Ulaka, omnivorous futhi osheshayo - unjalo ushaka obuthuntu, olima amanzi ahlanzekile nosawoti emhlabeni wonke. Izilwane ezihlasela izilwane ezidla ezinye zihamba olwandle nemifula, lapho kuhlala khona kunabantu abaningi, futhi yaziwa njengomshaka oyingozi kakhulu odla abantu.
Incazelo kashaka obuthuntu
Ibizwa nangokuthi i- grey bull shark ngenxa yokuthi ingeyomndeni nohlobo lweGrey shark.... Wathola igama elithi Bull shark ngenxa yomlomo wakhe omkhulukazi oxegayo, kanye nomkhuba wakhe omubi wokuzingela ama-gobies aqhutshwa abelusi ukuba abaphuze. Abantu abakhuluma iSpanishi banikeza umhlaseli isidlaliso eside kunazo zonke - ushaka onenhloko efana nomkhombe (Tiburon cabeza de batea). Lolu hlobo lukashaka lwaziswa emphakathini ngo-1839, ngenxa yomsebenzi wososayensi bezinto eziphilayo baseJalimane uFriedrich Jacob Henle noJohann Peter Müller.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Yinhlanzi enkulu enesigaxa enomzimba ofana nothimbo lokuphotha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nabanye oshaka abampunga, ibukeka igcwele futhi iminyene. Abesilisa bancane kunabesifazane - owesifazane (ngokwesilinganiso) unesisindo esingu-130 kg ngobude obungu-2.4 m, kanti owesilisa ukhipha ama-95 kg ngobude obungu-2.25 m. Noma kunjalo, kunemininingwane ngabantu abahlaba umxhwele, abanesisindo sabo besicishe sifike kuma-600 kg. futhi ubude bufinyelela ku-3.5-4 m.
Impumulo (eyisicaba futhi ebuthuntu) ineqhaza ekuthambekeni okungcono, futhi amehlo amancane afakwe ulwelwesi olucwayizayo, njengazo zonke izihlobo zomndeni woshaka we-sawtooth. Amazinyo anamandla (angunxantathu omile onqenqemeni olucijile) ayafana nalawo we-tiger shark: mancane emhlathini ongezansi kunangaphezulu. Kuyenzeka ukuthi ushaka ulahlekelwe yizinyo langaphambili, bese kuthi izinyo liphume emgqeni ongemuva endaweni yalo, lapho kuhlala khona amazinyo amasha abulalayo.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-bull shark ibonakele ukuthi inesilonda esinamandla kunazo zonke phakathi koshaka besimanje. Ukucindezelwa kwemihlathi okuhlobene nesisindo kwakucatshangelwa, futhi ushaka obuthuntu wakhombisa umphumela omuhle kakhulu (ngisho noshaka omhlophe owamnikela kuye).
Umgogodla wangemuva wangemuva mncane kakhulu kunangaphambili, kanti i-caudal ine-lobe engenhla evulekile enenothi ekugcineni. Kwabanye oshaka, imiphetho yamaphiko imnyama thile kunengemuva lomzimba, kepha umbala womzimba uhlala ufana, ngaphandle kwemigqa noma amaphethini. Umbala onobuhlakani usiza isilwane ukuthi sizifihle emanzini angajulile: umbala ompunga ngemuva ugeleza kahle ezinhlangothini ungene esiswini esikhanyayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bull shark iyakwazi ukulawula ukuqina kombala ngokususelwa ekukhanyeni okwamanje.
Uhlamvu nendlela yokuphila
Ushaka obuthuntu ujwayele impilo emanzini amasha nasolwandle, ubhukuda kalula uye emuva naphambili, ngenxa yamathuluzi akhethekile we-osmoregulation. Lawa ama-gill kanye ne-rectal gland, umsebenzi omkhulu wawo ukususa umzimba kasawoti omningi ofika lapho ushaka usolwandle. Isidlakudla futhi singahlukanisa phakathi kokudla noma izinto eziyingozi, sigxile emisindweni evela kuzo noma kumbala (izinto eziphuzi eziphuzi / izidalwa ezisezansi zibangela ukuqapha okukhethekile).
I-bull shark inamandla amakhulu kakhulu futhi ayilindelekile: indlela eziphatha ngayo yenza noma yimuphi umqondo. Angahamba nomshayeli isikhathi eside futhi nangokubukeka okungenandaba ngokuphelele, ukuze amhlasele ngodlame ngomzuzwana. Futhi kuhle uma ukuhlaselwa kungukuhlolwa nje futhi kungaqhubeki nochungechunge lwama-pushes anophawu, okuhambisana nokulunywa.
