I-unicorn ikhona, kepha ayihlali emahlathini ezinganekwane, kodwa emanzini aqandayo e-Arctic, negama layo liyi-narwhal. Lo mkhoma onamazinyo uhlome uphondo oluqondile (ubuthi), uvame ukulingana nengxenye yobude bomzimba wayo onamandla.
Incazelo yeNarwhal
I-monodon monoceros ingeyomndeni we-narwhal, okuwukuphela kohlobo lwezinhlobo zama-narwhals... Ngaphezu kwakhe, umndeni wama-narwhals (i-Monodontidae) uhlanganisa kuphela imikhomo ye-beluga enezici ezifanayo ze-morphological and immunological.
Ukubukeka
I-narwhal ifana nomkhomo i-beluga hhayi kuphela usayizi / ukuma komzimba - yomibili imikhomo ayinayo i-dorsal fin, amaphiko we-pectoral afanayo kanye nama ... cubs (i-beluga whale izala inzalo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emnyama eba mhlophe njengoba ikhula). I-narwhal yabantu abadala ikhula ize ifike ku-4,5 m ngobunzima bamathani ayi-2-3. Ama-Ketologists aqinisekisa ukuthi lokhu akuwona umkhawulo - uma unenhlanhla, ungathola ama-specimens amamitha ayisithupha.
Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo sinamafutha, kanti ungqimba lwamafutha uqobo lwawo (oluvikela isilwane emakhazeni) lungaba ngamasentimitha ayi-10. Ikhanda elincanyana elibushelelezi libekwe entanyeni ebuthakathaka: umcamelo wesidoda, ulenga kancane phezu komhlathi ongaphezulu, unesibopho sokuzungezwa kohlaka. Umlomo we-narwhal mncane ngokuqhathaniswa, kanti udebe olungaphezulu ludlula kancane udebe olusenyameni olunamazinyo ngokuphelele.
Okubalulekile! UNarwhal angabhekwa njengongenamazinyo ngokuphelele, uma kungenjalo ngamazinyo ayisisekelo atholakala emhlathini ongenhla. Eyakwesokudla inqanyulwa ngokungajwayelekile, kuthi eyakwesobunxele iphendukele emsileni odumile wamamitha ama-2-3, isonteke yaba yisinxele.
Yize ubukeka ubabazekayo nesisindo (kufika ku-10 kg), umuthi unamandla amakhulu futhi uyaguquguquka - ukuphela kwawo kukwazi ukugoba u-0.3 m ngaphandle kosongo lokwephulwa. Noma kunjalo, amazinyo kwesinye isikhathi ayaphuka futhi awasabuyi abuyele emuva, futhi imisele yawo yamazinyo ivalwa ngokuqinile ngokugcwaliswa kwamathambo. Iqhaza le-dorsal fin lidlalwa ngesibaya sesikhumba esiphansi (kufika ku-5 cm) (0.75 m ubude), esisendaweni engemuva okuyi-convex back. Amaphiko wepectoral we-narwhal abanzi, kepha amafushane.
I-narwhal evuthiwe ngokocansi yehlukile kusihlobo sayo esiseduze kakhulu (i-beluga whale) ngombala wayo obonakalayo. Ngemuva kokukhanya okujwayelekile komzimba (ekhanda, ezinhlangothini nasemuva), kunezindawo eziningi ezimnyama zesimo esingajwayelekile ezifika ku-5 cm ububanzi. Akuvamile ukuthi amabala ahlangane, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezingaphezulu zekhanda / intamo kanye ne-caudal peduncle, kwakheke izindawo ezimnyama ezifanayo. Ama-narwhal amancane ngokuvamile abe-monochrome - aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, mpunga omnyama noma isleyiti.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ama-Narwhals yizilwane zomphakathi ezakha imihlambi emikhulu. Imiphakathi eminingi kakhulu iqukethe abesilisa abakhule ngokugcwele, izilwane ezincane nezinsikazi, nezincane - zabesifazane abanamathole noma abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokocansi. Ngokusho kwe-ketologists, ngaphambi kokuba ama-narwhals aqoqane emhlambini omkhulu, afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziningana zabantu, kodwa manje inani leqembu alivamile ukudlula amakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ehlobo, ama-narwhals (ngokungafani nama-belugas) akhetha ukuhlala emanzini ajulile, kanti ebusika bahlala kuma-polynyas. Lapho lezi zokugcina zimbozwe yiqhwa, abesilisa baphatha imihlane namazinyo aqinile, bephula uqweqwe lweqhwa (kufika ku-5 cm ubukhulu).
