Ibhere lase-Himalaya elinamabele amhlophe - Lesi yisilwane esingajwayelekile esinamagama amaningana. Kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi ibele elinebele elimhlophe, ibhere lase-Asia noma iTibetan, iHimalaya noma inyanga, kanye ne-Ussuri. Isilwane sihlala emahlathini ashubile noma omsedari. Uhlala emigodini emikhulu noma ezidlekeni zezihlahla.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Emvelaphi yabantu abanamabele amhlophe kukhona amabhere asendulo, lapho kuvela khona wonke amabhere anamuhla. Amabhere amabele amhlophe mancane ngosayizi kunamabhere ansundu, kepha ahlukile kuwo kumthethosisekelo ofanele kakhulu.
Isikhathi sokuphila sabantu bebhere asidluli eminyakeni engama-27. Isikhathi esiphezulu sempilo yebhere lenyanga ekuthunjweni yiminyaka engama-30.
Ukubukeka nezici
Inhloko yomuntu omdala incane ngokuqhathaniswa, inomlomo omude, omncane nezindlebe ezinkulu, ezibanzi, nezindilinga ezimise okomsele. Ingubo yesilwane yinde, inebala elimhlophe elimnyama esifubeni ngendlela yohlamvu "V". I-croup ebanzi yesilwane inkulu kakhulu kunokubuna.
Izinzipho ezinkulu kubantu abadala ziqinile, zisongwe ngokuqinile futhi zikhombe. Izinyawo, ikakhulukazi izinyawo zangaphambili, zinamandla amakhulu, ziqinile futhi zinde kunezemilenze yangemuva. Amabhere anamazinyo angama-42 esewonke.
Ubuntu balolu hlobo abuvezwa ngokwanele. Uboya buyacwebezela, bumnyama, esifubeni kukhona ichashaza elimhlophe qhwa noma eliphuzi elimise okwa-V, yingakho lesi silwane sibizwa ngokuthi ngamabele amhlophe. Ubude bomzimba wesilisa osekhulile bungu-150-160 cm, kwesinye isikhathi bube ngamasentimitha angama-200. Abesifazane bancane, bafinyelela ku-130-140 cm ubude.
Ihlala kuphi ibhele elinamabele amhlophe?
Indawo yokuhlala yamabhere enyanga ihlotshaniswa nokuba khona kwamahlathi asendle asezindaweni ezishisayo nakwezifudumele. Izilwane zihlala emahlathini omsedari acwebile nasemahlathini aseManchu, ama-oki nezihlahla zemisedari, ezihlahleni ezinamantongomane aseManchu noma ama-oki aseMongolia.
Lawa mahlathi ahlukaniswa ngamantongomane ahlukahlukene, amajikijolo ahlukahlukene nezinye izithelo - ukudla okuyinhloko kwebhere lenyanga. Ezindaweni eziphakeme, izilwane zihlala enkathini eshisayo yasehlobo, ebusika ziyacwila, ziye emahlathini afudumele.
Ingxenye ebalulekile yendawo yebhere elibelethwe ngamhlophe idlulela eMpumalanga Asia. Izilwane zihlangana nakwamanye amazwe afudumele: China, Afghanistan, Himalaya, Indochina, Korea, Japan. E-Russian Federation, abantu base-Himalaya bahlala kuphela esifundeni sase-Ussuri nasendaweni yase-Amur. Lesi silwane singatholakala phezulu ezintabeni, endaweni ephakeme ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kuka-3000.
Indawo yokuhlala yesifuba esimhlophe eRussia Federation ihlangana ngokuphelele nendawo yokwabiwa kwamahlathi aqothuliwe, e-oki nawomsedari.
Yini edliwa ibhere elinebele elimhlophe?
Imenyu yamabhere ase-Himalaya ilawulwa ukudla okunomsoco:
- amantongomane ajwayelekile, i-hazel;
- umuthi we-oki nephayini;
- izithelo ezahlukahlukene ezimnandi zamajikijolo;
- izitshalo zemifino, amaqabunga noma amaqabunga ezihlahla.
Amabhere athanda amajikijolo wezinyoni namajikijolo. Ngokuvuna okuningi, izilwane zigxila emathafeni ezikhukhula zemifula neziphethu futhi zizithokozisa ngenjabulo ngamajikijolo amnandi. Imvamisa kuthwala izidleke zezinyoni, kwezinye izimo isidleke esintshontshiwe simbozwa ibhere emanzini ukuze zinciphise izinyosi.
