Le falcon encane enomusa yathola igama elithi "kestrel" (pastelga) ngenxa yendlela eyithandayo yokubheka inyamazane (emadlelweni) endaweni evulekile.
Incazelo yeKestrel
I-kestrel yigama elijwayelekile lezinhlobo eziyi-14 zohlobo lwe-Falco (falcons) ezitholakala e-Eurasia, eMelika nase-Afrika. Izinhlobo ezimbili sezizinze esikhaleni sangemva kweSoviet - ama-kestrels ajwayelekile nawasezintabeni.
Ngokwenguqulo eyodwa, igama lesiSlavic elithi "kestrel" livela kusichasiso esithi "alinalutho" ngenxa yokungafaneleki kwale nyoni ku-falconry... Eqinisweni, izinyoni zibandakanyeka ku-falconry (kaningi e-United States), ngakho-ke inguqulo ingathathwa njengamanga. Eduze neqiniso yisiteketiso sase-Ukraine (nencazelo yaso) "boriviter": lapho iphakama, le nyoni ihlala iphendulwa ibhekane nomoya oyinhloko.
Ukubukeka
Yifalcon encane, enhle enekhanda elibekwe ngokuziqhenya namafomu ahambisanayo, izimpiko ezibanzi nomsila omude, oyindilinga (ngenxa yezimpaphe zomsila zangaphandle ezifinyeziwe). I-kestrel inamehlo amakhulu ayindilinga, umlomo ococekile oxhumeke nemilenze emnyama ephuzi enezinzipho ezimnyama. Ubukhulu bomzimba, umbala kanye nobubanzi bamaphiko buyahlukahluka kuye ngezinhlobo / izinhlobo ezingaphansi komhlaba, kepha ngokujwayelekile i-kestrel ayikhuli ngaphezu kwama-30-38 cm ngesisindo esingu-0.2 kg namaphiko afinyelela ku-0.76 m. Kubantu abadala, izeluleko zamaphiko zifinyelela esicongweni somsila. I-kestrel encane kunazo zonke yiSeychelles.
Ubude bomzimba wayo abudluli kumasentimitha angama-20, kanti amaphiko ayo angamasentimitha angama-40 kuya kwayi-45. Kukhona amachashazi amnyama ezimpapheni ezingenhla. Esinye seziteleka kakhulu yi-kestrel yaseMelika (passerine), abesilisa bayo abamangaza ngokuqhathanisa. Izimpaphe zabo zihlanganisa okubomvu, okumpunga okukhanyayo, okumhlophe nokumnyama (abesifazane banemibala enesizotha).
Okubalulekile! Izinyoni ezincane zinamaphiko amafushane futhi ayindilinga (uma kuqhathaniswa nabantu abadala), futhi umbala wezimpaphe ufana nowabesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni ezincane zinama-wax aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka / okhanyayo aluhlaza namarimu wamehlo; izinyoni ezindala zivame ukuba nemigqa ephuzi.
Ama-Kestrels ajwayelekile eRussia (i-steppe kanye nokujwayelekile) ayafana kakhulu, ngaphandle kokuthi owokuqala uphansi kancane kunowesibili ngosayizi futhi unomsila omise okweqanda. Futhi amaphiko e-steppe kestrel anciphile kancane.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Nsuku zonke, i-kestrel indizela ezindaweni zayo zokuzingela, ishaya ngokushesha amaphiko ayo abanzi. Ngokugeleza komoya okuhle (ngisho nokudla inyamazane), i-kestrel ishintshela ekushibilikeni. Lezi zingulube zingandiza emoyeni omile, ngokwesibonelo, egumbini elivaliwe, futhi lapho zindiza esibhakabhakeni, ziyajika zibhekane nomoya olandelayo. Iso le-kestrel liqaphela amalambu okukhanya we-ultraviolet nomchamo (obonakala ngokukhanyayo ekukhanyeni kwawo), asala ngamagundane amancane.