Ngasohlangothini, ama-narwhals abhukuda ngokushesha abukeka ehlaba umxhwele - ayahambisana, enza ukuqondanisa okuhambisanayo. Le mikhomo ayibukeki kangako ngezikhathi zokuphumula: zilele phezu kolwandle, ziqondise amabambo azo ahlaba umxhwele phambili noma phezulu esibhakabhakeni. AmaNarwhals ahlala emanzini aqandayo anqamula iqhwa lase-Arctic futhi asebenzise ukuthuthela kwesinye isikhathi ngokuya ngokuhamba kweqhwa elintantayo.
Ebusika, imikhomo ifudukela ngaseningizimu, kuthi ehlobo ifudukele enyakatho.... Ngaphandle kwemingcele yamanzi asezindaweni eziphansi ngaphansi kuka-70 ° C. sh., ama-narwhals aphuma kuphela ebusika futhi ayivelakancane ngokweqile. Ngezikhathi ezithile, abesilisa bawela izimpondo zabo, okuyinto izazi ze-ketologists eziyithatha njengendlela yokukhulula amazinyo ekukhuleni kwamanye amazwe. AbakwaNarwhals bangakhuluma futhi bakwenze ngokuzithandela okukhulu, bakhiphe (kuya ngesenzakalo), ama-lps, ama-lows, ukuchofoza, ukushaya amakhwela kanye nokububula ngokububula.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani inarwhal
Izazi zebhayoloji ziyaqiniseka ukuthi ama-narwhals ahlala endaweni yawo yemvelo okungenani isigamu sekhulu leminyaka (kuze kube yiminyaka engama-55). Ekuthunjweni, uhlobo aluthathi izimpande futhi aluzali kabusha: i-narwhal ebanjiwe ayihlalanga ngisho izinyanga ezine ekuthunjweni. Ukugcina i-narwhal emadamini okufakelwa, ayisiyinkulu nje kuphela, kepha futhi iyakha ngokwanele, njengoba idinga imingcele ekhethekile yamanzi.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Umehluko phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane ungalandelwa, okokuqala, ngosayizi - abesifazane bancane futhi abavamile ukusondela ithani ngesisindo, bathola cishe ama-900 kg. Kodwa umehluko oyisisekelo ulele emazinyweni, noma kunalokho, enxenyeni elingaphezulu kwesobunxele, elihlaba udebe lwaphezulu lweduna futhi lukhule u-2-3 m, luphendukezele isikulufa sikakhokho esiqinile.
Okubalulekile! Izimpondo ezifanele (kubo bobubili ubulili) zifihliwe ezinsinini, zikhula ngokwedlulele - cishe kukesi-1 kwabangama-500. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwesinye isikhathi ibamba elide lidabula kowesifazane. Abazingeli bahlangana nenarwhal yesifazane namazinyo amabili (kwesokudla nangakwesobunxele).
Yize kunjalo, ama-ketologists athi lo mbungu unezici zobulili zesibili zabesilisa, kepha kusenempikiswano ngemisebenzi yawo. Abanye ososayensi bezinto eziphilayo bakholelwa ukuthi abesilisa basebenzisa izimbambo zabo emidlalweni yokukhwelana, ukuheha abalingani noma ukukala amandla nabancintisana nabo (esimweni sesibili, ama-narwhals ahlikihla iminwe yawo).
Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwamazinyo kufaka:
- ukuzinza komzimba (ukuwuvikela ekujikelezeni eduze kwe-eksisi) ngesikhathi sokubhukuda ngokunyakaza okuyindilinga komkhawulo we-caudal;
- ukuhlinzeka nge-oxygen kumalungu asele omhlambi, ancishwe izimpondo - ngosizo lwamazinyo, abesilisa baphula iqhwa, bakha imiphefumulo yezihlobo;
- ukusetshenziswa komcibisholo njengethuluzi lokuzingela, njengoba kwathathwa ngokuqoshwa kwevidiyo okwenziwa ongoti boMnyango Wocwaningo Lwepolar WWF ngo-2017;
- ukuvikelwa ezitheni zemvelo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-2005, ngenxa yocwaningo lweqembu eliholwa nguMartin Nweeia, kwatholakala ukuthi umuthi wenjoloba wuhlobo lwesitho somqondo. Izicubu zamathambo endlovu zahlolwa ngaphansi kwemicroscope ye-electron kwatholakala ukuthi kungenwe yizigidi zemisele emincane enezinzwa. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo ziye zacabanga ukuthi umuthi wenarwhal uphendula ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa nokucindezela, futhi kunquma nokuhlungwa kwezinhlayiya ezimisiwe emanzini olwandle.
Indawo yokuhlala
UNarwhal uhlala eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, kanye naseKara, Chukchi naseBarents Seas, okuthiwa yi-Arctic Ocean. Kutholakala ikakhulukazi ngaseGreenland, iziqhingi zaseCanada naseSpitsbergen, kanye nasenyakatho yeNyakatho yesiqhingi saseNovaya Zemlya kanye nasogwini lwaseFranz Josef Land.
AmaNarwhals abonwa njengasenyakatho kunawo wonke ama-cetaceans, njengoba ahlala phakathi kuka-70 ° no-80 ° latitude latitude. Ehlobo, ukufuduka okusenyakatho kwe-narwhal kudlulela ku-85 ° N. sh., ebusika kukhona ukuvakashelwa okuseningizimu - eNetherlands naseGreat Britain, iBering Island, i-White Sea kanye nogu lwaseMurmansk.
Izindawo zokuhlala zendabuko zezinhlobo zingama-polynyas angabandi maphakathi ne-Arctic, angavamile ukumbozwa yiqhwa nasebusika obunzima kakhulu.... Lezi zinhlayiya phakathi kweqhwa zihlala zingashintshi unyaka nonyaka, futhi okuvelele kunakho konke kunikezwe amagama azo. Esinye seziqapheleka kakhulu, iGreat Siberian Polynya, siseduze neziqhingi zaseNew Siberian. Ama-polynyas abo ahlala njalo aqashelwa ngasogwini olusempumalanga yeTaimyr, Franz Josef Land naseNovaya Zemlya.
Kuyathakazelisa! Indandatho yokuphila yase-Arctic yigama lochungechunge lwezigaba zamanzi olwandle angabandi kakhulu axhumanisa ama-polynyas anomphela (izindawo zendabuko zama-narwhals).
Ukufuduka kwezilwane kungenxa yokuqala / ukuhlehla kweqhwa. Ngokuvamile, le mikhomo yasenyakatho inebanga elilinganiselwe, njengoba ikhetha kakhulu indawo ehlala kuyo. Bakhetha amanzi ajulile, bays bays / fjords ehlobo futhi abahambi ngomkhumbi kude neqhwa elixegayo. Iningi lama-narwhal manje ahlala eDavis Strait, oGwini lwaseGreenland naseBaffin Sea, kepha inani elikhulu labantu libhalwe enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeGreenland nasemanzini asempumalanga yeCanada Arctic.
Ukudla kweNarwhal
Uma inyamazane (inhlanzi engezansi) icashe ezansi, i-narwhal iqala ukusebenza ngophondo ukuze isabise futhi ikhuphuke.
Ukudla kwe-narwhal kufaka phakathi impilo yasolwandle eminingi:
- ama-cephalopods (kufaka phakathi i-squid);
- ama-crustaceans;
- uhlobo lwenhlanzi;
- ikhodi;
- i-herring;
- i-flounder ne-halibut;
- imisebe nama-gobies.
I-narwhal ivumelane nokuhlala isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwamanzi, ayisebenzisa ngesikhathi sokuzingela, idilika isikhathi eside ukuya ekujuleni kwekhilomitha.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Akukho okuningi okwaziwayo ngokukhiqizwa kwama-narwhals ngenxa yendawo yawo ethile. Izazi ze-Ketologists zikholelwa ukuthi abesifazane bazala njalo eminyakeni emithathu, bathwala izingane izinyanga ezingaphezu kwezingu-15. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngoMashi kuya kuMeyi, futhi ukuya ocansini kwenzeka endaweni emi mpo, lapho abalingani bephendukelana izisu zabo. Inzalo izalwa ngoJulayi - Agasti ngonyaka ozayo.
