Ilulwane Sekuyisikhathi eside kukhuthaza umuntu ngokwesaba. Izinganekwane nezindaba eziningi zisungulwe ngokuzungeza indlela yabo yokuphila engajwayelekile nokubukeka. Amazinyo abo abukhali nezindiza zasebusuku zihlangene kudale inkohliso yengozi engaba khona lapho bebhekene nazo. Kodwa-ke, empeleni, konke akunjalo, futhi kuphela izinhlobo ezithile ezingavamile ezihlala ezindaweni ezithile ezondla igazi lezilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo. Okunye kunelisekile ngezinambuzane futhi akuhlangene nakancane ne-vampirism.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Bat
Amalulwane ayamangaza ngokuyinhloko ukuthi ahamba emoyeni, ashaya amaphiko awo njengezinyoni. Kodwa-ke, lokhu zikwenza ebusuku kuphela, ngaphandle kokusebenzisa eyodwa yezinzwa - umbono. Vele, akuzona izinyoni, ngoba zona ngokwazo ziyi-viviparous futhi zondla amawundlu ngobisi. Futhi abahlangani lutho nezinyoni, ngaphandle kwekhono lokundiza, ngisho nezimpaphe.
Ividiyo: Bat
Amalulwane angaphansi kwesigaba sezilwane ezincelisayo, ukuhleleka kwamalulwane. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zazo. Ngokusho kwemithombo ehlukahlukene, kusuka ezinhlotsheni ezingama-600 kuya kwezingu-1000 zamalulwane ezihlukanisiwe. Vele, akunakwenzeka ukubheka uhlobo ngalunye lodwa ngaphandle kokuba nguchwepheshe kulezi zilwane.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko, ezivame kakhulu futhi ezinomehluko osobala, zingabalwa ngakolunye uhlangothi, okungukuthi:
- isikhumba esinamathoni amabili;
- ubusuku obukhulu;
- ophethe amaqabunga amhlophe;
- ilulwane elinekhala lengulube;
- harelip enkulu;
- ilulwane lamanzi;
- ilulwane elinsundu elinezindlebe ezinde;
- ilulwane elincane
- i-vampire ejwayelekile;
- i-vampire enamaphiko amhlophe;
- i-vampire enoboya.
Kukholakala ukuthi amalulwane okuqala avele eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-70 eyedlule, lapho ulwelwesi ezinhlangothini luqala ukuvela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo eziyizilwane ezincanyana, kamuva ezaphenduka zaba ngamaphiko. Kungenzeka ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kube imbangela yokwakheka kolwelwesi. Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi ushintsho esakhiweni somzimba wezilwane lwenzeke ngokushesha okwanele, ngoba namuhla akutholwanga noyedwa umuntu wezinhlobo zesikhashana. Okungukuthi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-high-speed evolution kwenzeka.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: IBat Bat
Amalulwane mancane ngosayizi. Isisindo sezinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke, ilulwane elinekhala lengulube, cishe lingama-gramu ama-2, kanti ubude bomzimba womuntu bungu-33 mm kuphela. Lona ngomunye wabamele abancane kunabo bonke embusweni wezilwane. I-bat enkulu kunazo zonke i-vampire enkulu yamanga, enamaphiko angama-75 cm, futhi isisindo somzimba womuntu omdala sisebangeni elivela ku-150 kuye ku-200 gram.
Izinhlobo ezihlukene zamalulwane ziyehluka ngokubukeka nokwakheka kogebhezi. Kepha zonke zinezimpawu ezijwayelekile zangaphandle. Umehluko omkhulu ezilwaneni eziningi amaphiko. Ziyizicubu ezincane ezinwetshiwe phakathi kwezitho zangaphambili nezingemuva. Izimpiko zamalulwane zihluke kakhulu kumaphiko ezinyoni. Azinazo izimpaphe, kodwa zineminwe emide, lapho kufakwa khona ulwelwesi.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: amaphiko awasetshenziselwa kuphela ukundiza, kepha futhi njengengubo ngenkathi ulele. Amalulwane ayasonga ukuze afudumale.
