amabhungane aphansi, njengazo zonke izinambuzane, anemilenze eyisithupha, equkethe izingxenye ezinhlanu. Ukuma, ukubukeka nokusebenza kwazo kuncike kumodi yokuhamba. Isibonelo, izinhlobo zokugqekeza zibonakala ngemilenze emifushane nebanzi enamazinyo abukhali, kanti zonke ezinye zinde futhi zizacile. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ku-tibia ye-paw ngayinye kunenothi ekhethekile lapho amabhungane ehlanza ngayo izimpondo zawo.
Izimpiko zamabhungane omhlaba zingahluka ngisho nakwabamele izinhlobo ezifanayo: zifushane noma zinde, zithuthuke kahle noma cha. Ama-elytra amabhungane aqinile, angaba nokulingana noma ambozwe ngama-grooves noma ama-bulges ezinhlobonhlobo. Ezilwaneni ezingenamaphiko, i-elytra ikhula ndawonye futhi imele indawo ebalulekile.
I-dimorphism yezocansi emabhungwini omhlabathi ibizwa kakhulu. Isibonelo, abesifazane bahlala bakhulu kunabesilisa. Kwabesilisa, izinsika zangaphambili nezimpondo ezinde nazo ziyanwetshwa futhi zishicilelwe ngokuphawulekayo. Umbala wamabhungane omhlabathi angahluka, kepha ngokuthambeka kwamathoni amnyama, kanye nethoni yensimbi ne-iridescent. Izinhlobo zamabhungane aphansi ahlala ezitshalweni naseduze nemizimba yamanzi zivame ukukhanya: okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, oluhlaza okotshani, okunsomi
Manje uyazi ukuthi ibhungane lomhlabathi libukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi lihlala kuphi leli bhungane.
Uhlala kuphi ibhungane?
Isithombe: Ibhungane lomhlaba eRussia
Amabhungane aphansi izinambuzane ezisatshalaliswa cishe yonke indawo emhlabeni wonke, ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica. Zitholakala eYurophu nase-Asia, e-Afrika, e-Australia, eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika, nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zezulu. Kunezinhlobo ezingasinda emazingeni okushisa e-subzero nezinhlobo ezibekezelela isomiso.
Njengoba ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zamabhungane omhlabathi kukhulu impela, kungatholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele, ezindaweni ezifudumele, e-taiga nase-tundra. Izindawo zabo zokuhlala zihluke kakhulu: indawo yamahlathi namathafa, ama-savanna kanye nezingwadule, amahlathi asemahlathini kanye nogwadule olunamanzi amancane, amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo anomswakama nezindawo eziphakeme.
Empilweni yabo, izinambuzane zomhlaba, njengokujwayelekile, khetha:
- izingqimba zenhlabathi ephezulu (emasimini, emadlelweni naseziqeshini zensimu);
- amagxolo ezihlahla ezindala namaqabunga awile (emahlathini nasemapaki);
- imifantu, imihume nemifantu (ezintabeni).
Phakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane aphansi, izazi zezinambuzane nazo zihlukanisa izinhlobo eziningi zemini nobusuku, kepha ngokubhuka okuncane. Ingqikithi yayo ilele ekutheni umbandela ochaza kakhulu umsebenzi wamabhungane akukhona ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwelanga ngasikhathi sinye, kepha kukhuphula umswakama womoya. Ngempela, entwasahlobo, lapho kuswakama umswakama womoya, izinhlobo zasebusuku zivame ukusebenza emini.
Idliwa yini ibhungane lomhlabathi?
Isithombe: I-Crimean ground beetle
Njengoba wazi, amabhungane aphansi ahlala emasimini, emahlathini, emapaki, ezihlelweni zomuntu siqu, ezingadini, ngokujwayelekile, lapho kunezilwane eziningi ezahlukahlukene ezigijimayo, ezigaqayo noma ezindizayo. Ukudla okuthandwa amabhungane omhlabathi: iminenke, ama-slugs, izibungu zezinye izinambuzane, amacimbi, ama-aphid.
Ngenxa yale "menyu", amabhungane adla inyama ahlonishwa kakhulu ngabalimi, ngoba banegalelo elikhulu ekulweni njalo nezilokazane. Umgomo wokuzingela emabhungwini omhlaba ulula impela. Lapho ibhungane libona isisulu salo futhi selikulungele ukulihlasela, kuvela uketshezi olukhethekile olukhubazekile ezinhlokweni zalo zomhlathi. Ibhungane lifafaza isisulu salo ngalolu ketshezi, lilinda imizuzu embalwa bese liqala ukudla.