Amabhere ngokuvamile adla ukudla kwezilwane - izinambuzane ezincane, izibungu, izibungu. Ngisho nasentwasahlobo elambile, ngemuva kokuvuka ebusika, amabele amhlophe awaphangi, awadobi, kepha ungakunaki izidumbu. Ngezikhathi ezithile, amabhere angazama ukuhlasela amahhashi asendle noma imfuyo. Amabhere angaba yingozi nakubantu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Ibhere laseHimalaya liyisihlahla esihle somuthi, elandela indlela yokuphila esezingeni eliphakathi nendawo. Isilwane senyanga sichitha ngaphezu kwe-50% yempilo yaso eziqongweni zezihlahla. Lapho uhweba, azitholele ukudla kwakhe, abaleke kubaphikisi nomiyane ocasulayo.
Akubizi lutho ukuthi ibhere likhuphukele esihlahleni esikhulu, lifike ku-30 m ukuphakama ngemizuzwana engu-3-4. Kusukela ekuphakameni kwamamitha ayi-6-7, isilwane sigxuma kalula, ngaphandle kokungabaza. Sikhuphukela emiqhele yemisedari emikhulu, lesi silwane sihlala emagatsheni awugqinsi. Ukwephula amagatsha azizungezile nokudla izithelo ezihlwabusayo kuwo, isilo sithola ukudla kwaso. Isilwane esihlakaniphile asiwalahli amagatsha adliwe, kepha sibeka ngaphansi kwaso okombhede. Umphumela uba isidleke esithokomele ongasisebenzisa ukulala ntambama endaweni ephephile.
Lapho uhlangana nomuntu, isilwane sisuka kancane, iziqephu zokuziphatha okunonya azivamile. Amabhere awalokothi ahlasele abantu ngengozi. Ngemuva kokudutshulwa namanxeba, uvame ukubaleka, kepha angatatazelela kumuntu owonile. Amabhere esikazi, avikela amawundlu, enza ngonya ukuhlasela okusongelayo ohlangothini lomuntu, kodwa-ke, aqeda ukuhlaselwa kuphela uma umuntu ephunyukile. Lolu hlobo lunamandla amakhulu omzimba nokuhamba okuhle.
Amabhere anezibele ezimhlophe aziphatha njengamabhere ajwayelekile ebusika:
- azikhiphi umchamo noma indle;
- ngesikhathi sokulala, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo lehla lisuka kuma-40-70 liye ku-8-12 amabhithi ngomzuzu;
- izinqubo zokunciphisa umzimba zincishiswe ngama-50%;
- izinga lokushisa lomzimba lehla ngama-3-7 degrees Celsius, ngakho-ke ibhere liyakwazi ukuvuka ngaphandle kobunzima.
Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sasebusika, abesilisa balahlekelwa isisindo sabo esifinyelela ku-15-30%, kanti abesifazane balahlekelwa kuze kufike ku-40%. Amabhere ashiya umgodi cishe maphakathi no-2 Ephreli.
Ibhere elinamabele amhlophe linenkumbulo enhle, likhumbula okuhle nokubi kahle. Futhi ububanzi bemizwelo bubanzi kakhulu - kusuka ekuthuleni okunokuthula kuye ekuthukutheleni okukhulu nangokuthukuthela.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Amabhere anezibele ezimhlophe axhumana nomunye esebenzisa izwi elikhulu. Uma amawundlu ehlukaniswe nonina uqobo, akhala ngokukhala. Imisindo ephansi emathunjini ingaba uphawu lokungeneliseki nge-toptygin, futhi ngasikhathi sinye ngokuchofoza kwamazinyo, ubutha bakhe.
Isilwane saseHimalaya kaningi sichitha bonke ubusika busika emigodini yezihlahla ezinkulu. Okusebenziseka kalula ebusika yimigodi emikhulu emigqonyeni emikhulu yompopula noma i-lindens. Ukufinyelela kulelo lair okungenani ama-5 m ukusuka enhlabathini. Ngokwesisindo sebhere elidala, izihlahla ezifanele kufanele okungenani zibe ngu-90 cm ububanzi.