Izitho zabo zangemuva nazo ziyehluka. Bathunyelwe ezinhlangothini, ngamalunga emadolo abuyele emuva. Imilenze yangemuva ithuthukiswe kakhulu. Ngosizo lwawo, amalulwane angakwazi ukulengiswa sibheke phansi isikhathi eside. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kule ndawo balala khona.
Cishe wonke amalulwane anezindlebe ezinkulu. Okungamangalisi isilwane esingenakho ukubona kahle. Izindlebe zisetshenziswa ngamalulwane ukuthola i-echolocation kanye nokuma esikhaleni. Isilwane sikhipha imisindo ecashile yemvamisa ephezulu, ekhonjiswa kuzo zonke izinto bese ibonwa yisilwane uqobo. Izindlebe zifakwe inethiwekhi enkulu yemithambo yegazi ebondlayo. Ngokuphambene, amehlo amalulwane mancane kakhulu ngosayizi. Umbono yi-monochrome futhi awubukhali. Yize kukhona okuhlukile, ngokwesibonelo, ophethe amaqabunga waseCalifornia uncike kakhulu ekubukeni kwakhe kunokuzwa lapho ezingela.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane azifiphele ngombala. Imvamisa iba nsundu noma mpunga, kwesinye isikhathi impunga emnyama. Lokhu kungenxa yesidingo sokunganakwa ngenkathi uzingela ebusuku. Kukhona futhi okuhlukile, isibonelo, ezinye izinhlobo zinemibala ebomvu noma ekhanyayo ebomvu. Izinwele zezilwane ziminyene, zinezitezi ezilodwa. Ngasikhathi sinye, ulwelwesi lwesikhumba lumbozwe izinwele ezincanyana kakhulu.
Ihlala kuphi ilulwane?
Isithombe: I-Black Bat
Amalulwane atholakala yonke indawo, ngaphandle kwamaphethelo we-polar, aqala e-tundra. Lapho, amagundane avele angabi nayo indawo yokucasha ezimweni zezulu ezinzima, futhi awanaso nesilinganiso sokudla esidingekayo. Phakathi kweqhwa, ikakhulukazi ukuthi amalulwane akhona awakhululekile, noma ucabanga ukuthi ayakwazi ukulala ubusuku bonke.
Ngakho-ke, singacabanga ukuthi lezi zilwane ezimangalisayo zihlala kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica. Vele, ziyehluka ngezinhlobo, ngokwesibonelo, ezinye zihlala eYurophu, futhi zihluke ngokuphelele eNingizimu Melika.
Isimo esibaluleke kakhulu sokuba khona kwabo ukuba khona kwendawo yokukhosela ezobenza bakwazi ukucasha ngezikhathi zasemini futhi balale nsuku zonke. Lokho kungaba, njengoba kwaziwa kahle, emihumeni. Amalulwane amane anamathele ngokuqinile ophahleni lomhume ngezidladla zawo zibhekiswe phansi futhi achitha amahora emini lapho. Lapho kuhwalala, aqala ukundiza aye kozingela. Kuyathakazelisa kakhulu ukuthi lapho indiza iphuma emhumeni, amalulwane ahlala endiza ngakwesobunxele.
Ngokwenani lamagundane ahlala emihumeni, athembisa ngokunqwabelana kodoti bawo engxenyeni engezansi ye-niche yamatshe. Ngokuvamile, ukugxila kwayo cishe kuyimitha.
Uma ingekho imigede eduzane, khona-ke ezinye izindawo zokukhosela zizokwenza, ngokwemvelo lezi izihlahla: amagundane athola izindawo ezicashile phakathi kwamahlumela, izithelo noma amahlamvu aminyene. Okubaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuthi ukukhanya kwelanga akuweli kubo. Kulula kakhulu ukuthi amalulwane athole isiphephelo emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni - noma iyiphi ikhabethe lesakhiwo sokuhlala lizobafanela. Abasabi abantu futhi bahlala ngokuthula ezindlini zabo.
Idliwa yini ilulwane?
Isithombe: I-Forest Bat
Ngaphandle kwezinganekwane ze-vampirism kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezithombe ze-bat kumafilimu asabekayo afana ne-From Dusk Till Dawn noma i-Dracula, lezi zidalwa azinabungozi ngokuphelele. Abakwazi ukuluma umuntu. Kodwa-ke, ungawathinti amalulwane - azokwazi ukuthwala izifo eziyingozi kubantu noma esilwaneni esifana nesamarabi.
Izinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane zidla izinambuzane: zingadla omiyane abangafika ku-200 ngehora lokuzingela. Uma sibheka isilinganiso sesisindo sesilwane nenani lokudla okudliwayo, khona-ke kuningi okuphumayo, cishe okwesihlanu kwesisindo saso.
Ezinye izinhlobo zamalulwane zinkulu, akwanele ukuthi zidle izinambuzane ezincane ukuze zidliwe, futhi ziyizilwane ezidla inyama - zidla amaxoxo, izinzwani, izibankwa, izinyoni ezincane namagundane. Kunezinhlobo eziningana zamalulwane ezondla ngezinhlanzi.
Amalulwane ancela igazi, okuthiwa ama-vampire, adla igazi elifudumele lezilwane, imvamisa eluma imfuyo. Ukulunywa akunabuhlungu ezilwaneni, ngoba kuhlangene namathe kukhipha into enomphumela we-analgesic. Kodwa-ke, zingaba yingozi, njengoba zithwala izifo ezahlukahlukene isilwane esingafa kuzo.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane ezondla ngokudla kwezitshalo:
- impova yezimbali;
- izithelo zezihlahla (imvamisa amadethi, ubhanana, umango);
- izimbali.
Amalulwane anjalo. Bahlala emazweni ashisayo ashisayo lapho uhlaza luningi khona unyaka wonke. Manje abantu bazama ukugcina izilwane eziyinqaba ekhaya. Ilulwane likhona futhi futhi liyadingeka emakethe yezilwane ezifuywayo. Kepha ngaphandle kokuba uchwepheshe, akufanele ukwenze lokhu.
Njengoba lezi zilwane zifaka ngqo. Zidinga ukuzinikezela okukhulu kanye nezimo ezichazwe ngokuqinile. Kusuka ekudleni, izidlo ezidla inyama zingadla inyama noma umkhiqizo ovela ezinyonini noma ezilwaneni ezisikwe zibe yizicucu, izilwane ezidla utshani kufanele zondliwe ngezithelo, zinikezwe amanzi nobisi ukuthi ziphuzwe. Futhi, njengokwelashwa, abanikazi babephatha izilwane ngobisi olujiyile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ilulwane elilula
Amalulwane asebusuku. Emini bayalala, futhi ngasikhathi sinye bavame ukucasha ezindaweni zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi nomshoshaphansi. Bathanda kakhulu imigede, imigodi yezihlahla, izimbobo zobumba, kanye nezinkwali nezimayini, bangacasha ngaphansi kwamagatsha ezihlahla nangaphansi kwezidleke zezinyoni.
Imvamisa bahlala emakoloni amancane abantu abaningana. Yize kunamakholoni anabantu abaningi, kufaka phakathi lawo aqukethe ama-subspecies amaningi ahlukahlukene wamalulwane. Ikoloni lezindebe ezigoqiwe zaseBrazil, ezinabantu abayizigidi ezingama-20, kubhekwa njengenombolo yokuqoshwa yanamuhla.
Ebusika, amalulwane amaningi alala ubusuku bonke. Kepha ezinye ziyakwazi ukufuduka njengezinyoni ziye ezifundeni ezifudumele, ezihlanganisa amabanga afinyelela ku-1000 km. I-Hibernation, ngokuya ngendawo, ingafinyelela ezinyangeni eziyi-8.
I-Hibernation yenzeka ibheke phansi, ngokulenga emilenzeni yayo yangemuva. Lokhu kuvela ukuthi kulula ukuze ukwazi ukuhamba ngendiza ngokushesha, usebenzise isikhathi esincane nomzamo. Awekho amandla asetshenziswayo ngokulenga ngenxa yezakhiwo zezitho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: esiqhingini saseBorneo kunesitshalo esidla inyama esiyingqayizivele esizidonsela amalulwane ngokwaso ngemisindo ekhethekile. Kepha ayizidli, kepha kunalokho ihlinzeka ngama-inflorescence ayo kumalulwane njengesiphephelo. Izilwane zishiya indle yazo ziye kulesi sitshalo, esisisebenzisa njengomanyolo. Le Syciiosis ihlukile ngokwemvelo.
