Esikhathini seMesozoic, lezi zinyoni zayeka ukundiza zithanda isici samanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaphengwini ahamba nemizimba yawo iqonde. Zonke zinokubukeka okufanayo, kepha ziyehluka ngobude. Ama-emperor amade amade afinyelela ku-125 cm noma ngaphezulu, ama-penguin amancane awakwazi ukunqoba ama-30 cm. uphawu.
Amaphengwini ayayithanda inkampani yohlobo lwayo. Cishe azakhi izidleke; zakha imiphakathi eminingi enomsindo. Imvamisa eduze kwamanye amakoloni ezinyoni zasolwandle. Izinyoni ziqala ukuguga eminyakeni engama-20.
Izinhlobo ezincane azihlali zinqoba uphawu lweminyaka eyi-15. Izinyoni zihlala iminyaka emihlanu ekuthunjweni kunasendle. Thola, yiziphi izinhlobo zamaphengwini, ungazibona ngamehlo akho ngokuvakashela noma iyiphi i-zoo enkulu.
Ama-penguin we-genus emperor
Lolu hlobo belungolokuqala ukwehlukana nempande yomndeni, ngakho-ke lubizwa ngokuthi yi-basal. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 kuphela kuyo. Okuphakanyisiwe okukodwa - umbusi, omunye futhi unegama lobukhosi - ama-penguin asebukhosini. Lezi izinhlobo zamaphengwini esithombeni bayaziqhenya futhi banobukhosi.
Ezinyonini zalolu hlobo, izidladla zidlala indima ekhethekile. Azisebenzi njengezinsizakalo zokugcina umzimba umile. Ngesikhathi esibucayi sokufukamela amaqanda nokuvikela umntwana osafufusa emakhazeni, ziwuhlobo lwesidleke.
Izinyawo zephengwini azivikelekile emakhazeni yizimpaphe. Imikhumbi yemithambo yegazi esondelene kakhulu ibasiza ukuba bahlale befudumele. Igazi elifudumele elinemithambo yegazi linikela ngezinga lalo egazini lokuguqula igazi. Kukhona inqubo yokuzifudumeza njalo. Akugcini nje ngezidladla, ukufudunyezwa kwesidleke okungagunyaziwe.
Uhlobo lwama-emperor penguin
Kutholakale ngo-1820, ngesikhathi sohambo lwemikhumbi yaseRussia ngaphansi komyalo kaBellingshausen noLazarev ogwini lwase-Antarctica. Lezi zinyoni zenza umxhwele kakhulu kwabatholayo. Ngakho-ke, bathola isihloko esiphakeme kunazo zonke esasikhona ngaleso sikhathi.
Izinyoni zinobukhulu obumangalisayo. Ukuphakama kwabo kusondela ku-cm 130. Futhi isisindo, ngesamba esanele sokudla, singafinyelela kuma-50 kg. Umbala uqinile futhi unesizotha. Isisu esimhlophe siphenduka isifuba esiphuzi esiphaphathekile. Amalahle amnyama emuva nezimpiko kwakha ukubukeka okwenziwe kwafanela. Uqhwaku luxhunywe kancane. Ekhanda elimnyama, eduze nentamo, kunezindawo eziphuzi.
Izimpaphe zifakwa njengezintambo ezintathu zoboya, zinikeza ukufudumala nokufakwa umswakama. Ukuncelisa umlomo kunciphisa izinyoni isivikelo sazo esivikelayo. Kuze kuphele, izinyoni zihlala emhlabathini, okungukuthi, ziyalamba. Ukuvuselelwa kwezimpaphe kwenzeka ngenkuthalo futhi cishe ngasikhathi sinye emzimbeni wonke. Ngakho-ke, le nyoni ithatha isonto elilodwa noma amabili ukubulawa yindlala ngenxa yokuncibilika.
Amakoloni adalwe kude nolwandle. Ama-penguin enza uhambo olude (kufika ku-50-100 km) ukuze azithole esenkampanini yabesilisa nabesifazane abadala futhi athathe udaba lokuzala. Ubusika obusondela e-Antarctic nokwehla okuhambisanayo ngezikhathi zasemini kuyaqhubeka ukuqala indlela yokuzalanisa.
Uma sezisekoloni, izinyoni ziqala ukufuna izithandani. Abesilisa bazulazula emhlanganweni wezinyoni behlisa futhi baphakamisa amakhanda abo. Owesifazane okhululekile uphendula kule minsalo. Zime zibhekane, izinyoni ziyakhothama. Ngokukholwa kokuphindaphinda kwezifiso, amaphengwini aqala ukuhamba ngababili. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukuqomisana ngokuzilibazisa nezenzo ezengeziwe kwenzeka ezingeni lokushisa lika -40 ° C.