Lapho ukukhanya kukhanya ngokwengeziwe, isisulu sisondela kakhudlwana: ukuyibona, lenyoni yehlela phansi futhi ilume izinzipho zayo kuyo, yehlise ijubane eduze komhlaba. Cishe wonke ama-kestrels akwazi ukundiza endizeni ebabazekayo ebabazekayo (leli khono libahlukanisa namanye amafalcon amancane).
Ngasikhathi sinye, le nyoni ivula umsila wayo kufeni bese yehlisa kancane, kaningi futhi ngokushesha ishaya amaphiko ayo. Izimpiko, ezihambisa umoya omkhulu, zisebenza endizeni ebanzi evundlile ukuze zinikeze i-hover (endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-10-20) edingekayo ukubheka isisulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukubona kwe-kestrel kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-2.6 kunokwabantu. Umuntu oqaphe kangaka angafunda itafula likaSivtsev ukusuka phezulu kuye ezansi, asuke kulo ngamamitha angama-90. Abesilisa bakhipha okungenani amasiginali womsindo ahlukene ayi-9, nabesifazane - asebevele beyi-11. Imisindo iyehluka ngobuningi, iphimbo kanye nevolumu, kuya ngesizathu esenza ukuthi i-kestrel ikhale.
Ukukhala kwasiza ekutholeni ukuthi i-kestrel (kuya ngobubanzi) ingaba inyoni ehlala phansi, eyimizulane noma ezwakalayo efudukayo. Ukuziphatha kokufuduka kwalezi zinhlobo kunqunywa ngobuningi noma ngokuntuleka kokutholakala kokudla. Ama-kestrels afudukayo ahamba kancane, njengomthetho, ngaphandle kokuphakama ngaphezu kwama-40-100 m futhi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukundiza kwawo ngisho nasesimo sezulu esibi... Ama-Kestrels akwazi ukundiza ngaphezu kwe-Alps, okuchazwa ukuncika kwawo okuncane kumandla omoya anyukayo. Uma kunesidingo, imihlambi indizela phezu kwezinguzunga zeqhwa neziqongo, kodwa imvamisa ihamba emigwaqeni.
Mangaki ama-kestrels ahlala
Ngenxa yokukhala kwezinyoni, bekwazile ukuthola isilinganiso sobude bempilo yabo emvelweni. Kuvele ukuthi uneminyaka engu-16 ubudala. Kepha abalindi bezinyoni bakhumbuza ukuthi awekho ama-aksaki amaningi kangako phakathi kestrels. Isikhathi esibucayi kubo unyaka owodwa - uhhafu wezinyoni kuphela owela lolu phawu olubulalayo.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Izinsikazi ze-Kestrel zinkulu futhi zinzima kunezeduna ngokwesilinganiso esingu-20 g. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bavame ukukhuluphala phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa: ngalesi sikhathi, isisindo sowesifazane singadlula ama-300 g. Uma sikhulu isifazane, sanda kakhulu isibambo saso kanye nenzalo enempilo. Kwabesilisa, isisindo sihlala singashintshi unyaka wonke.
Okubalulekile! I-dimorphism yezocansi ingalandelwa ngombala wezimpaphe, ikakhulukazi ezimboze ikhanda lenyoni. Insikazi inemibala efanayo, kanti ikhanda lowesilisa linemibala ehlukile emzimbeni nasemaphikweni. Ngakho-ke, kowesilisa we-kestrel ovamile, ikhanda lihlala liluhlaza ngokukhanyayo, kanti kowesifazane linsundu, njengomzimba wonke.
Futhi, izimpaphe eziphezulu zabesilisa zivame ukwehluka kakhulu kunalezo zabesifazane, okukhombisa ukwanda kwamabala ezingxenyeni ezingezansi (ezimnyama kunabesilisa) zomzimba.
