I-Albatross - omunye wabamele abakhulu bezinyoni zeplanethi yethu - mhlawumbe inyoni yasolwandle enothando kakhulu endle. Sekuyisikhathi eside i-albatross ibhekwa njengebika elihle. Abasolwandle babona uphawu oluhle ekubukekeni kwalezi zinyoni eduze komkhumbi, futhi abanye bakholelwa ukuthi ama-albatross ayimiphefumulo yamatilosi afile.
Abantu bakholelwa ukuthi uma ulimaza i-albatross, ingasaphathwa eyokuyibulala, icala elinjalo ngeke lijeziswe, kuzodingeka ukuthi ulikhokhele kungekudala. Futhi ama-albatross ngokwawo abelokhu ehola indlela yabo yokuphila elinganisiwe ezigidini eziningi zeminyaka, engakhombisi ulaka ezweni elibazungezile nakubantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Albatross
Ukwahlukaniswa Kwezilwane Zasendle Kuhlukanisa ama-albatross ngokulandelana kwezimbongolo, umndeni wezinyoni zasolwandle. Abavubukuli bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwakudala kakhulu. Ukwahlulela ngezinsalela ezitholakele, okhokho abakude bama-albatross bahlala eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-20-35 edlule. Izihlobo eziseduze zama-petrels nazo ziyaziwa, iminyaka yezinsalela lapho ososayensi balinganisela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-70.
Ucwaningo oluningi lwezinsalela ezingeni lamangqamuzana lukhombisa ukuba khona kohlobo olulodwa lwenyoni yasendulo, lapho ama-albatross aqhamuka khona kamuva. Izinsalela ze-Albatross zivame kakhulu enyakatho yezwe kunaseningizimu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kutholakale izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezindaweni lapho kungahlali khona ama-albatross anamuhla - ngokwesibonelo, eNyakatho ye-Atlantic Ocean, kwesinye seziQhingi zeBermuda naseNyakatho Carolina (e-USA).
Ividiyo: Albatross
I-albatross iyinyoni yasolwandle enkulu kunazo zonke enezici ezihlukile. Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-albatross angahle angaveli emhlabathini isikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi izinyanga ezimbalwa, isikhathi sonke ngaphezulu kwamanzi. Ziqinile ngokwedlulele, zikwazi ukuhamba ngezindiza ezinde kakhulu. Ukwakheka kwamaphiko nokwakheka komzimba kushintshelwa ukundiza emoyeni ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi.
I-albatross ingandiza phezu kolwandle izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphandle kokushaya amaphiko ayo.
Leli khono likhona kuma-albatross ngenxa yokuba khona kwamaphiko amakhulu futhi aqinile, ubude bawo kwabanye abantu bufinyelela kumamitha ayi-3.7. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okuyinhloko kuwela ekusukeni nasekuzingeleni, sonke isikhathi lapho izinyoni zingasebenzisi amandla, ekubeni zikhuphuka mahhala noma zihlala ebusweni bamanzi.
Ama-Albatross akha ama-pair azinzile angahlukani kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila komunye wawo. Ukukhetha umlingani iminyaka eminingana, bakha umndeni oqinile okwazi ukuzala inzalo okungenani kanye njalo eminyakeni emibili. Bangabalingani abalinganayo nabazali abanakekelayo. Kokubili amaqanda esikazi nawesilisa achamisela, ondle, akhulise futhi avikele amaphuphu.
Kusukela ngesikhathi sokubekela amaqanda kuya endizeni yokuqala ye-albatross, kuthatha cishe unyaka. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaphuphu aqeqeshwe ngokuphelele ngabazali bawo ukuze aphile ngokuzimela. Imvamisa, indiza iphuma esidlekeni sayo, ayiphindi ibuye.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Bird albatross
Ochwepheshe bakhomba izinhlobo ezingama-22 ze-albatross. Phakathi kwabo kukhona abamele abancane kakhulu - abekho mkhulu kune-gull ejwayelekile, futhi kukhona imidondoshiya yangempela enamaphiko angaphezu kwamamitha ayi-3.5. Ama-albatross amancane, njengomthetho, anezimpaphe ezimnyama, amathoni abhemayo nansundu, amakhulu - amhlophe qwa noma anamabala amnyama azungeze ikhanda noma amaphiko. Izimpaphe ze-albatross zilingana kahle emzimbeni, ngaphansi kwezimpaphe kunokukhanya nokufudumala phansi, okufana nezinsimbi ezisesimweni sazo.