Ama-Emperor penguin ahlala yedwa isikhathi esisodwa. Emhlabeni onokhahlo wase-Antarctica, kufanele usebenzise ithuba lokuqala elihle lokuzalisa. Akunasizathu sokulinda umlingani wangonyaka odlule ukuthi eze kuleli koloni. Kunethuba elincane kakhulu lamathuba.
NgoMeyi-Juni, insikazi ikhiqiza iqanda elilodwa lama-470g. Ngesisindo, iqanda libukeka likhulu, kepha uma liqhathaniswa nesisindo sowesifazane, leli elinye lamaqanda ezinyoni amancane kakhulu. Kuphela u-2.3% wesisindo somzali yi-penguin embryo eboshwe egobolondweni.
Ngemuva kokuzala, iqanda lidluliselwa kowesilisa. Yiyo yodwa egcina futhi ifudumeze i-penguin yesikhathi esizayo cishe izinsuku ezingama-70. Insikazi iya olwandle ukuyokondla. Ukhathele, umzimba udinga ukudla. Abesilisa nabo banenkinga enzima. Ikholoni, lihlela iqembu eliminyene, lizisindise emakhazeni nasemoyeni, ligonane, lifulathele umoya.
Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, kufaka phakathi isikhathi sokufukamela, abesilisa balahlekelwa isisindo sabo esingama-40%. Amachwane afukamela izinyanga ezingu-2-3. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kwazo, izinsikazi zibuya nezinhlanzi ku-esophagus, ezizokondla amaphuphu. Kuze kube nguJanuwari, izinyoni ezindala ziya olwandle ziyofuna ukudla. Bese leli koloni liyabhidlika. Zonke izinyoni ziya kodoba.
Ama-penguin enkosi
Lezi zinyoni zinamapharamitha anesizotha ngokwengeziwe. Zifinyelela kumitha elilodwa ukuphakama. Ubuningi, okungenani, bufinyelela kuma-20 kg. Umbala wazo zombili lezi zinhlobo uyafana. Kodwa ama-king penguin ahlotshiswe ngamabala akhanyayo, awolintshi endaweni yendlebe nasesifubeni.
Indawo yokuhlala kwama-penguin anegama lobukhosi yiziqhingi ezingaphansi komhlaba ezise-44 ° S latitude. kuze kufike ku-56 ° S Ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, izindawo zokuzalela ama-penguin eziqhingini eziningi sezicishe zanyamalala, isizathu ngamafutha ezinyoni.
Lokhu kwaziswa kucishe kwaqothula inani labantu base-island king penguin. Amatilosi abulala izinyoni ngenxa nje yamafutha. Kuze kube manje, ukubulawa kwabantu okungenangqondo kumile. Inani eliphelele lezinyoni lidlula izigidi ezi-2. Lokho wukuthi, abasongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Ama-penguin enkosi aba ngabantu abadala eneminyaka emithathu ubudala. Inqubo yokuzala iqala, imvamisa ineminyaka engu-5. Ngo-Okthoba, amaphengwini avuthiwe abuthana kuleli koloni. Abesilisa baqala ukudlula umhlambi wezinyoni, ukukhombisa ukulungela kwabo. Umdanso wabo wokukhwelana ugoba ikhanda. Ama-vapor akha ngokushesha okwanele.
Insikazi ibeka iqanda elilodwa elingu-300 gram. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zamakhosi, hhayi owesilisa kuphela, kodwa futhi nabesifazane bayamqhatha. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingaba ngu-50, kuvele cishe amatshwele anqunu. Abazali kufanele babavikele, hhayi ngokuzikhandla njengeqanda. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-30-40, iphuphu liqala ukuzimela.
Amaphengwini amahle
Olunye uhlobo lwalesi sakhi luye lwasinda esikhathini sethu - lokhu kuyi-penguin enomugqa ophuzi kusuka emehlweni, ngemuva kwekhanda, ezungeze ikhanda. Igama elijwayelekile yi-penguin enamehlo aphuzi. AmaMaori, abomdabu baseNew Zealand, bawunikeza igama elithi Huaho. Ifunda ukuthi lokhu kakhulu izinhlobo ezingavamile zepenguin... Ikhula ize ibe ngamasentimitha angama-60-80. Ngesikhathi esondliwe kahle isisindo sayo singu-8 kg. Amehlo aphuzi yi-penguin yesine ngobukhulu ngokwesisindo nobukhulu.