Ngokuqondisa esikhaleni nasekuzingeleni, basebenzisa i-echolocation, ebasiza ukuhambisa, ukulawula ukuphakama kwendiza kanye nebanga lezindonga zomhume. Kukholakala ukuthi ngenkathi kuzingelwa, amalulwane awazi nje kuphela ibanga eliqonde kulokho okukhonjiwe, kodwa futhi nokuqondiswa kokundiza kwalo, nokuthi kungokwaluphi uhlobo lwenyamazane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Indiza yelulwane
Ukuhlala ndawonye ekoloni akuwenzi amalulwane abe nobungane. Izilwane azenzi lutho ngokuhlanganyela futhi zizingela zodwa zodwa. Futhi abaziqali imindeni. Abantu ababili bahlangana kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, bese bekhohlwa masinyane ngomunye nomunye.
Amalulwane amaningi ahlala ezindaweni ezipholile aqala ukuzala entwasahlobo. Kuvame ukuba namachwane amabili kuya kwamahlanu kudoti, kepha inani eliqondile lincike kakhulu ezimweni zemvelo. Owesifazane ukhiqiza inzalo kanye ngonyaka. Wondla amawundlu aze akhule amaphiko. Ukukhula kuma-subspecies ahlukene kuhlala ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene.
Kuma-subspecies amancane amalulwane, isikhathi samasonto ayisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili siyisici size sizimele. Ezinhlotsheni ezinkulu zezilwane, lesi sikhathi singafinyelela ezinyangeni ezine. Esontweni lokuqala, insikazi ivame ukuthatha iwundlu liye nayo ebusuku. Ngasikhathi sinye, ubambelela ngokuqinile kunina ngesikhathi endiza. Emasontweni alandelayo, uyasinda, ngakho-ke umshiya endaweni yokukhosela ngesikhathi sokuzingela.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: amalulwane abesifazane anamandla okulawula isikhathi sabo sokukhulelwa kanye nokubambezela ukuzalwa kwenzalo. Bayakudinga lokhu ukuze inzalo izalwe ngesikhathi lapho inani lokudla liphezulu kakhulu. Imvamisa ukukhwelana kwenzeka ekwindla, kepha ukukhulelwa kwenzeka kuphela entwasahlobo.
Isikhathi sokuphila samalulwane sincike ngqo kuma-subspecies athile. Ngokuyisisekelo, amalulwane aphila iminyaka engama-20, kepha kukhona ama-subspecies, anempilo yokuphila engadluli eminyakeni emihlanu.
Izitha zemvelo zamalulwane
Isithombe: Ubuso belulwane
Amalulwane anezitha ezimbalwa. Lokhu kubangelwa ubukhulu bayo obuncane kanye nendlela yokuphila yasebusuku, lapho izidalwa ezinkulu kakhulu ziyozingela. Kubo, amalulwane ayizisulu ezinhle kakhulu.
Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye eziyingozi kakhulu kumalulwane, kuyimfashini ukugqamisa okulandelayo:
- izikhova;
- amakhandlela;
- ukhozi, ukhozi lwegolide nezinye izinyoni ezidla inyama;
- marten;
- weasel;
- amagundane;
- izinyoka;
- ukuqeda;
- i-raccoon;
- amakati;
- izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye;
- ama-ferrets.
Ngaphezu kwezilwane ezivamile, amagundane asebenza njengokudla, anezitha zohlobo oluhlukile. Amalulwane athinteka kakhulu ngama-parasites afana nemikhaza, amazeze noma izimbungulu. Imvamisa, ukuncela igazi kungazibulala lezi zilwane.
Ubuntu buphikisana kakhulu namagundane nezinye izinambuzane, babiza izilawuli zezinambuzane kanye nezibulala-magciwane ukufafaza indawo ngobuthi. Amalulwane avame kakhulu ukuphelela ophahleni lwendawo enjalo futhi abulawe ubuthi. Lokhu kuzithinte kakhulu izinombolo zabo zamanje.
