Isilinganiso samanzi noma i-vole yamanzi yisilwane esivamile endaweni yethu. Igundane elincane elihlala eduze nemizimba yamanzi. Zibukeka ziyizilwane ezinhle kakhulu futhi ezingenabungozi, kepha kwezolimo, amagundane amanzi abhekwa njengezilokazane eziyingozi ngenxa yokuthi alimaza izihlahla nezitshalo ezitshaliwe. Bangabathwali bezifo eziningi eziyingozi.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Igundane Lamanzi
Igundane lamanzi noma i-water vole (i-Arvicola amphibius) isilwane esincelisayo esincane esise-oda lamagundane, umndeni we-vole. Uhlobo lwe-Water voles lubandakanya uhlobo olulodwa kuphela, ama-Water voles.
Amagundane yizilwane zasendulo kakhulu futhi ezisabalele ngokweqile. Izinduku zahlala emhlabeni wethu ngesikhathi seCretaceous. Izinsalela ezindala kunazo zonke kuthiwa zenziwa ngesikhathi sePleocene, kuyilapho izilwane zihlala endaweni yaseMelika yanamuhla. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuvela kwezilwane kube nezinguquko, izilwane zivumelane ngempumelelo nezinguquko zemvelo, futhi okwamanje ezweni lethu kuphela kukhona imindeni eyi-11 yohlu lwama-rodents.
Ividiyo: Igundane Lamanzi
Umndeni we-vole uhlanganisa imikhakha engu-15. Izinhlobo eziningi zomndeni we-vole zingamagundane amancane anempumulo encane, izindlebe ezincane, izidladla ezimfushane nomsila. Kunamazinyo aqinile emlonyeni, angakwazi ngawo ukudlana ngokhuni oluqinile. Ijazi lamagundane amaningi lifushane, igundane lamanzi lide futhi liwugqinsi. Igundane Lamanzi linomsila omude ngokukhethekile, ocwecwe kancane ukusuka ezinhlangothini; azikho ulwelwesi ezinzwaneni zemilenze yalo yangemuva. Amagundane amanzi ahlukile kwamanye amagundane ngama-auricles amancane, acishe angaphumi, ahluke kuma-voles ampunga ngosayizi omkhulu, futhi ahlukile kumskrat omiswe ngomsila.
I-Palevaceous ingelinye lamaqembu amaningi kakhulu wamagundane angakwazi ukubekezelela kalula izimo ezinzima zemvelo futhi adle ukudla okungenamsoco, njengemifino, amagxolo nezimpande zezihlahla nezihlahlana, nezinhlamvu. Amagundane amanzi ahlala eduze kwezidumbu zamanzi, kepha angahlala nasensimini eduze nomzimba wamanzi kanye nasehlathini. Izilwane zalolu hlobo zisebenza ubusuku nemini, zihlala emigodini. Azifihli ubusika bonke.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani igundane lamanzi
Igundane lamanzi yisilwane esincelisayo esincane. Lesi silwane silinganiselwa ku-140-220 mm ubude. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, kanye nekhwalithi yempilo yesilwane, ubukhulu bomzimba nesisindo kungahluka kakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, isisindo somzimba wamanzi amanzi sisuka ku-130 kuye ku-350 amagremu. Umzimba wesilwane mkhulu futhi awuhle. Emilenzeni, uzwane lwesithathu lude ukudlula konke okunye. Azikho izinwele ezithendeni. Umsila mude ngosayizi olingana nengxenye yobude bomzimba, oyindilinga engxenyeni yesiphambano. Azikho izikali zezindandatho emsila, kukhona izinwele ezincane.
Iphuzu lomsila liphela ngebhulashi ubude obungu-0.5 cm. Umbala wesilwane ungahluka kusuka kobomvu uye komnyama. Ngezinkathi ezahlukene, umbala wesilwane cishe awuguquki. Uboya besilinganiso samanzi buthambile futhi bushibhile. Ikhava yehlukaniswa nge-underfur ne-eksisi ekhuluphele. Esiswini segundane, izinwele zilula ngombala kunezinhlangothi nasemhlane. Ngokubukeka, isilwane sibukeka njengegundane, kepha sehlukile ngoboya obucwathile, ukuma komsila nosayizi omkhulu. Amehlo mancane, amnyama. Izindlebe zincane futhi cishe aziphumi noboya, futhi ngenxa yezinwele ezinde, izidladla zesilwane cishe azibonakali. Emlonyeni ama-incisors anombala onsundu, amazinyo esilwane 16. Abesifazane nabesilisa abanakho umehluko wangaphandle.