Okubalulekile! Labo abangafuni ukuhlangana noshaka obuthuntu kufanele bagweme amanzi anodaka (ikakhulukazi lapho umfula ugelezela olwandle). Ngaphezu kwalokho, akufanele ungene emanzini ngemuva kwemvula enkulu, lapho igcwele izinto eziphilayo eziheha oshaka.
Cishe akunakwenzeka ukubalekela umhlaseli - ushaka uhlukumeza ogulayo kuze kube sekugcineni... Izilwane ezihlasela izilwane zihlasela wonke umuntu owela imingcele yempahla yakhe engaphansi kwamanzi, imvamisa ephutha ngisho nezihambisi zamamoto esikebhe njengesitha.
U-shark wenkomo uhlala isikhathi esingakanani?
Isikhathi esilinganiselwe sempilo yezilwane sithathwa ngezindlela ezihlukile. Ezinye izazi ze-ichthyologists zithi i-bull shark iphila isikhathi eside kancane kuneminyaka eyi-15, abanye ososayensi babiza izibalo ezinethemba - iminyaka engu-27-28.
Indawo yokuhlala
I-gray bull shark ihlala cishe kuzo zonke izilwandle (ngaphandle kwe-Arctic) kanye nenani elikhulu lemifula emisha. Lezi zinhlanzi ezidla ezinye zitholakala emanzini asezindaweni ezishisayo nasezindaweni ezishisayo, kwesinye isikhathi ziyacwila ngaphansi kwamamitha ayi-150 (imvamisa zibonakala ekujuleni okungaba ngamamitha angama-30) E-Atlantic, oshaka ababuthuntu baye bazi kahle amanzi asuka eMassachusetts aya eningizimu yeBrazil, kanye naseMorocco aya e-Angola.
E-Pacific Ocean, oshaka benkomo bahlala kusuka eBaja California kuya enyakatho yeBolivia nase-Ecuador, kanti nase-Indian Ocean bangatholakala emanzini asuka eNingizimu Afrika aya eKenya, eVietnam, e-India nase-Australia. Ngendlela, i-bull shark ihlonishwa kakhulu futhi yesatshwa yizakhamizi zezifunda eziningana, kufaka phakathi iChina ne-India. Enye yezinhlobonhlobo zikashaka onamakhala acijile zondla inyama yomuntu, eyenziwe yinkambiso yasendulo yasendaweni. AmaNdiya ahlala emlonyeni weGanges ehlisa izizwe zawo ezingasekho kusuka ezigabeni eziphakeme azingenise emanzini alo angcwele.
Ukudla kukashaka obuthuntu
Isidlakudla asinakho ukunambitheka okucwengisisiwe futhi kukhona konke okuvelayo, kufaka phakathi udoti nezidumbu. Ifuna isidlo sasemini, ushaka wenkomo uhlola kancane futhi ngobuvila ahlole indawo yokudla yomuntu siqu, esheshisa kakhulu lapho ebona inyamazane efanelekile. Uncamela ukufuna ukudla wedwa, ukubhukuda emanzini anodaka afihle ushaka ekuhlaselweni yibo. Uma into izama ukubaleka, ushaka wezinkunzi uyikhahlela eceleni bese eluma. Ama-thrust afakwa ngokulunywa kuze kube yilapho isisulu sinikela ekugcineni.
Ukudla okujwayelekile kukashaka obuthuntu yilokhu:
- izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezihlanganisa amahlengethwa;
- izinhlanzi ezisencane zezinhlanzi;
- ama-invertebrate (amancane nezinkulu);
- izinhlanzi zamathambo nemisebe;
- ama-crustaceans, kufaka phakathi izinkalankala;
- izinyoka zasolwandle nama-echinoderms;
- izimfudu zasolwandle.
Oshaka bezinkunzi bathambekele ekudleni inyama yabantu (badla izizukulwane zabo), futhi kaningi bahudula izilwane ezincane ezifike emifuleni zizoniselwa.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngokungafani nabanye oshaka, abesabi ukuhlasela izinto ezinosayizi olinganayo. Ngakho-ke, e-Australia, enye inkunzi kashaka yashaya ihhashi lomjaho, kanti enye yahudulela olwandle i-American Staffordshire Terrier.