Izinhlobo zeHuajo ngasogwini olusempumalanga yeNew Zealand, iSteward Islands, iAuckland nezinye. Inani nokukhula kwezinga lezinsizwa kukhombisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ukuqothulwa kwalezi zinyoni kumashumi amabili nambili eminyaka ezayo. Isizathu, ngokusho kososayensi, silele ekufudumaleni, ukungcola, ukudoba.
Osomabhizinisi baseNew Zealand baqala ukusebenzisa amakoloni ama-penguin ukuheha izivakashi. Abathandi bokungajwayelekile balethwa emabhishi ase-Oamaru, i-Otago Peninsula, lapho bezokwazi khona ukubona izinyoni zasolwandle ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi ngoba ezinamehlo aphuzi azitholakali zithunjiwe. Awaneliseki ngokuphelele ngezimo zokufakelwa zokukhiqiza kabusha.
Amaphengwini amancane
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa uhlobo olulodwa lokuqokwa - iphengwini elincane noma eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka laseNew Zealand. Umehluko omkhulu komunye umndeni yindlela yokuphila yasebusuku. Izinyoni, ngokwezinga elithile, zingabhekwa njengokumba izilwane. Bachitha usuku lonke ezindaweni zokudangala, emigodini yemvelo, kuthi ebusuku bayodoba.
Ukwesaba ikhwalithi eyinhloko yalezi zinyoni ezincane. Isisindo sabo asivamile ukudlula i-1.5 kg. Ukuzuza inqwaba enjalo, ama-penguin amancane kufanele abhukude ama-25 km ukusuka ogwini futhi lapho azingela izinhlanzi ezincane nama-cephalopods. Emgqeni osogwini, babamba ama-crustaceans.
Le nyoni yaqoshwa okokuqala futhi yachazwa ngo-1871 ngumhloli wamazwe waseJalimane uReinhold Forester. Kodwa kusekhona izingxabano phakathi kwezazi zezinto eziphilayo. Ngokwesibonelo. Kukhona uhlobo lwephengwini elinamaphiko amhlophe. Kubhekwa njengama-subspecies amancane, kepha abanye ababhali bakubeka ezinhlotsheni ezizimele. Ucwaningo lwe-DNA lwezinyoni luyaqhubeka, kepha inkinga ayikaze ixazululwe ekugcineni.
I-penguin enamaphiko amhlophe ihlala esifundazweni saseNew Zealand saseCanterbury. Emithambekeni engasogwini, izinyoni ezinamaphiko amhlophe zakha imijondolo elula kunazo zonke ezihlala kuyo emini. Kusihlwa, ebumnyameni, iya olwandle. Lo mkhuba uvikela ezinyonini zasolwandle ezidla inyama, kepha uvikela ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ezilethwe kula mazwe ngabantu baseYurophu.
Ohulumeni beCommonwealth yaseAustralia kanye neNew Zealand eyakhelene nabo bakunqabile ukubulawa kwamaphengwini. Kwenziwe indawo evikelekile lapho izinyoni zihlangana khona emakoloni. Kepha ukudoba, ikakhulukazi amanetha, ukuchitheka kukawoyela, imfucumfucu yolwandle, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, nokwenza buthakathaka ukudla, konke kushayela phansi amaphengwini.
Amaphengwini acijile
Lolu hlobo luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezi-7 ezikhona. Ezinye zazo ziningi impela. Kodwa eyodwa - 8 yezinhlobo - yanyamalala ngekhulu le-19. Ukukhula okugcwele kwezinyoni kufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-50-70. Amagama ezinhlobo zepenguin ziveza izici zazo zangaphandle noma izindawo zokwakha izidleke.
- UPhengwini obanjiwe. Ukubukwa kokuphakanyiswa. Njengoba kufanele iphengwini elicwecwe, ingubo emnyama nomhlophe ihlotshiswe ngezigqoko zezimpaphe eziphuzi namakhekhe.
- Penguin onezinwele ezimhlophe. Kuyaziwa zingaki izinhlobo zamaphengwini ingeyomndeni. Kunezigidi ezingama-40 zazo. Ingxenye yenani lamaphengwini yizinyoni ezinezinwele ezisagolide.
