I-Kamchatka umabhebhana, I-Arctic squirrel, i-Beringian ground squirrel, i-squirrel yasemelika enomsila omude, i-Arctic ground squirrel - wonke lawa ngamagama euraska, noma i-evrashka, isidalwa esihle esihlala eNhlonhlweni yeKamchatka naseMpumalanga Ekude yeRussia, kanye nase-Alaska naseCanada. Lesi ngesinye sezinhlobo ezinkulu zezingwejeje ezisemhlabathini, ezingabesabi nakancane abantu futhi azihlali nje endle kuphela, kodwa nasemizaneni emincane.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Evrazhka
I-Arctic ground squirrel (lat.Citellus parryi) iyigundane lomndeni wesikwele, ongowezinhlobo zezingwejeje zomhlabathi, ezitholakala emathafeni, emadlelweni nasezindundumeni zaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe, eduze ne-Arctic Circle. Ukuba ngomunye wabamele abakhulu kunabo bonke bohlobo lwayo, abantu bomgodi bayakhula ngosayizi njengoba besakazeka - ekude enyakatho nendawo okuhlala kuyo, aba gopher bayoba bakhulu.
Ama-gullies noma ama-gullies, ngokusobala, aqanjwa ngenxa yothando lwawo lokucasha ezindaweni eziphansi nasemihosheni, kanye nokumba imigodi lapho. Kodwa-ke, abahlali beNhlonhlo YaseKamchatka, abababiza kanjalo, abanikezi imininingwane eqondile ngemvelaphi yaleli gama lalezi zilwane - zilahlekile phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Lezi yizilwane ezinamanzi amancane ezinomlomo ofisa ukwazi, okujwayelekile kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezingwejeje zomhlabathi ezithanda ukuhlola indawo ezungezile, ezinwebela ekuphakameni kwazo okuphelele ngaphezu kotshani obude.
Banobungane obukhulu kubantu futhi badla ngokuzithandela izandla. Le ngenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu ukunquma ukuthi isilinganiso sesilwane singakanani - abantu abadala bafaka izihlathi bese bebalekela ukuyothenga, kanti abasha badla konke khona lapho.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal Eurasia
I-Arctic squirrel noma i-euraska ifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha angama-25-32 uma kukhulunywa ngabantu baseChukchi, kanti abantu base-Alaska bankulu kakhulu - bangafinyelela kumasentimitha angama-30-40. Umsila walezi zilwane ungaphezudlwana kwengxenye yesithathu yobude bomzimba - kufika kumasentimitha ayi-14 kubantu abakhulu kakhulu. Isisindo somzimba salezi zilwane sifinyelela isilinganiso sama-800 amagremu.
Uboya balesi silwane esiswini nasemilenzeni bubomvu, umbala we-ocher. I-dorsum nomsila we-euraska kumnyama, kubomvu ngokubomvu, kumbozwe ngamabala amakhulu, kukhanya ukwedlula umthunzi omkhulu. Ikhanda limbozwe ngoboya obumnyama ngisho nangaphezulu, obusondele kokusobala ngombala. Umsila ubuye ube namabala amnyama, evezwe ngomphetho omnyama we-annular. Emantombazaneni asencane ase-Eurasia, uboya bunomfaniswano ongaphezulu, ongacacile futhi ongakhanyi kakhulu, ngaphandle kwamabala abonakalisiwe nokuba mnyama.
Njengezinye izinhlobo, i-Beringian ground squirrel ishintsha isikhumba sayo ngezikhathi zasehlobo nasebusika. Umbala wasebusika we-euraska ulula kakhulu kunowasehlobo, futhi unombala ompunga. Njengabo bonke abamele uhlobo lwe-gopher, i-gopher yaseMelika iyisilwane esiqaphe kakhulu, ngakho-ke inamehlo abukhali kakhulu nokuzwa. Zibona ingozi esondelayo ibanga elide, kufaka phakathi izinyoni ezidla inyama, bese zisabela ekunyakazeni ngokushesha, zicashe emgodini.
Kodwa-ke, ezimweni eziningi, abesifazane base-eurasia basabela ngokushesha ngokunembile ekunyakazeni okungazelelwe - kungenzeka bangaboni ngisho nesidalwa esinyakazayo noma esifanelekile.