Lolu ketshezi luqukethe izinto ezivimbela isisulu futhi zithambe isisulu, zisiphendule i-semi-liquid gruel. Ibhungane limunca le gruel bese libuyela endaweni yokukhosela izinsuku ezimbalwa - ukugaya ukudla nokuphumula. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ibhungane liphuma endaweni yokukhosela bese liqala ukuzingela futhi.
Phakathi kwamabhungane omhlabathi kunezinhlobo ezidliwayo, izinhlobo ezinokudla okuxubekile, kanye nabadla imifino kuphela. Phakathi kokugcina, okuyingozi kakhulu ezitshalweni kungomunye wabamele uhlobo lweZabrus - amabhungane esinkwa. Zondla ikakhulukazi ezinhlamvini ezivuthwe kancane zezitshalo zokusanhlamvu: i-rye, ukolweni, ibhali, i-oats, ummbila, obangela ukulimala okungenakulungiswa kwezolimo.
Izibungu zebhungane lomhlabathi ngokuvamile zondla cishe ngendlela efanayo neyabantu abadala, ngaphandle kwezinhlobo ezimbalwa. Ezimbungwini, ukuphazamiseka kwesibungu kwezinye izibungu nakho kuvame kakhulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: ibhungane lomhlabathi
Izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane aphansi ziphila impilo yasemhlabeni, zikhetha ungqimba lwamahlamvu abolile abolile noma ungqimba lotshani obomile bonyaka odlule. Kodwa-ke kukhona namabhungane aphansi ahlala ezitshalweni, enhlabathini noma kuma-parasitic.
Ngokuvamile, amabhungane azihlelela isiphephelo phakathi kwamaqabunga awile, ngaphansi kwamatshe, ezimpandeni zezihlahla, otshanini. Ezinye izinhlobo futhi zihlala emagatsheni ezihlahla ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha amathathu. Izimo eziyinhloko zendawo ezihlala kuyo ukushisa okuzinzile, umswakama ophezulu nomthunzi.
Ngokusho kokucwaninga kwakamuva kwesayensi, amabhungane aphansi abhekwa njengezinambuzane ezihlala ngamaqembu amancane, okuzivumela ukuthi zizingele ngempumelelo hhayi kuphela izinambuzane, kodwa futhi nezilwane ezinkulu, isibonelo, izibankwa ezincane.
Amabhungane aphansi ikakhulukazi asebusuku, yize kunezinhlobo zasemini kuphela. Ebusuku, wonke amalungu omndeni omncane ayahamba ayokuzingela, futhi ekuseni kakhulu, nangaphambi kokuntwela kokusa, wonke umuntu ucasha ezithunzini.
Ngokuqala kwekwindla, emzileni ophakathi nendawo, lokhu kumaphakathi naphakathi kuka-Okthoba, lapho isilinganiso samazinga okushisa sansuku zonke sesivele siphansi, amabhungane aphansi agxila emhlabathini aze afinyelele engxenyeni yemitha bese elala ubusika bonke. Cishe maphakathi no-Mashi noma kamuva, kuye ngesimo sezulu, la mabhungane aphumela ngaphandle aqhubeke nomjikelezo wawo wokuphila futhi.
Isikhathi sempilo sezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zamabhungane omhlabathi sihlukile, futhi sihluke ngokuphelele. Isibonelo, kunamabhungane aphansi ahlala unyaka owodwa kuphela futhi anikeza isizukulwane esisodwa senzalo empilweni yabo emfushane. Kukhona nezinhlobo eziphila iminyaka emi-2-5 noma ngaphezulu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Garden ground beetle
Ukuzaliswa kabusha kwamabhungane omhlabathi kuqala eneminyaka eyi-9-12 izinyanga.
Izazi zezinambuzane zihlukanisa lezi zinhlobo ezilandelayo zesigqi saminyaka yonke samabhungane omhlabathi:
- isikhathi sokukhwelana senzeka entwasahlobo (ukuthuthukiswa kwezibungu kwenzeka ehlobo, kanti izinambuzane ezisesigabeni sabantu abadala zilala ebusika);
- isikhathi sokukhwelana senzeka ehlobo noma ekwindla (izibungu zilala ubusuku bonke, akukho ukulala ubusika behlobo);
- inkathi yokukhwelana ivela ehlobo noma ekwindla (izibungu zilala ubusuku bonke, kukhona ukulala ubusika ehlobo);
- inkathi yokuzalela eguquguqukayo (ukuzala kungaba nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka, zombili izibungu namabhungane amadala ngaphezulu kobusika);
- inkathi yokukhwelana nentuthuko ithatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ezinye izinhlobo zamabhungane ahlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo zikhiqiza kabili ngonyaka.