Izimpaphe zama-albatross amancane zihluke kakhulu kwezabantu abavuthiwe. Ukuthola umbala wabantu abadala, izilwane ezincane zithatha iminyaka eminingana.
Ama-albatross anomlomo omkhulu oqinile, ingxenye yawo ephezulu igobele phansi. Kuzo zombili izinhlangothi, engxenyeni eshisayo yoqhwaku olungaphezulu, izindima ezimbili zamakhala ezisesimweni samashubhu zitholakala ngokulingana. Lesi sakhiwo sinikeza izinyoni umuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga kanye nekhono lokuthola inyamazane ngephunga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngenxa yalesi sici, iqembu linelinye igama - i-tubnose.
Izidladla ze-albatross zinamandla, zihamba kahle nangokuzethemba emhlabathini. Izinzwani ezintathu zangaphambili zinombhede wokumsiza ukubhukuda kahle. Isici esiyinhloko sama-albatross amaphiko azo ahlukile. Aklanywe ngendlela yokuthi anikeze izinyoni amandla okuhamba amabanga amade futhi zishebelele isikhathi eside emoyeni. Izimpiko ziqinile, zijiyile ngaphambili futhi zincane ngobude.
I-albatross igcina iseduze kobuso bamanzi isebenzisa ubungcweti. Endizeni, izindimbane zomoya ezizayo nomoya kubhekele ukuqondiswa nokushesha kokuhamba. Zonke lezi zindlela zivumela i-albatross ukuthi yonge kakhulu amandla ayo. I-albatross kufanele ishaye amaphiko ayo lapho isuka kuphela ukuze iqhele ebusweni futhi izuze ukuphakama okufunayo.
Ihlala kuphi i-albatross?
Isithombe: isilwane i-Albatross
Indawo okuhlala kuyo iningi lamakholoni ama-albatross ikakhulukazi amanzi aneqhwa e-Antarctica futhi jikelele iSouthern Hemisphere yonke. Lapho, basakazwa kuyo yonke insimu. Ama-albatross afudukayo angatholakala naseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Kuyiqiniso, abadluleli ezingxenyeni ezibandayo zalo, behlala esimweni sezulu esijwayeleke kakhulu sezindawo ezipholile.
Kodwa kwezinye izinhlobo ze-albatross, ugu olusenyakatho yePacific luyindawo yokuhlala unomphela. Laba ngabamele abanye bohlobo lwePhoebastria, abakhethe insimu esuka e-Alaska naseJapan baya eziQhingini zaseHawaii ngamakholoni abo.
Futhi inhlobo eyingqayizivele kakhulu - iGalapagos albatross - iyona kuphela esidlekeni seziQhingi zaseGalapagos. Ngenxa yokushoda kwemisinga yomoya edingekayo ekuhleleni, indawo ezolile ye-equator ayikwazi ukuwela iningi lezinyoni ezinekhono elibuthakathaka lokundiza okusebenzayo. IGalapagos albatross isebenzisa imimoya ebangelwe wumsinga wamanzi obandayo wasolwandle weHumboldt, futhi ngenxa yalokhu inethuba lokuphakela lapho ezinye izihlobo zazo zingenakufinyelela khona.
Ososayensi bezinyoni baqapha ngokucophelela ukunyakaza kwama-albatross olwandle. Azenzi izindiza zonyaka, kepha lapho nje isikhathi sokuzalisa sesiphelile, uhla lwazo luyahlakazeka, kwesinye isikhathi luye lwenze izindiza ze-circumpolar circumpolar, yize ezokugcina zibhekisa ezinhlotsheni zaseningizimu zezinyoni kuphela.
Idlani i-albatross?