Esinye sezici ezihlukile zesakhiwo se-gopher nezinye izingwejeje zomhlabathi siyisici, ngokungafani nezinye izingwejeje, ukwakheka kwezihlathi namathambo. Ivumela lezi zilwane ukuthi zikhiphe amakhwela anobude obuhlukahlukene emabangeni ahlukahlukene emisindo - kusuka ku-2 kuye ku-10 kilohertz. Futhi, amantombazane ase-Eurasia anezindlela ezihlukile zokuzivumelanisa namazinga okushisa aphansi kanye nendlela yokugcina amafutha, okuwavumela ukuthi asinde ngisho nasemakhazeni aqine kakhulu ngesikhathi sobusika. Izinga lokushisa lomzimba lalezi zidalwa liyancipha kanye nezinga lokushisa elifanele, kufaka phakathi ukwehla ngaphansi kuka-zero.
Uhlala kuphi i-euraska?
Isithombe: Evrazhka eKamchatka
Njengoba igama liphakamisa, ingwejeje yase-Arctic ehlala ezindaweni ezisondelene ne-Arctic Circle kuze kufike esiqandisini uqobo, esivimbela lezi zilwane ekumbeni izimbobo. Indawo yokuhlala idlulela emathafeni, emadlelweni nasezindaweni ezinamathafa ase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika, esendaweni ephakeme engekho ngaphezu kwekhilomitha elilodwa nengxenye ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Endaweni yaseRussia, izindawo zokuhlala yilezi:
- Umfula iYana.
- Isiqhingi sase-Ayon.
- Umfula i-Indigirka.
- Kolyma Highlands.
- IVerkhoyansk Upland.
- Inhlonhlo yaseChukotka.
- INhlonhlo YaseKamchatka.
- Ibhange langakwesokudla loMfula iKolyma, iKolyma, kuze kufike lapho kuthunyelwa khona izilwandle.
ENyakatho Melika, i-Beringian ground squirrel ihlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho ze-Alaska, iBritish Columbia neCanada. Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, inani lalezi zilwane laqala ukusabalala ngenxa yokuvela kwemithombo yokudla eyengeziwe - abase-eurasia baqala ukusondela emigwaqeni emikhulu nasezindaweni zokuhlala eziseduze nendawo abahlala kuyo. Okwamanje, zitholakala ngisho nasemadolobheni amakhulu.
I-gopher yaseMelika, njengezihlobo zayo zonke, iyisilwane se-mink. Lemigodi ivame ukutholakala ekujuleni kwamasentimitha angama-30 kuye kwangama-300 futhi ingafika kumamitha ayi-15 ubude. Ukujula nobude bemigodi kuyehla kuye ngokuthamba kwenhlabathi futhi njengoba indawo yokuhlala isondela kwi-permafrost, ngenkathi ubukhulu bezidalwa, kunalokho, buyanda.
Lolu hlobo lubuye luhlukaniswe nazo zonke izihlobo ngesakhiwo esikhethekile semigodi. Kuwo wonke ama-gopher, ama-gopher kuphela angagebhi ukuphuma okuqonde mpo kwamagumbi okuzalela - indawo evundlile yanele kubo, okulula ukuyifihla uma kunengozi.
Udla ini owesifazane wase-eurasia?
Isithombe: I-Animal Eurasian eRussia
Amantombazane ase-Eurasia angama-omnivores, kepha ukudla kwawo okuyinhloko kuncike ngqo endaweni yawo yokuhlala. Izitshalo, kufaka phakathi ubulembu nobulembu, zakha ukudla okuvamile kwezidlakela kanye nezikwele zaseBeringian ground squirrels ezihlala ezindaweni ezifudumele, ngenkathi i-permafrost isondela, ukudla kwezilwane kudla kakhulu - izinambuzane, amacimbi kanye nokubola.
Izinguquko ekudleni ziyasebenza nasenkathini - ngenkathi esebenzayo yehlobo, ama-eurasses adla izimila eziluhlaza ebusweni nezinambuzane, kepha eduze nenkathi yasebusika, ngaphambi kokulala, zihambela ezimpandeni nakumajikijolo aseduze nomhlabathi. Ngalesi sikhathi, bavame ukudla ama-lingonberries nama-blueberries, kanye namakhowe nezihlahla eziluhlaza.