Ama-ground beetle izinambuzane ezinoguquko oluphelele, okungukuthi, ekukhuleni kwazo, zidlula ezigabeni ezine: iqanda, isibungu, isiphungumangathi, imago. Emzileni ophakathi nendawo, inkathi yokukhwelwa kwamabhungane omhlabathi iqala ngasekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Ngemuva kokukhwelana, insikazi yenza i-clutch ekujuleni okungama-3-5 cm.Ibhande elilodwa lingaba namaqanda angama-20-80. Indawo yamatshe kufanele ibe mnyama, ifudumele futhi ibe nomswakama. Inhlabathi kufanele icebe ngama-humus.
Ezinhlotsheni zamabhungane asemhlabathini, abonakala ngokunakekela inzalo, amaqanda asesibambeni mancane futhi makhulu, kwezinye izinhlobo amaqanda mancane kunalokho, kodwa kunezikhathi eziningi ngaphezulu kwawo. Ngokwesimo, amaqanda angaba ngesimo se-oval elenziwe noma isilinda esinqunywe emaphethelweni ngegobolondo elincane eliphuzi eliphuzi noma elimhlophe, lapho isibungu singabonakala khona ekupheleni kokufukamela.
Ezinhlotsheni eziningi zamabhungane asemhlabathini, ukunakekela inzalo kuqukethe ukukhetha indawo efaneleke kakhulu yokubekela amaqanda, kepha kunezinhlobo lapho kuthatha izinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. Isibonelo, e-Pterostichini ground beetles, insikazi ivikela i-clutch kuze kube yilapho izibungu zichanyuselwa, ziyivikele ekungeneleleni kwamanye amabhungane nasekungenweni yisikhunta.
EMadagascar emhlabathini amabhungane uScartini, insikazi ivikela amaqanda phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokufukamela, bese ihlala isikhashana nezibungu, ibanike izibungu nezibungu zomhlaba. E-Harpalini beetle, insikazi ibeka igumbi lokudlela elinembewu ethile yezitshalo, bese idliwa yizibungu ezichanyuselwe.
Izibungu zebhungane lomhlabathi zinomzimba ohlangene (kufika ku-2 cm ubude) nekhanda elikhulu, umlomo omkhulu, isisu esihlukanisiwe nemilenze emifushane. Imvamisa zidla ngokufana namabhungane amadala. Ngesikhathi sokukhula, izibungu zincibilika kathathu. Iziphungumangathi zamabhungane omhlabathi zinqunu, ngaphandle kwegobolondo, zifana kakhulu nabantu abadala. Balala ekucindezelekeni okwenziwe emhlabathini; ezinye izinhlobo zezinambuzane zikhukhunathi. Isigaba se-pupal ngokuvamile sihlala izinsuku eziyi-7-12.
Izitha zemvelo zamabhungane omhlabathi
Isithombe: Ibhungane lomhlabathi wezinambuzane
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ibhungane lomhlabathi lidla zombili izinambuzane ezindala zezingadi nezingadi zemifino, nezibungu zazo, okuzivimbela ukuthi zande ngokushesha futhi ngaleyo ndlela zilethe izinzuzo ezinkulu. Ngakho-ke uma kukhona amabhungane omhlabathi engadini, akufanele uwaqede, ngoba izinzuzo zawo zibaluleke kakhulu. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, ibhungane elilodwa lomhlabathi omdala ngesizini ngalinye lingabhubhisa amacimbi, iziphungumangathi nezibungu eziyi-150-300. Ngakho-ke, izinhlobo eziningi zalezi zinambuzane zingukuhleleka kwamahlathi, izingadi, amasimu kanye nezingadi zemifino.
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlobo eziningi zamabhungane asemhlabathini ziyizinambuzane ezidla inyama, amabhungane, amaqanda neziphungumangathi zawo akuphikisani nokudla izinhlobo eziningi zezinambuzane, isibonelo, izintuthwane, kanye nezinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni ezincane nezinkulu. Futhi, ama-hedgehogs nama-badger athanda ukuzitika ngamabhungane asemhlabathini, kanti nase-taiga ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu ezinjengamabhere nezingulube zasendle aziwazondi la mabhungane.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izintuthwane zikhetha ukugibela emagumbini ezidleke zamabhungane omhlabathi futhi zithathe amaqanda azo, kungaba bukhoma noma izibungu, yize kwesinye isikhathi zingenandaba nokudonsa ibhungane elidala elifile kulo indlwana. Izintuthwane azithinti amabhungane aphilayo, ngoba nawo angaba izisulu zawo. Ngemuva kwakho konke, amabhungane omhlabathi afafaza inyamazane yawo ngoketshezi, okuyilapho empeleni eyiguqula iphila ibe yi-gruel.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani ibhungane lomhlabathi
Amabhungane asemhlabeni angumndeni omkhulu ngokwanele wezinambuzane ezinama-coleopteran, okuthi, ngokusho kokulinganisela okuhlukahlukene kochwepheshe be-entomology, aqukethe izinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-25-50. Iningi lazo yizinambuzane ezidla inyama, nazo ezisebenza kahle njengezivimbela ekusakazekeni kwezinambuzane.