Kaningi, uma kungekho zihlahla ezinkulu noma zigawuliwe, ibhere lingahlala ebusika kwezinye izindawo ezifanelekile ezifihliwe:
- emigodini ngaphansi kwezimpande zezihlahla;
- ezidlekeni ezinkulu ezakhiwe ngaphansi kweziqu zezihlahla eziwile;
- emihumeni enamadwala, emifantwini noma emigodini.
Ibhere lase-Ussuri libonakala ngokuhamba kwesizini yasebusika kuya emahlathini abukhali nasemuva, kanti ushintsho lwenzeka ngemizila efanayo. Ubusika bugxile ezindaweni ezihlukaniswe izindawo ezinkulu zamanzi. Imvamisa, umgodi wasebusika utholakala ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo somuntu siqu, futhi eduze komgodi, ibhere elinamabele amhlophe lifuna ukudida amathrekhi ukuze linganikezeli indawo elikuyo.
Ngaphezu kwenkathi yokukhwelana, amabhere enyanga ahola ukuphila okuziqhelile, ngezikhathi ezithile aqoqa abantu abaningana ezindaweni ezinokudla okuningi. Phakathi kwabesifazane abanamabele amhlophe, kungalandelwa isigaba esithile sezenhlalo, esihambisana nobudala obuhlukile nesisindo sabesilisa. Lokhu kubonakala ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhwelana. Labo besilisa abancane, abanesisindo esingaphansi kwamakhilogremu angama-80, cishe abanalo ithuba lokulingisa nabesifazane.
Amabhele avame ukuxhumana ngokuhlangana lapho ekhombisa isimo sawo esivelele noma esesabekayo ngokuma nokunyakaza. Ukunquma isimo esiphansi, ibhere liyahlehla, lihlale phansi noma lilale phansi. Ukufakazela isikhundla saso esivelele, ibhere liya phambili noma ligijimela ngakumphikisi.
Ukuxhumana namanye amabhere anezibele ezimhlophe, izilwane zisebenzisa imizwa yazo yokuhogela. Izilwane zenza amamaki: zichamela iziqu zemithi noma ziklwebhe, zigcobe ngeziqu zemithi. Izilwane zenza lokhu ukuze zigcine iphunga lazo kuzo. Umphikisi ufunda ngokushesha umnikazi wendawo futhi uzoya ekhaya. Izindawo ezizimele zingaba yi-5-20 noma i-35 metres square. km. Kuya ngokutholakala kokudla esizeni. Lapho ifoloji iya ngokwanda futhi iyahlukahluka, incane indawo.
Ibhere elinamabele amhlophe isidalwa esinesithembu. Abesifazane bangena ezikhathini zokukhwelana ngezikhathi ezithile. Ngakho-ke, ukuqubuzana kungenzeka nabesilisa abahlukile ezinsukwini eziyi-10-30. Imibhangqwana ivela isikhathi esifushane.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala maphakathi noJuni kuya maphakathi no-Agasti. Isizukulwane esisha sezilwane sifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi sineminyaka engama-3, kepha abesifazane abaningi bahlala bengenayo inzalo. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-7-8. Insikazi ivame ukukhuphula amawundlu amabili ngasekupheleni kukaDisemba noma maphakathi noJanuwari. Kuvela amathole anesisindo esingu-250-350 g, akha isikhathi eside futhi noma eneminyaka engu-2 ubudala awanakuzivikela ngokuphelele. Izingane ziqeda ukuncela ubisi ezinyangeni ezi-3.5.
Izitha zemvelo zebhere elinamabele amhlophe
Izimpisi ezinkulu, amahlosi, amabhere ansundu yizitha zamabhere anezibele ezimhlophe. Okuyingozi kakhulu yihlosi, kusukela kuzipho zalo okulukhuni ukuphuma liphila. Kepha ukubhujiswa kwamabhere aseHimalaya yizilwane akuvamile, ngoba amabhere ayizilwane ezinamandla kakhulu futhi ayakwazi ukunikeza noma yimuphi umhlaseli isilwane esifanele. Ukwehla kwenani lebhere laseHimalaya kubhekwa njengomphumela womsebenzi wabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngamanani aphansi kakhulu wokukhiqiza amabhere anezibele ezimhlophe, kunokuncipha okuqhubekayo kwesibalo sabantu. Abesifazane banikeza inzalo yokuqala kuphela iminyaka engu-3-4 yokuphila. Abekho ngaphezu kwama-35% abesifazane ababamba iqhaza ekuzaleni minyaka yonke. Ukwedlula ngakunye komthwalo wokudoba kuholela ekwehleni okusheshayo kwenani labantu. Futhi, imililo, ukugawulwa kwemithi eminingi nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kuholela ekwehleni kwabantu.