Ubude begxathu lingamasentimitha angu-7-8, makhulu kunalawo amagundane avamile e-vole. Ama-voles amanzi abhukuda kahle futhi ngokushesha, angabhukuda amabanga amade, ayakwazi ukuthola ukudla kwawo ngaphansi kwamanzi. Zigijima zihle kakhulu emhlabathini, ikakhulukazi uma isilwane sesaba. Baxhumana ngokuncinza. Isikhathi sokuphila segundane lamanzi liyiminyaka engu-3-4.
Ihlala kuphi igundane lamanzi?
Isithombe: Igundane Lamanzi eRussia
Indawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane ibanzi ngokwedlulele ezweni lethu, amagundane amanzi angatholakala cishe yonke indawo. Amagundane amanzi ahlala engxenyeni yonke esenyakatho ye-Eurasia ukusuka e-Atlantic kuya eYakutia. Ngaseningizimu, indawo yokuhlala yalezi zilwane isuka oLwandle iMedithera iye e-Asia nasenyakatho neChina. Futhi, lezi zilwane zivame kakhulu engxenyeni esenyakatho yeMongolia, i-Ukraine, iBelarus, iNorth Caucasus neSiberia (ngaphandle kwe-Arctic).
Amagundane amanzi ahlala emingxunyeni yemifula, eduze kwamachibi, amachibi neminye imizimba yamanzi. Ukhetha izindawo ezinesimo sezulu esiswakeme impilo yonke. Enyakatho, ihlala ezindaweni ezingamahlathi osebeni lwamachibi, ama-peat bogs, ambozwe yizihlahla zikaphayini nezihlahla ze-birch. Ezintabeni, ihlala emaxhaphozini nasogwini lwamachibi azungeze umsele nomhlanga.
Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, lezi zilwane zithuthela emahlathini, noma ezingadini nasezivandeni lapho, lezi zilwane zingakuthola kalula ukudla kwazo. Iyakwazi ukufuduka amabanga amade. I-vole ingalala ngaphansi kwesiteji noma ngaphansi komhlaba emgodini. Imigodi yakhiwa ngamagundane amanzi eduze kwamanzi, ngesikhathi sezikhukhula ingakha izidleke ezivulekile ezihlahleni zotshani nasemhlangeni. Ekwindla umba imigodi emadlelweni nasemasimini. Ubude bomgodi bucishe bube ngamamitha ama-3, imisele ayibandi qhwa ebusika, futhi izilwane zingaphila ngokuphepha ebusika.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona igundane lamanzi. Ake sithole ukuthi ivoti yamanzi idlani.
Idlani igundane lamanzi?
Isithombe: Igundane lamanzi engadini
Igundane lamanzi liyimfuyo edla ukudla kwezitshalo kuphela.
Ukudla kwegundane lamanzi kufaka:
- umhlanga;
- uswazi;
- ukuthambeka;
- ikhanda lomcibisholo;
- ukugula;
- izinyoni zamanzi nolwelwe;
- izimpande zeminduze yamanzi;
- ama-rhizomes namagxolo ezihlahla;
- amahlumela amasha wezihlahla;
- izithelo zemifino;
- ubulembu;
- imbewu yezitshalo, ama-spikelets ezitshalo zokusanhlamvu.
Ngesikhathi sasehlobo, amagundane athola ukudla kwawo echibini, lapho ezizwa ephephe ngokuphelele. Iminki, amagundane akhishwa ngokubeka umnyango eduze kwechibi, ukuze kuthi lapho kuphuma amanzi, kube lula ukucasha emgodini uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi. Ekwindla, lezi zilwane zithuthela emahlathini noma eduze kwamasimu nasezitshalweni ezilinyiwe.
Ebusika, zondla kakhulu amagxolo nama-rhizomes ezihlahla zezithelo nezihlahlana, okudala ukulimala okungalungiseki kubo. Ngakho-ke, amapulazi alwa ngentshiseko nalawa magundane. Amagundane amanzi awahambisani nokudla, ngakho-ke ayakwazi ukusinda ngisho nasezimeni ezinzima zaseSiberia naseYakutia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagundane amanzi adla kuphela ezindaweni eziqokelwe ngokukhethekile. Bazihlelela "amatafula wokondla" noma "imigodi yokondla" lapho isilwane singadla khona ngokuphepha. Izindawo ezinjalo zingabonwa ngokuba khona kwezinsalela ezahlukahlukene ngesimo samaqabunga adliwe uhhafu neziqu.