Isithombe: Albatross
Isikhathi eside bekukholelwa ukuthi ama-albatross adla ngokukhethekile ebusweni bolwandle, ebhukuda futhi ehlwitha isikwidi, inhlanzi nokunye ukudla okuvela emanzini, okwenziwa yimisinga noma okusala ngemuva kokudla izilwane zasolwandle. Ukuhlolwa kokungeniswa kwama-capillary echo sounders emzimbeni wezinyoni kwenza ukuthi kutholakale imininingwane ngokwazi kwabo ukuzingela ngokujule.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo azidonseli inyamazane ijule ngaphezu kwemitha ebusweni bamanzi, kanti ezinye - ngokwesibonelo, i-albatross ebhemayo - ziyakwazi ukudilika ziye ekujuleni kwamamitha ayi-5 noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunamacala aziwayo okucwiliswa kwawo ajule kakhulu - angafika kumamitha ayi-12. Ama-Albatross azingela kokubili emanzini nasemoyeni.
Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko izidalwa zasolwandle ezincane:
- ingwane;
- izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi;
- imfanzi;
- krill.
Kuye kwaqashelwa ukuthi izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinyoni zinokuthanda okungafani. Ukudla kwabanye kuphethwe yizinhlanzi, kanti ezinye zondla kakhulu nge-squid. Ukuziphatha kokudla kubonakala ekukhetheni kwendawo yokuhlala yekoloni. Ama-Albatross akhetha ukuhlala lapho ulwandle lucebe kakhulu ekudleni akuthandayo.
Ucwaningo lokubuka izinyoni lukhombisile ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo ze-albatross, njenge-wandering albatross, zingaba nezidumbu emenyu. Mhlawumbe lokhu kungukumosha ukudoba, izinsalela zokudla kwemikhomo yesidoda, noma izakhamuzi zasolwandle ezafa ngesikhathi sokuzala. Kodwa-ke, izinyoni eziningi zikhetha ukudla bukhoma kuphela.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Albatross indiza
Ama-Albatross abonakala ngokuphila kokuthanda izinto, ahlala emakoloni. Imvamisa, leli koloni lihlala esiqhingini esehlukile, esikhethwe ngokufinyelela olwandle okuhle kakhulu kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Lapho ziyakhwelana, zakha izidleke futhi zizalele.
Ukuze baphile, bakhetha izindawo zoLwandlekazi Lomhlaba, lapho i-squid ne-krill ziqukethwe khona ngokwanele, okusebenza njengomthombo wazo wokudla. Uma ukudla kuntuleka, ama-albatross ayasuswa esidlekeni sawo abekwe ayofuna izimo ezikahle zokuphila.
Ukuze zithole ukudla, lezi zinyoni ziyakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade. Zizingela ikakhulu emini bese zilala ebusuku. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phambilini bekukholelwa ukuthi ama-albatross alala ngqo lapho endiza, kuyilapho ama-hemispheres kwesobunxele nangakwesokudla obuchopho evalelwa indawo yokuphumula. Manje kuyaziwa ukuthi balala ikakhulukazi emanzini. Ukulala kufushane, badinga amahora amabili kuya kwamathathu kuphela ukuphumula nokululama.
Ikhono lokundiza emoyeni ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphansi lithuthukiswa kakhulu kwi-albatross kangangokuthi imvamisa yokushaya kwenhliziyo yayo endizeni enjalo isondele ekushayeni kwenhliziyo ngesikhathi sokuphumula.
Ama-Albatross, naphezu kobukhulu bawo obumangalisayo nangoqhwaku olukhulu olubukhali, awakhombisi ulaka endle. Konke abakukhathalelayo ukuthola ukudla nokuzala inzalo. Bangabazali ababekezelayo nabakhathalelayo nabavikeli abahle babangane babo uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ama-albatross
Abantu base-Albatross banesakhiwo senhlalo esihluke ngokuphelele. Abantu abadala bahlanganyela ekukhuliseni izilwane ezincane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, noma amachwane esevele asishiyile isidleke sabazali, adinga isibonelo sokuziphatha esivela ezinyoni ezikhule ngokwengeziwe futhi asithole ngokunamathela emakoloni azinzile, amukela amakhono namakhono okuxhumana nabantu besizwe sakubo kanye nabantu bobulili obuhlukile.
Ama-albatross aphila isikhathi eside kakhulu ngezinyoni - cishe iminyaka engama-50, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Ukuthomba futhi kwenzeka sekwephuze impela, cishe eminyakeni yobudala emi-5. Kodwa noma kunjalo, njengomthetho, abakangeni esigabeni esisebenzayo sokukhiqiza, kepha bakwenze ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, beneminyaka engu-7-10.