- Penguin wasenyakatho. Lezi zinyoni zisanda kukhonjwa njengetekisi elihlukile. Ngokwazi okuphoqelelwe ukukhuphuka emadwaleni, babizwa ngokuthi abagibeli bamadwala. Noma ama-penguin anamatshe anezinwele zegolide. Lezi zinyoni ezingakwazi ukundiza zakha izidleke ezindala emithambekeni emikhulu. Lapho kungafiki khona umhlaseli womhlaba. Ngeshwa, lokhu akuvikeli abaphangi bomoya.
- Iphengwini elincane. Ngaphandle kwenani elincane, amabhungane anezinhlamvu ezijiyile awakwazi ukuqoshwa kuwo izinhlobo ezisengozini yamaphengwini... Ithemba lokulondolozwa kohlobo luhlotshaniswa nokuba kude kwezindawo zokuhlala kanye nokungabikho kwangempela kwezitha zomhlaba.
- Umnenke obanjwe iphengwini. Izinyoni zihlala esidlekeni esincane seSnares Archipelago. Indawo yayo ingaphezudlwana kwe-3 sq. km. Ngaphandle, le nyoni yehluke kakhulu ezihlotsheni zayo. Indawo ekhanyayo ezansi komlomo ojiyile onsundu ingasebenza njengophawu lokuhlonza.
Isiqhingi sasekhaya akuyona inqwaba yamatshe. Inezihlahlana nezihlahla, nokuthi yini esasiyibiza ngehlathi. Lesi siqhingi sihle kakhulu ngoba azikho izidumbu kuso. Ngakho-ke, ama-Snare Crested Penguin akha izidleke emithambekeni engasogwini nasebangeni, e-Snare Forest.
- ISchlegel Penguin. Isakhamuzi saseMacquarie Island. Isiqhingi esikude eSouth Pacific ukuphela kwendawo lapho le nyoni ikhiqiza khona inzalo. Bakhelene nezinye izinyoni zasolwandle, lobu buhle bukhule babalelwa ezigidini ezi-2-2.4.
- I-penguin enhle kakhulu. Kwesinye isikhathi kubhekiselwa kuye njengoScater Penguin. Isakhamuzi se-Antipode neBounty Islands. Izinhlobo azifundiswanga kahle. Izinombolo zayo ziyancipha. Kubhekwa njengenyoni esengozini yokuqothulwa.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi akubona bonke ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo abavumelana nalolu hlobo lwezinhlobo zezinyoni ezihlanganisiwe. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezi-4 kuphela.Futhi ezintathu zokuqala ezisohlwini zingaphansi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo.
Ama-penguin we-Chinstrap
Bangena, kanye nombuso, izikhundla eziseningizimu kakhulu lapho kusungulwa amakoloni. Njengoba zisogwini olunamadwala, zakha izidleke zamatshe ezilula kakhulu. Lapho kuzaliswa amachwane kumaqhwa ezwekazi, lokhu akunakwenzeka. Izidladla zezinyoni zisebenza njengesidleke.
Baya olwandle oluvulekile ukuze bathole ukudla. Indawo yokuhlaselwa ezikoleni zezinhlanzi ezincane kwesinye isikhathi itholakala ebangeni lama-80 km noma ngaphezulu ukusuka ogwini. Lapha abagcini ngokugcwalisa izisu zabo, kepha ngokwabo baba yizisulu zezilwane ezizingelayo. Cishe i-10% yenani eliphelele le-chinstrap penguin labantu libanjwa ngamabhubesi olwandle.
- Adelie Penguin. I-penguin yatholakala futhi yachazwa usosayensi waseFrance uDumont-Durville. Ihambisana negama lomfazi wososayensi. Ukubukeka kwezinyoni kuyinto yakudala yesitayela sephengwini. Awekho ama-frills. Isisu nesifuba esimhlophe, ingubo emnyama yengubo. Cishe imibhangqwana eyizigidi ezimbili inakekela inzalo yayo eziqhingini zase-Antarctic nasogwini olusenkabeni yezwe.
- I-Gentoo penguin. Igama elijwayelekile elingajwayelekile livela kwiLatin Pygoscelis papua. Okokuqala ukubonwa nokuchazwa eziQhingini zaseFalkland. Le nyoni ayifihli neze.
Uzinikela ngokukhala okukhonondayo hhayi okumnandi kakhulu. Indawo yokuhlala kanye nendlela yokuphila iphinda indawo nemikhuba ekhonjiswa abanye izinhlobo zamaphengwini e-Antarctica... Inyoni yasolwandle eshesha kunazo zonke engakwazi ukundiza. Emanzini, ithuthukisa irekhodi elingu-36.5 km ngehora. Futhi iyilungu lesithathu ngobukhulu bomndeni wama-penguin. Ikhula ize ifike ku-71 cm.