Insikazi izala eyodwa, kuyaqabukela - amawundlu ambalwa, ashiya umsila wesibeletho sikanina kuqala... Usana olusanda kuzalwa lunesisindo esingu-80 kg futhi luyi-1.5-1.7 m ubude futhi ngokushesha lunongqimba lwamafutha angaphansi kuka-25 mm. Izinyane londla ubisi lukamama cishe izinyanga ezingama-20, njengoba kwenza inyoni yomkhomo i-beluga. Ukuthomba ezilwaneni ezisencane kwenzeka eneminyaka engama-4 kuye kwengu-7, lapho insikazi ikhula ifike kumamitha ama-4 ngobunzima bamathani angu-0.9, bese kuthi owesilisa adlulele ku-4.7 m ngesisindo samathani ayi-1.6.
Izitha zemvelo
Endle, imikhomo yabantu abadala abadala kuphela namabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme angabhekana nenarwhal enkulu. Ama-narwhal akhulayo ahlaselwa oshaka be-polar. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo yama-narwhals isongelwa yizinambuzane ezincane, ama-hookworms nezintwala zomkhomo. Uhlu lwezitha zemvelo kufanele futhi lubandakanye umuntu ozingele imikhomo yasenyakatho ngezimpondo zazo ezimangazayo. Abathengisi babenza ukuhwebelana okuthe xaxa ngempuphu kusuka ophondweni lokuvunguza, lapho izakhamizi zathi ziyizakhiwo eziyisimangaliso.
Kuyathakazelisa! Okhokho bethu babenesiqiniseko sokuthi impuphu yamazinyo iyaphilisa noma yimaphi amanxeba, futhi iqeda nomkhuhlane, ubuthakathaka obumnyama, ukonakala, umkhuhlane, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe nokulunywa yizinyoka.
Umuthi wenarwhal wawubiza kakhulu kunegolide, yingakho wathengisa waba yizicucu. Umhlanga wonke ungatholwa kuphela ngabantu abacebile kakhulu, abanjengo-Elizabeth I waseNgilandi, owanikela ngamaphawundi ayizinkulungwane eziyishumi ngawo. Futhi abaphathi bezikhulu zamakhosi aseFrance basebenzise umuthi, behlola ukudla okuphakelwe ukutholakala kobuthi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngisho noLuhlu Olubomvu lwe-IUCN, oluthi cishe imikhomo eyizinkulungwane ezingama-170 (ngaphandle kwabantu baseRussia Arctic naseNyakatho-mpumalanga yeGreenland), aluniki inani eliqondile lomphakathi wezinarha. Lokhu okulandelayo kukhonjwe njengezinsongo ezibalulekile kulezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle:
- izimayini zezimboni;
- ukuncipha kokuphakelwa kokudla;
- ukungcoliswa kolwandle;
- ukunyamalala kweqhwa lolwandle;
- izifo.
Ngaphandle kokuthi i-narwhal cishe ayizange ibe yinto yokudoba okukhulu (ngaphandle kwamashumi ambalwa eminyaka ngekhulu lama-20, ngenkathi ivunwa kakhulu eCanada Arctic), uhulumeni waseCanada wethula izinyathelo ezikhethekile zokuvimbela ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule.
Kuyathakazelisa! Iziphathimandla zaseCanada zikuvimbile ukubulawa kwezinsikazi (zihambisana namankonyane), zibeke isilinganiso sokubamba i-narwhal ezindaweni ezibalulekile, futhi zayala abadobi bemikhomo ukuba balahle lezi zilwane ezibanjiwe.
Namuhla, ama-narwhal azingelwa eminye imiphakathi yabomdabu eGreenland naseCanada.... Lapha kudliwa inyama noma kuphakelwa izinja, amalambu agcwaliswa ngamafutha, isibindi sifakwa ezintanjeni, namazinyo asetshenziselwa ukukhumbula izinto eziqoshiwe. Ukuba sengozini okwandayo kwalezi zinhlobo kungenxa yokwethembeka kwayo ezindaweni ezifanayo ezingasogwini, lapho ama-narwhal abuya khona njalo ehlobo. UNarwhal ubhalwe ku-Appendix II we-Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES).