Ekuthunjweni, amagundane amanzi anikezwa okusanhlamvu, utshani, amakhabe kanye nemibhida yezithelo nemifino eyahlukahlukene.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-rat rat vole
Ama-voles wamanzi yizilwane ezithule kakhulu ezinendlela yokuphila efihlekile. Ehlobo, bahlala eduzane nemizimba yamanzi futhi bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emanzini. Ngekwindla, basondela ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu, noma emahlathini. Lapho, lezi zilwane zimba imigodi nemihubhe engaphansi komhlaba ngenani elikhulu lokungena elivela ezinhlangothini ezahlukene. Ngaphambi kokungena emgodini, amagundane adla utshani ukuze enze uhlobo lotshani. Ekwindla, izilwane zigcina ukudla emgodini wobusika. Amagundane agcina okusanhlamvu, izimpande, nanoma yini angayifaka emgodini.
Ebusika azifihli ubusika bonke, ziyaphuma emigodini yazo egqekeza iqhwa. Ngaphezu kokulondolozwa ebusika, zidla amagxolo ezihlahla zezithelo nezihlahlana, bese zitshala imbewu. Amagundane ahlala emakoloni, kodwa ahlala yedwa. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, izilwane ziya endaweni ephakeme, kwesinye isikhathi zikwazi ngisho ukugibela ezihlahleni. Amagundane asebenza ubusuku nemini. Ehlobo, isikhathi sabo esiningi basichitha emanzini, babhukuda kuwo futhi bazifunele ukudla. Ekwindla, imba imigodi futhi yakhe izinqolobane ebusika. Ebusika iphuma emgodini ukuze izitholele ukudla.
Amagundane amanzi ayizilwane ezihlakaniphe kakhulu nezinobuqili, anezitha eziningi, kepha ayakwazi ukuphunyuka kalula kuzo futhi ngokushesha ngokusebenzisa izindima eziningi ezingaphansi komhlaba. Isakhiwo senhlalo asithuthukisiwe, bahlala ikakhulu bodwa, kepha imisele yamagundane amanzi ivame ukutholakala eduze. Amagundane amanzi awanalo ulaka ngaphandle uma esengozini. Umuntu uphathwa ngokujwayelekile ezimweni zokuthunjwa, bayayibona inkosi yabo. Uma isilwane sizwa ingozi, singaluma.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagundane amanzi athwala izifo eziyingozi njenge: Omsk fever, tularimia nezinye izifo eziningi. Ngakho-ke, lapho ubona igundane endle, akufanele uliphathe ngezingalo zakho, noma kungcono uhambe uzungeza isilwane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Igundane lamanzi ebusika
Ama-voles wamanzi afinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi eneminyaka engu-2 izinyanga. Amagundane amanzi azala ngokushesha okukhulu. Isikhathi sokukhwela siwela ngenkathi efudumele. Phakathi nonyaka, insikazi iyakwazi ukubekezelela amalitha ama-2 kuye kwangama-4. Ukukhulelwa kokuqala konyaka kowesifazane kwenzeka ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, okokugcina ngasekupheleni kuka-Agasti. Inani eliphakeme lokukhiqiza kabusha kumagundane amanzi kwenzeka ngoJulayi. Ngenkathi ebandayo, amagundane amanzi awavamile ukuzala, kuphela ezimweni ezithandekayo zemvelo nokutholakala kokudla abangondla ngakho inzalo yabo.
Ngodoti owodwa, kuzalwa amawundlu ama-5-7. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-21. Amagundane azalwa eyimpumputhe futhi engenaboya, kepha akhula ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngokuyinhloko yinsikazi enakekela inzalo; amawundlu achitha amasonto ambalwa okuqala okuphila kuphela emgodini. Ekuqaleni, umama wondla amawundlu ngobisi. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, amazinyane amancane amagundane aqala ukudla ukudla kwemifino okulethwa ngunina, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aqala ukuzitholela okwabo ukudla. Kakade ezinyangeni eziyi-1.5-2 ngemuva kokuzalwa, insikazi esencane isivele isilungele ukuzala.
Ukuqhamuka kwamanani amakhulu kuvamile phakathi kwalezi zilwane. Ngezikhathi ezinjalo, izilwane zigcwala emasimini ngobuningi futhi zingadala umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Ososayensi bayehluleka ukuthola izimbangela zokuqubuka okukhulu kangaka. Indawo yokuqubuka okubukhali kokwanda kwenani lamagundane inqunyelwe ezindaweni ezincane.
Izitha zemvelo zesilinganiso samanzi
Isithombe: Kubukeka kanjani igundane lamanzi
Izitha zemvelo zamagundane amanzi ziyizilwane ezinjengezi:
- izimpungushe;
- uthando;
- i-mink;
- ama-ferrets;
- ama-otters;
- oklebe;
- izikhova nezikhova;
- ama-kites nezinye izinyoni eziningi ezidla inyama;
- izinja namakati;
- izinyoka nezibankwa.