- I-Chinstrap penguin. Umugqa omnyama ohlukile ugijima engxenyeni engezansi yobuso, okwenza ibonakale ukubukeka kwamaphengwini... Ngenxa yomugqa, ngezinye izikhathi izinyoni zibizwa ngokuthi i-chinstrap penguin noma amanqe anentshebe. Bangaphezulu kwama-75 cm ukuphakama futhi banesisindo esingu-5 kg.
Ama-penguin akhangayo noma ezimbongolo
Umbukwane - izinhlobo zamaphengwinileso sidleke kude ne-Antarctica. Ngokukhala okuhlabayo, okufana nokubhonga kwesilwane esinemilenze emine, bavame ukubizwa ngezimbongolo. Umugqa ohlukile onemiphetho engalingani, ofana ne-arch enkulu, ugijima engxenyeni yomzimba womzimba.
- Iphengwini elibabazekayo. Inani labantu lilinganiselwa kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200. Noma sekwedlule ikhulu leminyaka, kwakukhona izinyoni ezingaba yisigidi zalolu hlobo.
- I-Humboldt penguin. EChile nasePeru, lapho umsinga obandayo uthinta khona ugu olunamadwala, ama-penguin ama-Humboldt aqandusela amachwane awo. Zimbalwa izinyoni ezisele - cishe ngamabili ayi-12,000. Ososayensi bahlobanisa ukwehla kwenani lama-penguin noshintsho ezindleleni zemisinga yolwandle.
- Iphengwini iMagellanic. Igama layo laphazamisa inkumbulo yesihambi uFernand Magellan. Izinyoni zihlala eningizimu ningizimu yeNingizimu Melika, ogwini lwasePatagonia. Lapho, izigidi ezimbili zabantu abashadayo abanomsindo bathola inzalo.
- IGalapagos Penguin. Izinhlobo ezidla eGalapagos, okungukuthi, eziqhingini eziseduze nenkabazwe. Ngaphandle komehluko ophawuleka kakhulu ezimweni zokuhlala, ama-penguin aseGalapagos awakaze abhekane nezinguquko ekubukekeni nasemikhubeni ehlobene nezinye izinyoni ezikhanyisiwe.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
Ngokubheka ama-penguin aseMagellanic, izazi zezilwane ziye zathola ukuthi kukhona abanesandla sokudla nabanxele phakathi kwabo. Okusho ukuthi, izilwane zisebenza kakhulu nge-paw eyodwa noma enye. Ayikho i-ambidextor eyodwa (isilwane esinezimbili ezithuthukiswe ngokulinganayo). Okuqaphelekile ukuthi ama-penguin "anyawo lwesinxele" anolaka kakhulu. Kubantu, lokhu kuncika akubonwa.
Lapho zifunela ukudla, ama-penguin enkosi akhombisa ikhono lawo lokubhukuda nokudilika emanzini. Ngesikhathi zizingela izinhlanzi, izinyoni zitshuza ziye ekujuleni okungamamitha angama-300. Hlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu engaphezu kwengu-5. Ukuqoshwa kwerekhodi kwaqoshwa ngo-1983. Ukujula kwayo kwakungu-345 m.
Amaphengwini aqeda ukoma kwawo ngamanzi anosawoti. Isikhathi esiningi, izinyoni zimane zinendawo yokuthola okusha. Umzimba wephengwini unendlala ekhethekile ye-supraorbital eqapha ibhalansi kasawoti futhi isuse ukugcwala kwayo ngamakhala. Ngenkathi ezinye izilwane zifuna imithombo kasawoti, ezinye (ama-penguin) ziye zaconsa kusukela ekugcineni kwekhala lazo.
Ezigidini eziningi, yiphengwini elilodwa kuphela elibizelwa inkonzo yezempi. Igama lakhe nguNils Olaf. Indawo yokuhlala e-Edinburgh Zoo. Manje isihloko "mnumzane" kufanele sengezwe egameni lakhe. Iphengwini lisebenze ebuthweni laseNorway iminyaka eminingi. Umsebenzi wakhe ususukile ekubeni ngumdidiyeli waba ngumkhuzi ohloniphekile.
Kuliqiniso, umanduleli wakhe, owafa ngo-1988 esesikhundleni sosayitsheni, wadlula ingxenye yokuqala yohambo. U-Olaf wamanje waxoshwa ngo-2008. Nguyena kuphela penguin ofinyelele esigabeni esiphezulu sezikhulu eNorway Armed Forces.