Abagcini nje ngokuthola ubuthi kulezi zinqubo emakhaya abo, futhi balahlekelwa okunye kokudla. Izinambuzane ezihlala kule ndawo nazo zibulawa yilobu buthi, kanti namagundane kungenzeka angabi nokudla okwanele. Ngakho-ke, kunenkolelo yokuthi impilo ayilula kumalulwane, futhi adinga ukuvikelwa okwengeziwe kubantu. Kodwa-ke, indlela ethile yokuphila ayikuvumeli lokhu, ngoba lezi zilwane ziyakhetha, futhi kunzima ukuzilandela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka Yezindiza
Izinhlobo eziningi zamalulwane zisengozini. Amanye ama-subspecies anesimo sokuba sengozini, adinga ukuqashwa njalo.
Ngokuyinhloko, inani labantu ngekhulu lama-20 lathinteka kabi ngokwakhiwa kwezolimo, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, kanye nokunyamalala kwezindawo zokuhlala. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, kwakukhona amaqiniso okubhujiswa ngamabomu, ukucekelwa phansi kwezidleke nokwelashwa kophahla kanye nezindlu ezisophahleni zezindlu ezinabagxeki. E-United States, kwenziwe nezifundo eziveze ukuthi amapulazi omoya athinta nenani lamalulwane. Amalulwane abulawa ukushayisana nezinsimbi zomoya ophephela kanye nomonakalo wamaphaphu ngenxa yokwehla kwengcindezi eduze kwamakhaba.
Kepha njengoba amalulwane esemaphakathi nendawo yezemvelo, kuthathwa izinyathelo zokuwavikela. EYurophu, empeleni ukuphela kwesilawuli semvelo senombolo yezinambuzane ezibonisa ukusebenza ebusuku. Ngenxa yemizamo yokuvikela amalulwane, imiphakathi yabathile esezingeni eliphansi iye yazinza, kanti eminye iye yanda.
I-European Environmental Protection Agency, ngemuva kocwaningo lwezindawo ezingaba ngu-6 000 zokwakha izidleke, yaphetha ngokuthi inani lamalulwane lenyuke ngo-43% phakathi kuka-1993 no-2011. Kepha lezi izinombolo ezijwayelekile, futhi, ngeshwa, inani elithile lama-subspecies liyaqhubeka nokwehla.
Amalulwane ayaqapha
Isithombe: IBat Red Book
Emazweni e-European Union, wonke amalulwane avikelekile ngokuyalelwa yi-EU nezivumelwano zamazwe omhlaba. I-Russia nayo isayine zonke izivumelwano zomhlaba wonke mayelana nokuvikelwa kwamalulwane. Eziningi zazo zifakiwe kwiRed Book. Ngokomthetho waseRussia, hhayi kuphela amalulwane ngokwawo angaphansi kokuvikelwa, kepha futhi nezindawo zawo zokuhlala kanye nezindawo zokuhlala. Ikakhulu, ngisho neziphathimandla zokuphathwa kwenhlanzeko nokulawulwa kwezilwane azikwazi ukuthatha noma yiziphi izinyathelo maqondana nokuhlala kwamalulwane edolobheni.
Njengezinyathelo zokuvikelwa kwamalulwane, ubukhona bezindawo zokuhlala izilwane nemizila yazo yokufuduka kuyabhekwa ngenkathi kwakhiwa amapaki omoya. Ukuqapha kwenziwa ezindaweni ezivikelekile futhi izivakashi eziya ezindaweni ezivikelekile ziyaziswa ngemithetho ebekiwe yokuvikela amalulwane. Ukunciphisa ukukhanyisa okwenziwe ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala.
Ukwazisa izakhamizi ngesidingo sokuvikela izilwane nokudonsela ukunaka kwabantu enkingeni yokuvikelwa kwazo, kugujwa iholide lokongiwa kwemvelo "International Night of the Bats" minyaka yonke ngoSepthemba 21. EYurophu, ubusuku bamalulwane bugujwe cishe iminyaka engama-20. Ibibanjelwe ezweni lethu kusukela ngo-2003.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04.03.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/15/2019 ngo-18: 48