Ngaphandle kokuchichima nokuhlukahluka kwamabhungane omhlabathi, kunezinhlobo eziningi ezinani lazo elinciphayo:
- i-ground beetle Shagreenevaya (etholakala kulo lonke elaseYurophu nasengxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia; amabhungane abhalwe kuRed Book yeSmolensk Region, eChuvash Republic, eLithuania, eBelarus);
- i-ground beetle Caucasian (ihlala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeCaucasus, kanye naseKrasnodar Territory, ibhalwe kuRed Book of Russia, Georgia);
- i-ground beetle Crimean (etholakala kuphela eNhlonhlweni YaseCrimea; ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obukhulu nokubukeka kwayo okumangazayo, ithandwa kakhulu ngabaqoqi, yingakho isibalo sayo sincipha, kubhalwe kuRed Book of Ukraine);
- ibhungane lomhlabathi elimnandi (lihlala emahlathini emazweni amaningi aseYurophu, eBelarus, eMoldova, eGeorgia, kwamanye amazwe ase-Asia Ephakathi; lesi sinambuzane sibalwe kuRed Book of Europe naseRed Book of Russia);
- i-ground beetle Lopatin-Yankovsky (etholakala engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia; efakwe ohlwini lweRed Book of Russia njengezilwane ezingavamile kakhulu).
Ukuvikelwa kwamabhungane omhlabathi
Isithombe: Ibhungane eliphansi elivela eRed Book
Inani lezinhlobo ezingandile zamabhungane omhlabathi lihlala lincipha kuzo zonke izindawo abahlala kuzo.
Lokhu kwenziwa yizici ezilandelayo:
- ukugawulwa kwemithi;
- ukunwetshwa kwezindawo zokungcebeleka;
- ikhono elibuthakathaka lamabhungane ukufuduka;
- ukwelashwa kaningi komhlaba wehlathi nezolimo ngama-pesticides kanye ne-fungicides;
- Ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo ezingandile zamabhungane omhlabathi futhi kwandiswe inani lawo, kuyadingeka ukwethula ukuvinjelwa okuqinile ekuqoqeni izinambuzane, ukwakhiwa kabusha okubanzi kwezindawo zepaki lasehlathini ezindaweni zazo, kanye nokuqala ukuzala ngobuningi ekuthunjweni.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kokugcina bekujwayele ukwenziwa ukulwa nezinambuzane zezitshalo zezolimo. Kulokhu, kuneziqukathi ezikhethekile - amakheji (ama-aquariums) anenhlabathi noqweqwe lwama-moss noma amaqabunga abolile. Amabili amabhungane omhlabathi, amanzi kanye nokudla kwawo okujwayelekile kubekwa lapho. Amabhungane aphansi ahlala lapho, ahlangana futhi abeke amaqanda ngempumelelo.
Ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa, izibungu ziyasuswa zibekwe zodwa. Izibungu zivame ukondliwa ngeminenke, amacimbi, ama-slugs, izikelemu zomhlaba. Ebusika, ikheji elineziphungumangathi lifakwa egumbini elingaphansi elihlonyelwe ngokukhethekile noma esiqandisini.
Entwasahlobo, lapho i-pupate yezibungu, iziqukathi ezinazo zidluliselwa egumbini elifudumele. Ngemuva kwamasonto ambalwa ezinsuku, amabhungane amadala akhasa engqimbeni yenhlabathi, bese ekhishwa ayiswe ezindaweni ezinezinambuzane. Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni kwamabhungane omhlabathi akuyona into esabalele, ngoba kunzima ukuzala la mabhungane ekuthunjweni.
Abalimi abaningi nabalimi, lapho bebona isinambuzane esifana ne- ibhungane lomhlabathi esizeni sabo, abasoli ngisho noma basole ukuthi lezi zinambuzane zingasiza kakhulu.Ngakho-ke, lapho bebabona, bazama ngokushesha ukubabhubhisa. Kukhona empeleni izinhlobo eziningi zebhungane lomhlabathi, futhi phakathi kwazo kukhona uhlobo olulodwa kuphela oluyisifo esibi kakhulu - ibhungane lomhlabathi (i-humpbacked peun).
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08/22/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 21.08.2019 ngo-21: 43