Cishe zonke izilwane ezidla ezinye zizingela amagundane amanzi. Kodwa-ke, amagundane amanzi ayizilwane eziqaphile, ezihlakaniphile nezinobuqili. Ukubona ingozi, igundane lingazifihla esitheni ngomzuzwana ohlukanisiwe, into ebaluleke kakhulu ukufinyelela komunye weminyango yokungena emgodini. Emanzini, igundane lamanzi lingacasha ekuphishekeleni ngokucasha ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lezi zilwane zibhukuda kahle kakhulu futhi zibhukuda kahle ngaphansi kwamanzi.
Kepha isitha esikhulu samagundane amanzi sasiyindoda. Amagundane amanzi enza umonakalo omkhulu kwezolimo. Bacekela phansi izitshalo ezilinyiwe, balimaze izihlahla zezithelo. Amagundane amagundane amanzi awafakwa ubuthi ngendlela efanayo njengoba engafaka ubuthi esitshalweni, futhi amagundane ayizilwane ezinengqondo impela futhi abheka ukudla angajwayelekile. Baqala balume ucezu oluncane futhi uma bezwa ukuthi kukhona okungahambi kahle ngokudla, abasabe bekuthinta.
Abalimi bafaka ama-scarers akhethekile e-ultrasonic ezindaweni zabo ukuvimbela izilwane ukuthi zifinyelele ekuvuneni. Amagundane amanzi aqothulwa ngobuningi eduze kwamapulazi ezingadini nasezivandeni zemifino. Futhi, uboya bezilwane buhlonishwa kakhulu, futhi izilwane eziningi zibulawa ngenxa yezikhumba zazo. Izikhumba zivunwa kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo semvelo sinethonya elinamandla enanini lezilwane. Ososayensi baqaphele ukuthi eminyakeni eyomile, lapho kushisa ehlobo, inani lamagundane amanzi lehla kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lungenwa yizifo ezifana ne-tularia, i-Omsk fever ivame ukuhlushwa izifo ezinama-helmites.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Igundane lamanzi amakhulu
I-Arvicola amphibius noma i-water vole yizinhlobo eziningi kakhulu. Isimo sezinhlobo zezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezingakhathazeki kangako. Ubungako besibalo bungahluka kuye ngezimo zezulu. Kwesinye isikhathi kuba khona ukweqa okubukhali esilinganisweni sokuzalwa, lapho lokhu kuxhunyaniswe nesayensi khona kungakaziwa. Eminyakeni enjalo, izilwane zigcwalisa amasimu ngokoqobo, futhi kuba nzima ngabantu ukugcina izitshalo zabo kulezi zinambuzane.
Lezi zilwane zizalana ngokushesha, zivumelane kalula nezimo zemvelo yangaphandle, ngoba lolu hlobo lwazo alusongeli okwamanje. Eminyakeni enehlobo elomile nezithelo eziphansi, izinga lokuzalwa kwamagundane liyancipha, lokhu kungenxa yezimo zemvelo ezingathandeki. Izilo ezibulala lezi zilwane ziwuhlobo lokuhleleka kwehlathi, okungavumeli inani lamagundane ukuba likhule ngokuqinile futhi livimbele ukwanda kwezifo eziyingozi ezithwalwa amagundane.
Lolu hlobo aludingi ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe. Imvamisa ikhuliswa ekuthunjweni ngoboya bayo obubalulekile. Ithanjiswe kahle futhi ibona umphathi wayo. Kwezolimo, kuyisinambuzane esiyingozi, okunzima kakhulu ukusisusa. Bezama ukugcina isivuno, abantu basetha abesabisayo, uthango nezingibe. Kodwa-ke, lezi zilwane ezihlakaniphile zingangena kalula kunoma iyiphi indawo ngokugqekeza emhubheni ongaphansi komhlaba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amagundane amanzi avame ukufuduka, ngakho-ke amanani abo kunzima kakhulu ukuwalandela. Phakathi nonyaka, kunokufuduka okuningana, ngenkathi ngesikhathi sokufuduka sokuphumula, izilwane zizimbela imigoqo yesikhashana ukuze zidle ziphumule kuwo. Imigodi ehlala njalo inenqwaba yamagatsha nezindima.
Isilinganiso samanzi isilwane esizolile esihola indlela yokuphila yodwa. Bahlakaniphe kakhulu futhi banamasu, bayakwazi ukuhlela izinto zasebusika, bathuthe kalula izikhathi eziningana ngonyaka, bekhetha izindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuhlala. Ziyingozi kubantu kuphela ngoba ziphethe izifo eziyingozi. Bayashesha ukujwayela umuntu. Ekuthunjweni, baphila impilo enokuthula, futhi bazala unyaka wonke.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/29/2019 ngo-19: 58