Abantu abasha bazikhethela umlingani iminyaka eminingana. Ngenkathi besekoloni phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, bafunda imininingwane nezici zemidlalo yokukhwelana, into eyinhloko umdanso wokukhwelana. Lolu uchungechunge lokuhamba okuhambisanayo nemisindo - ukuqhwanyaza umlomo, ukuhlanza izimpaphe, ukubheka nxazonke, ukucula, njll. Kuthatha isikhathi esiningi ukuthi intsha ibambe wonke amasu namakhono okuheha abantu bobulili obuhlukile.
Owesilisa, njengomthetho, uzama ukujabulisa abesifazane abaningana ngasikhathi sinye, futhi ukwenza lokhu kuze kube yilapho omunye wabo ephindaphinda. Lapho ekugcineni umbhangqwana usakhiwa, singacabanga ukuthi sekuvele umndeni wenyoni wangempela, abalingani abazohlala bethembekile komunye nomunye kuze kube sekupheleni. Ukushintsha abalingani kuma-albatross akuvamile kakhulu, imvamisa kubangelwa yimizamo eminingi engaphumelelanga yokuba nenzalo.
Lo mbhangqwana osanda kwakhiwa uthuthukisa owabo ulimi lomzimba oqondwa ababili kuphela. Zakha isidleke lapho insikazi izalela khona iqanda elilodwa vo. Kodwa bayayifukamela, bayivikele ezitheni, bese benakekela iphuphu elichanyuselwe - bobabili abazali.
Ama-Albatross ngokuvamile ahlala esidlekeni lapho azichamusela khona.
Ukuthola ukudla kwephuphu, i-albatross ingandiza ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayi-1000. Ngokunikezwa ibanga elinjalo, umzali onezimpaphe akakwazi ukuletha ukudla okusha njalo esidlekeni, ngakho-ke, ukuze akugcine, uyakugwinya. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sama-enzyme esiswini, ukudla kuguqulwa kube yiprotheni enempilo, leyo i-albatross iyiphindisela emlonyeni womdlwane.
Inqubo yokukhulisa inzalo kuma-albatross ihlala cishe unyaka. Kungemva kwalesi sikhathi kuphela, amaphuphu akhulile futhi avuthiwe ame ophikweni ashiye izidleke zabazali. Imvamisa ayibuyiswa. Futhi ngemuva konyaka noma emibili, abazali bakulungele ukuzalwa kwengane entsha. Le nqubo iyaqhubeka inqobo nje uma owesifazane eseminyakeni yokuzala.
Izitha zemvelo zama-albatross
Isithombe: i-Albatross emanzini
Endaweni ekhethwe ukwakha isidleke se-albatross, njengomthetho, azikho izidlo zomhlaba. Lokhu kuthambekela komlando akuvumeli ukwakhiwa kwezimpawu zokuzivikela ezinyoni. Ngakho-ke, izilwane ezethulwe ngabantu - ngokwesibonelo, amagundane noma amakati endle - zibeka engcupheni enkulu kuzo. Zihlasela izinyoni ezindala zibhubhise izidleke zazo ngokudla amaqanda namachwane amancane.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi lezi zinyoni ezinkulu zingahlushwa amagundane amancane kakhulu - amagundane, nawo angaphikisani nokuzingela inyamazane elula ngendlela yamaqanda e-albatross. Amagundane, amakati, amagundane asakazeka futhi anda ezindaweni ezingavamile ngejubane elikhulu. Badinga ukudla, ngakho-ke, ama-albatross angakalungele ingozi enjalo awele endaweni enobungozi.
Kepha akuwona nje amagundane asemhlabeni ayingozi kuma-albatross. Futhi banezitha emanzini. Oshaka abahlala ezindaweni ezisogwini lapho izinyoni zidla khona abantu abadala, futhi kaningi - izilwane ezisencane. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-albatross afika esidlweni sasemini nakwezinye izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle. Kunezimo lapho amathambo e-albatross atholakala esiswini se-sperm whale. Yagwinywa, kungenzeka ngengozi, kanye nokunye ukudla, ngoba izinyoni azifakiwe nakancane kwimenyu ejwayelekile yomkhomo wesidoda.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Bird albatross
Ngokudidayo, ama-albatross, anezitha ezimbalwa endle, asengozini. Ngandlela thile, lokhu kwenzeka ngephutha lomuntu.