Ukuzikhukhumeza nokudla ngokungakhethi kwalezi zinhlobo kuyingozi ikakhulukazi kubantu abahlale bengene emazinyweni ezilo lezi ngezikhathi ezithile.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Isikhathi sokukhwela koshaka esibucayi sisekupheleni kwehlobo nasekuqaleni kokuwa.... Ubudlova nobubi bezinhlobo, noma kunalokho, abesilisa bayo, babonakaliswa ngokuphelele emidlalweni yothando: akulona ize ukuthi ichthyologists ihlukanise oshaka bezinkunzi zesilisa phakathi kwezilwane ezinonya kakhulu emhlabeni. Kwatholakala ukuthi, imizimba yabo ikhiqiza inani elithile le-astronomical le-testosterone - i-hormone ebhekele imizwa nokukhulisa ulaka lwalezi zinhlanzi ezidlayo. Ukuqhuma kwamahomoni okuchaza lokho kuqhuma kwentukuthelo lapho oshaka beqala ukugadla kuyo yonke into ehambahamba.
Kuyathakazelisa! Umlingani akazikhathazi ngokuqola isikhathi eside futhi akakulungele ukukhombisa isisa: umane alume okhethiwe ngomsila aze alale phansi ngesisu. Ngemuva kokuya ocansini, owesifazane uphulukisa imihuzuko namanxeba abewatholile isikhathi eside.
Ngokuzalwa, izilwane ezidla ezinye zingena emfuleni ogcwele amanzi, zizulazula emanzini angajulile (i-bull shark ibonakala ngokuzalwa bukhoma, njengabanye oshaka abampunga). Insikazi iphenduka ibe yisifukama esiphilayo, lapho imibungu ikhula khona izinyanga eziyi-12. Ukukhulelwa kuphetha ngokuzalwa koshaka abayi-10-13 (0.56-0.81 m ubude), okukhombisa ngokushesha amazinyo acijile. Umama akanendaba nhlobo nezingane, yingakho kufanele baphile impilo yokuzimela kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala.
Abasakhulayo abasuki ethekwini iminyaka eminingana: lapha kulula ngabo ukuthola ukudla futhi bacashe kulabo ababasukelayo. Iminyaka evundile ivame ukuqala eminyakeni engama-3-4 ubudala, lapho abesilisa belula befika ku-1.57-2.26 m, futhi abesifazane abancane - kuze kufike ku-1.8-2.3 m. Sebethole ukuzala, oshaka abakhala kamnandi bashiya amanzi anosawoti, lapho wazalwa wakhula, futhi wahamba ngomkhumbi ubheke entweni yolwandle ukuze ungene ebudaleni.
Izitha zemvelo
Ushaka obuthuntu (njengezilwane eziningi zasolwandle) umqhele wepiramidi wokudla, ngakho-ke, awunazo izitha, ngaphandle koshaka abanamandla amakhulu nemikhomo ebulalayo.
Okubalulekile! Oshaka bezinkunzi abancane baba yizisulu zoshaka abakhulu abamhlophe, ama-tiger no-grey-blue, futhi futhi bamele inani lokudla okunempilo kubantu abadala bezinhlobo zabo nezilwane ezincelisayo eziphinyiwe.
Ezindaweni zemifula nezasogwini, oshaka abancane nabadala bazingelwa yizilwane ezinwabuzelayo ezinkulu:
- izingwenya ezigqokiwe (eNyakatho ne-Australia);
- Izingwenya zeNayile (eNingizimu Afrika);
- Izingwenya zaseMississippi;
- Izingwenya zaseMelika Ephakathi;
- izingwenya zasemanzini.
Usongo olubambekayo koshaka abampofu luvela kubantu ababazingelayo ngenxa yenyama namaphiko abo amnandi... Imvamisa ukubulawa kukashaka kubangelwa kuphela umuzwa wokuzivikela noma wokuphindisela ukuthandwa kwegazi okumangazayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
I-grey bull shark yisilwane somdlalo, yingakho inani labantu lincipha ngokuya ngokuya. Ngokungeziwe ku-pulp yenyama, kusetshenziswa isibindi namanyikwe (ngezidingo zomkhakha wemithi) nesikhumba esinwebeka (sezembozo zezincwadi noma amacala amahle amawashi nobucwebe).
I-International Union for Conservation of Nature ibhekwe ukuthi namuhla izinhlobo zinesimo "seduzane nababuthakathaka". Ngenxa yobungqabavu babo, oshaka ababuthuntu bazivumelanisa kahle nemvelo eyakhiwe futhi bangagcinwa ezindaweni zasemanzini zomphakathi.