Ibhere elinamabele amhlophe liyinto ebalulekile ekuzingelweni ngokungemthetho ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Imvamisa idutshulwa ngenyama ebizayo nenyama yebhele emnandi. Amabhere anezibele ezimhlophe ngokuvamile abulawelwa izikhumba zawo ezinhle noboya obuyigugu.
Ukuvikelwa kwebhere elinamabele amhlophe
Isilwane senyanga sisohlwini lweRed Book yaseRussia ngo-1983. Kusukela ngo-1977, ukudoba namaHimalaya kwavunyelwa. Ukuhlalwa kwabantu kungu-7-9 ngabantu abayi-100 sq. km, kodwa-ke, umsebenzi womnotho womuntu uya ngokuya uphoqa ibhere ukuthi lihambele izindawo zokuhlala ezimbi kakhulu. Ebusika, abazingeli bavame ukugawula izihlahla ezilungele izilwane, okuholela ekwehleni kweziqu eziyize. Ezifundeni eziningi, inani lamabhere anezibele ezimhlophe selinciphile manje ngenxa yokuntuleka kwezindawo zobusika.
Inani lamabhere e-Ussuri kuma-80s laliyi-6,000 - 8,000, ePrimorye - 4,000 - 5,000. Inani lazo laqhubeka lehla eminyakeni eyalandela. Kutholakale ukuthi unyaka nonyaka lezi zilwane zehla ngo-4-4.6%. Lokhu kwenzeka ngisho nasezindaweni ezivikelekile, yize kungena abokufika ekwindla bevela emazweni angomakhelwane.
Ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kubangela ukulimala okukhulu ukuthwala abantu. Okuyingozi kakhulu ukudubula abesifazane ngamazinyane, isamba esiphelele saso esisenyameni sidlula ama-80%. Zonke izingane ziyabanjwa kanye nesibeletho.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi asendle, ikakhulukazi ama-cedar kanye namahlathi ahlabayo, imililo yehlathi kanye nemisebenzi yabantu kuncisha amabhere anamabele amhlophe izindawo zawo eziyinhloko, kuziqhubela emazweni anezindawo zokudla kanye nezimo zokuvikela ezimbi kakhulu. Ukugawula izihlahla eziyize kungenza izilwane zithole izindawo zokuhlala eziwusizo neziphephile zasebusika. Ukwehla kwesibalo sezidleke ezinokwethenjelwa kukhulisa ukufa kwamabhere anezifuba ezimhlophe ezitheni ezizingelayo. Endaweni yasePrimorskaya, ukudotshwa okunelayisense kwethulwa kusukela ngo-1975, futhi kusukela ngo-1983, ukudoba nebhere lenyanga akuvunyelwe ngokuphelele. E-Khabarovsk, ukuvinjelwa okuphelele kokubamba isilwane kuye kwasungulwa kusukela ngawo-80s.
Ekupheleni kweminyaka yama-60s, inani eliphelele lebhere laseHimalaya eRussia lalingabantu abayizinkulungwane ezi-5-7. Ngama-80s, inani lalesi silwane lalinganiselwa kumakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingu-4.5-5.5. Indawo ye-Amur: abantu abangu-25-50. Jewish - inombolo yalolu hlobo isukela emakhanda ayi-150 kuye kwangama-250. Isifunda saseKhabarovsk sifinyelela kubantu abayizinkulungwane ezintathu. Esifundeni sasePrimorsky, inani labantu lalinganiselwa kusuka kumakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingu-2,5 kuya kwezi-2.8. Inani eliphelele eRussian Federation lilinganiselwa kubantu abayi-5000 - 6000. Ibhere lase-Himalaya elinamabele amhlophe idinga ukuvikelwa okusebenzayo kubazingeli abazingeli kanye nokubhujiswa okuphelele kwabantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 21.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-16: 12