Ezikhathini zasendulo, ukuzingela okusebenzayo kwe-albatross kwaholela ekunyamalaleni okuphelele kwabantu kwezinye izindawo. Lokhu kwenzeke ngezindawo zokwakha izidleke zezinyoni e-Easter Island. Babhujiswa ngabazingeli basendulo basePolynesia ababebulala izinyoni ukuze bathole inyama. Kuze kube manje, isibalo se-albatross e-Easter Island asikalulami.
Ngokuqala kokuthuthuka kokudoba olwandle eYurophu, ukuzingela i-albatross nakho kwavulwa lapho. Izinyoni zaqothulwa ngonya ngamanani amakhulu, hhayi nje kuphela inyama enambithekayo, kodwa futhi nokuzijabulisa, ukuhlela imincintiswano yezemidlalo, noma ukumane uzibambele ukuzithiba.
Futhi ngekhulu le-19, ukuqothulwa kwe-albatross emhlophe, okwakhiwe ngasogwini olusenyakatho loLwandlekazi iPacific, kwaqala. Izinyoni zabulawa ngezimpaphe ezinhle, ezazisetshenziselwa ukwenza izigqoko zezintokazi. Ngenxa yalezi zenzo, inani labantu lacishe lanyamalala ebusweni bomhlaba.
Njengamanje, ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezingama-22 ze-albatross, izinhlobo ezi-2 zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa, isimo sezinye izinhlobo eziyisithupha saziwa njengengozi, kanti ezinhlanu ezisengozini. Enye yezinsongo ezinkulu kubantu bezinyoni ukuthuthukiswa kokudoba okude. Izinyoni zidonswa iphunga lesithiyelo, ziyaligwinya kanye nezingwegwe, lapho zingakwazi ukuzikhulula khona zodwa. Kanye nokudoba ama-pirate, ukudoba ngolayini olude kulimaza inani lama-albatross, afinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngekhodi ngayinye.
Ukuvikelwa kwe-Albatross
Isithombe: I-Albatross Red Book
Ukuze kuvinjelwe ukwehla okubucayi kwenani lama-albatross endle, ososayensi nezinhlangano zokongiwa komphakathi emhlabeni wonke zakha izindlela zokuzivikela eziphelele. Basebenza ngokubambisana nezinkampani zokudoba kanye nohulumeni bezwe.
Ukwehlisa iphesenti lokufa kwezinyoni ngesikhathi sokudoba isikhathi eside, kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuvimbela:
- izinto zokuxosha izinyoni;
- ukukalwa kwezinkuni;
- ukudoba ekujuleni okukhulu;
- ukudoba ebusuku.
Le micimbi isivele ikhombisa ukuguquguquka okuhle. Kepha inhloso yososayensi ukubuyisa ukulinganisela kwemvelo kwasekuqaleni ezindaweni ze-albatross. Ukwenza lokhu, basebenza ngenqubo yokususa izilwane ezingaziwa eziqhingini.
Ekhuluma ngemisebenzi yokongiwa maqondana nama-albatross, umuntu angehluleka ukusho isinyathelo esibaluleke kakhulu - ukusayinwa ngo-2004 kweSivumelwano Sokuvikelwa Kwe-Albatrosses noPetrels. Kuphoqa amaqembu ukuthi ahlele izindlela zokunciphisa iphesenti lokufa kwezinyoni ngesikhathi sokudoba, ukuhlanza indawo yokuhlala ama-albatross ezinhlotsheni zezilwane ezifakiwe nokunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Kunethemba elikhulu ngalo mbhalo ekongweni kwama-albatross asendle.
I-Albatross - isidalwa esimangalisayo. Imvelo ibanikeze amakhono ahlukile, amandla nokukhuthazela. Kwazi bani, mhlawumbe lezi zinyoni zasolwandle ezinhle nezinokuziqhenya ngempela ziletha inhlanhla. Yinye into eqinisekile - badinga ukuvikelwa kwethu nokuxhaswa kwethu. Futhi kufanele sizinikeze uma sifuna ukugcina ukutholakala kwalezi zinyoni ezimangalisayo endle kwenzalo yethu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 18.04.2019
Usuku lokuvuselela: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 45