Izinhlobo ze-Kestrel
Kukholakala ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zama-kestrels azinakhokho ofanayo, yingakho angahlanganisiwe abe ngumndeni owodwa womndeni, ahlukaniswe ngokuvumelana nezinye izici ngamaqembu amakhulu ama-4.
Iqembu le-kestrel evamile
- I-Falco punctatus - i-kestrel yaseMauritius
- I-Falco newtoni - iMadagascar kestrel
- I-Falco moluccensis - iMoluccan kestrel, ejwayelekile e-Indonesia;
- I-Falco tinnunculus - i-kestrel evamile, ehlala eYurophu, e-Asia nase-Afrika;
- I-Falco araea - iSeychelles Kestrel
- I-Falco cenchroides - i-gard-ndeard noma i-kestrel yase-Australia, etholakala e-Australia / New Guinea;
- I-Falco tinnunculus rupicolus iyi-subspecies ye-kestrel ejwayelekile, eyabelwe njengezinhlobo ezihlukile ze-Falco rupicolus, ehlala eNingizimu Afrika;
- IFalco duboisi Reunion kestrel iyinhlobo engasekho eyayihlala kulesi siqhingi. Ukuhlangana kabusha e-Indian Ocean.
Iqembu lama-kestrels wangempela
- I-Falco rupicoloides iyi-kestrel enkulu ehlala eMpumalanga naseNingizimu Afrika;
- I-Falco alopex - i-kestrel yempungushe, etholakala e-Equatorial Africa;
- UFalco naumanni uyi-steppe kestrel, odabuka eSouthern Europe, eNyakatho Afrika naseNdiya.
Iqembu lama-kestrels empunga ase-Afrika
- UFalco dickinsoni - Isidudla sikaDickinson, futhi uyikhozi elisekelwa emnyama, elivamile eMpumalanga Afrika kuze kufike eNingizimu Afrika;
- I-Falco zoniventris - iMestagascar enemigqa kestrel, etholakala eMadagascar kuphela;
- I-Falco ardosiaceus iyi-kestrel empunga, etholakala ukusuka eMaphakathi kuya eNingizimu Afrika.
Iqembu lesine limelwe yizinhlobo kuphela zeFalco sparverius ezihlala eNyakatho naseNingizimu Melika - i-kestrel yaseMelika noma edlulayo.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-Kestrels asabalale cishe emhlabeni wonke futhi atholakala eYurophu, e-Asia, eMelika, e-Afrika nase-Australia. Izinyoni zizijwayeza kalula izindawo ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ziyisicaba, zigwema zombili amahlathi aminyene ngokweqile kanye namathafa angenamithi. I-kestrel ihlala endaweni evulekile enezimila eziphansi, lapho umdlalo omncane utholakala ngobuningi (into yokuzingela izinyoni). Uma ukudla kucebile, izinyoni zijwayela ukuphakama okungafani. Uma izihlahla zingekho, isidleke se-kestrel ezigxotsheni zezintambo zikagesi ngisho nasemhlabathini ongenalutho.
Kuyathakazelisa! EYurophu Ephakathi, izinyoni zihlala hhayi kuphela emaphoyiseni / emaphethelweni, kepha futhi zihlakulelwa namathafa. I-kestrel ayesabi ukuba seduze nabantu futhi iya ngokuya itholakala edolobheni, ihlala ezindaweni zokuhlala noma emanxiweni.
I-steppe kestrel ihlala emathafeni nasehlane elisogwadule, lapho ihlala khona ezindundumeni eziningi, amatshe achithakele kanye nezindawo zokuhlala zamatshe ezonakalisiwe. Engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia, ikhetha imihosha yokwakha izidleke, imifula (enamawa okudilika kwenhlabathi) nezigodi zemifula, osebeni lwayo kukhona amadwala omzali. Ezintabeni zaseSiberia eseNingizimu kanye nase-Southern Urals, izinyoni zidonsela ezigodini zemifula, ezinhlangothini zemihosha, emithambekeni yamagquma, amadwala ezintaba ezisasele, onqenqemeni lwamagquma afana namathafa nemiqansa eziqongweni zamagquma.