Futhi, izingwejeje zomhlaba zase-Arctic ziyasebenza kakhulu futhi, njengezihlobo zazo, zenza izinto. Lokhu kwenzeka engxenyeni yesibili yesikhathi sasehlobo, futhi izimila ezomile, kanye nezithelo zezihlahla, ziya kwisitoreji.
Phakathi kwezinye izinto, lezi zidalwa zivame ukufuna ukudla ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu uma zihlala eduze. Ezimweni ezinjalo, amantombazane adla okusele okutholakala ezindaweni lapho kulahlwa khona udoti, futhi imikhiqizo yokubhaka namabele kusetshenziswa njengokudla okugciniwe. Izimo zokudla abantu (ukudla uhlobo lwazo) ziye zabonwa nakwiziduli ezihlala eduze kwabantu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Animal Evrazhka
Endaweni yabo yemvelo, amantombazane ase-Eurasia aqaphe ngokweqile, kepha asebenza kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho, izidalwa zomphakathi. Banobungane ngokweqile, kepha ngasikhathi sinye banamahloni ngokwedlulele, futhi umsindo omncane kakhulu noma ukunyakaza okungazelelwe kungenza isilwane sinyamalale ngokoqobo. Ngasikhathi sinye, kanye nokubuyela emuva ngokushesha emgodini, isilwane sikhipha impempe ebukhali, sazisa izihlobo zaso. Zishaya amakhwela futhi zicashe ngokushesha, ziyakwazi ukuqhuba umhlaseli esimweni sokunganaki inyamazane ehlala ingafinyeleleki kalula.
Noma kunjalo, ukuqaphela kwabo akuliphikisi iqiniso lokuthi abanandaba nemisindo ethulile nokunyakaza okuhamba kancane, okusetshenziswa yizilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye ezihlala ndawonye, kanye nabantu ababamba lezi zilwane, okuyizinambuzane eziseduze kwezitshalo nezingadi zemifino.
Isikhathi somsebenzi kuma-squirrels aseMelika aqala ngemuva kwehora lesi-5 ekuseni futhi siphela cishe emahoreni angama-19-20, sidambe emini. Inani eliphakeme lomsebenzi wonyaka wenzeka maphakathi nehlobo, lapho abantu abasha bahlala khona.
Isici esiyinhloko sendlela yokuphila kwama-gopher, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezingwejeje zomhlabathi, yisikhathi sokulala, esihlala cishe izinyanga eziyi-7-8. Iqala ngo-Agasti-Septhemba futhi iphele ngo-Ephreli-Meyi. Kodwa-ke, kwakukhona amacala wokuqoshwa kwama-gussets ekushiseni kwama -40 degrees. Njengomthetho, ukulala kwenzeka kanye nokuwa kweqhwa nokuqala kwamazinga okushisa aphansi noma amabi. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinga lokushisa egumbini lokudlela lomgodi nalo lingahle liye kumanani amabi: kuze kube -5 degrees. Ukushisa komzimba wezilwane ngokwazo ngalezo zikhathi kuvumelana nezinguquko endaweni yangaphandle, kwehle kuze kufike ku -10 degrees.
Ubuthongo basebusika buphela ngisho nangaphambi kokuba iqhwa licibilike, futhi kuba yisikhathi ngemuva kokuphuma ebusika lapho lezi zilwane zenza khona ukudla. Ngenkathi zifukamela cishe ngasikhathi sinye, amaduna amadala angabokuqala ukufika ebusweni kuleli koloni, alandelwe abesifazane, bese kuba yintsha efinyelele eminyakeni yobudala. Umehluko wesikhathi ucishe ube ngesonto, kepha kwesinye isikhathi unyukela kwababili.