Ukudla kweKestrel
I-kestrel, njengezilwane eziningi ezinamaphiko, izimba isisulu ngezinzipho zayo, iqede ngokushaya ngemuva kwekhanda... Ukuzingela kwenziwa nge-perch (izingongolo, izihlahla, ama-palisade) noma endizeni. Ukuzingela kusuka ku-perch kwenzeka kaningi futhi kuphumelela kakhulu emakhazeni, ezindizeni ezindizayo - ngenkathi efudumele (ama-21% wokuhlaselwa okusebenzayo ngokumelene ne-16% ebusika).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukudilika usuka endaweni ephakeme kuyenziwa ezimweni ezikhethekile: ngokwesibonelo, ngokuhlaselwa okungalindelekile eqenjini elikhulu lezinyoni ezincane ezihlale ezindaweni zezolimo. Ukwakheka kokudla kwansuku zonke kwe-kestrel kunqunywa yizimo zayo zokuphila, ezincike kwisimo sezulu nasendaweni.
Izilwane ezizingelwa kestrel:
- amagundane amancane, ikakhulukazi ama-voles;
- izinyoni zezingoma ezincane, kufaka phakathi ondlunkulu bendlu;
- amaphuphu amajuba asendle;
- amagundane amanzi;
- izibankwa nezikelemu zomhlaba;
- izinambuzane (amabhungane nezintethe).
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukugcwalisa izindleko zamandla, ama-kestrels kufanele adle izilwane ezilingana no-25% wesisindo sazo nsuku zonke. Esiswini sezinyoni ezifile, ukuhlolwa kwesidumbu kuveze isilinganiso segundane lamagundane ancishisiwe.
Izinambuzane nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla zidliwa ngamazinyane, angakakwazi ukubamba izilwane ezinkulu, kanye nama-kestrel amadala anenkinga yezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane.
Ukuzala nenzalo
E-Central Europe, ukugoba ama-kestrels, ngokushayana kwamaphiko ngezikhathi ezithile, ukujika okuyingxenye ezungeze i-eksisi nokushibilika phansi, kuyabonakala kusuka ngoMashi kuya ku-Ephreli. Ukundiza kowesilisa, okuhambisana nokukhala okumangazayo, kulandela izinjongo ezimbili - ukuheha insikazi nokukhipha imingcele yesiza.
Insikazi ivame ukumema ekuhlanganeni, okuhlala eduze kwesilisa futhi kukhale, okufana nomsindo wenkukhu elambile. Ngemuva kokwenza ucansi, umlingani undizela esidlekeni, eqhweba intombi yakhe ngokukhala okuncane. Iqhubeka nokudonsa, owesilisa uhlala phansi esidlekeni, awuklwebhe futhi awujulise ngozipho, kuthi lapho owesifazane evela, aqale agxume ngokujabula phezulu naphansi. Ukuze insikazi ihlale esidlekeni esikhethiwe, owesilisa uyamphuzisa ngomuthi obanjwe ngaphambili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isidleke se-kestrel esingaphandle kwesihlahla sibukeka njengomgodi ongajulile noma indawo esuliwe, lapho amaqanda ahlukahlukene angama-3 kuya kwayi-7 (ngokuvamile ayi-4-6) alala khona. Izinsikazi zihlala ziqinile ngokuhlangana, zishiya kuphela uma kuba nengozi: ngalesi sikhathi zizungeza isidleke, zikhipha isigaxa esesabekayo.
I-steppe kestrel incamela ukwakha izidleke kuma-niches, imifantu emaweni obumba nasemadwaleni, phakathi kwamatshe noma emithambekeni yamagquma. Izidleke ze-Kestrels zitholakala emanxiweni ezakhiwo zamatshe (phakathi kwe-steppe) nasemigodini yezinsika zikakhonkolo ezihlala emakamu ezinkomo ehlobo. Abantu baseSpain bavame ukubeka izidleke ezindaweni zokuhlala, bakhuphukele emigodini engaphansi kophahla. I-steppe kestrel yakha amakoloni (kusuka ngazimbili kuya kwezingu-100), ngesikhawu esiphakathi kwezidleke zamamitha ayi-1-100. Ibanga eliphakathi kwamakholoni ahlukene lisuka ku-1 kuye ku-20 km.
Izitha zemvelo
Ukuzalela amachwane ehlathini, i-kestrel (njengamanye ama-falcons) ayizihluphi ngokwakha isidleke, ehlala kulezo ezishiywe yizimpisi, amagwababa kanye nama-rook. Lezi zinyoni ezintathu zibhekwa njengezitha zemvelo ze-kestrel, hhayi abantu abadala, kepha ukubamba kanye namachwane akhulayo.
Futhi, izidleke ze-kestrels zonakaliswa yi-martens nabantu. Lezi zokugcina zingenxa yelukuluku lokungenzi lutho. Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, ama-kestrels nawo awela emehlweni abazingeli, kepha manje lokhu akuvamile ukwenzeka. Kepha eMalta, i-kestrel yabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngokudutshulwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ku-2000, i-kestrel yavela embikweni we "Izinyoni Zomhlaba ezisengozini Yomhlaba" ikakhulu ngenxa yezinhlobo ezi-2 ezinobungozi bazo obukhona. Lezi zinhlobo (i-Seychelles kanye ne-Mauritian Kestrels) nazo zibhalwe ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List.
IMauritius Kestrel, enesibalo sabantu abangama-400 (kusukela ngonyaka ka-2012), ithathwa njengenkinga esiqhingini saseMauritius futhi yaziwa njengezilwane ezisengozini ngenxa yokuthambekela kwabantu okungekuhle. ISeychelles Kestrel nayo ibhalwe njengezinhlobo ezisengozini futhi ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Inani lezinyoni ezingama-800 alisebenzeli ukufuduka futhi lihlala kuphela eziqhingini zaseSeychelles.
I-IUCN Red Data Book ilinganisela inani lomhlaba le-steppe kestrel kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-61-76.1 (30.5-38 ayizinkulungwane ngazimbili) futhi liyinikeza isimo sabantu “abasengozini enkulu”.
Kuyathakazelisa! Yize ukwehla okunzima okurekhodwe engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu elidlule, lolu hlobo lutholile ukuzinza futhi landa nakwezinye izingxenye zobubanzi balo. Noma kunjalo, eRed Data Book of Russia, i-steppe kestrel ichazwa njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Izinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zithathwa njenge-kestrel evamile, inani labantu baseYurophu (ngokusho kwe-IUCN) lisukela ezinkulungwaneni eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-819 kuya kwezingu-1.21 (izinyoni ezingama-409-603 eziyizinkulungwane). Njengoba inani labantu baseYurophu cishe liyi-19% yenani lomhlaba jikelele, inani labantu lisondele kwizinyoni ezindala eziyizigidi ezingama-4.31-6.37.
ENtshonalanga Afrika, izizathu zokunyamalala kwe-kestrel yizici ze-anthropogenic eziholela ekonakaleni kwezindawo zokuhlala:
- amadlelo amakhulu ezinkomo;
- ukuvuna izingodo;
- imililo ebanzi;
- ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane.
Ukwehla kwemfuyo eYurophu nakho kuhlotshaniswa nokuqiniswa kwezolimo futhi, ikakhulukazi, nokusetshenziswa kwe-organochlorine nezinye izibulala-zinambuzane. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, i-kestrel ingenye yezinyoni eziwusizo kakhulu: emasimini, iqeda izinkumbi, amagundane ensimu nama-hamsters.