Ekuthunjweni, amantombazane ase-eurasia, kanye nabanye abamele izinhlobo zezinhlobo zabo, baziphatha ngokuzikhandla nangesibindi, bangabaleki lapho bebona izinto ezihamba ngokucijile kanye nokushaya ikhwela okungakhombisi ukwethuka, njengasemvelweni wemvelo, kepha ukuguquka kwenkundla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuthunjweni, ama-gopher agcinwa kuphela ezindaweni ezinkulu, ezivulekile, lapho kungenzeka khona ukumba izimbobo. Kunzima kakhulu ukuzigcina njengezilwane ezifuywayo, ngaphandle kwalokho, isilwane ngokwaso ngeke sijabule ngesikhala esivaliwe.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Evrazhka
Amantombazane ase-Eurasia anenhlalo ngokweqile futhi ahlala emaqenjini amakhulu - amakoloni afinyelela kubantu abangama-50 ngosayizi. Insimu yekoloni ingafinyelela kumahektha angama-6-7, kanti owesilisa omdala ubusa le ndawo, kuyilapho abantu behlala ngazimbili ezihlukanisiwe noma, kaningi, bebodwa. Ukusebenzisana okunolaka akuvamile ukwenzeka phakathi kwamalungu eqembu - ikakhulukazi ama-gopher anobungane komunye nomunye futhi anqunyelwe emidlalweni. Le midlalo, njengomthetho, inegalelo ekusakazekeni okuqhubekayo kwenani labantu kule ndawo, eyenzeka kubantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi.
Indlela eyinhloko yokuxhumana ekoloni labo phakathi kwabase-eurosiyizimpempe zobude obuhlukahlukene nobuningi - kusuka ngokuchofoza kuya kuzimpempe eziphakeme. Isibonakaliso sengozi kuma-gopher, isibonelo, impempe emfushane ebukhali, ngenkathi impempe ebukhali futhi ende ikhishwa owesilisa owehlule omunye owesilisa emdlalweni noma umbango wowesifazane.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana kwabesifazane base-Eurasia siqala kanye ngonyaka, ngokushesha ngemuva kokuthi abesifazane bavuke ebusheni, futhi buhlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-10. Kubantu bezindawo eziningi ezisenyakatho, idlula ngisho nasemigodini, ngisho nangaphambi kokufinyelela phezulu. Imfucumfucu yenzeka ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi futhi ifaka phakathi kwamathole ayisihlanu kuye kwayi-10 (inani eliphakeme elisungulwe ngokubheka liyi-14), elikwazi ukufinyelela ebusweni maphakathi nokuphela kukaJuni.
Ngasikhathi sinye, maphakathi noJulayi, abantu abanonyaka ubudala baqala ukusakazeka. Abantu abanonyaka owodwa babhekwa njengabantu abavuthiwe ngokocansi kwabesifazane base-Eurasia, kanti inani eliphakeme lokuzala liwela ezinganeni ezineminyaka emibili nantathu ubudala. Bese kufika inkathi yokugcina ukudla nokulungiselela ubusika.
Izitha zemvelo ze-evrazhka
Isithombe: Isilwane se-Evrazhka
Izitha zemvelo zezingwejeje zase-Arctic zomhlaba ziyizilwane ezidla ezinye ezinendawo efanayo. Uhlu lwalezo luqala ngezinyoni zezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi abameleli bezinyoni ezidla ebusuku, futhi luphela ngezidalwa ezahlukahlukene zomhlaba, kufaka phakathi ezinkulu.
Izitha eziyinhloko ze-evrazhek yilezi:
- Izikhova;
- IGyrfalcon;
- Izinkozi;
- Ama-Skuas;
- Izinja;
- Izimpungushe;
- Izimpisi;
- I-Wolverine.
Phakathi kwezitha ezingavamile kakhulu zala ma-gopher kukhona ama-gulls, okuthi, ngokuxakile, kwesinye isikhathi azondle ngawo, futhi athwale. Amabhere azo mhlawumbe ayingozi kunazo zonke - ngokungafani nezinye izinsongo zemvelo, ngisho nemigodi ejulile ayikwazi ukuwasindisa kuwo. Ibhere liyakwazi ukumba ngokujulile emhlabeni lifune i-evrazhka, bese lithola isilwane esincane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Evrazhka ebusika
Inani lamantombazane ase-Eurasia njengamanje likhulu impela futhi liyanda nje - kuma-biotopes afudumele ahlala kulezi zilwane, inani lemigodi lifinyelela kuma-600-700 ngehektha ngalinye, kanti inani lemigodi yalo lisuka ku-140 kuya ku-200. Futhi lokhu okungenani kungama-250 abantu abasendaweni efanayo.
Ezimweni ezingavumi kangako, inani lama-squirrels ase-Arctic agqekeza ihektha ngalinye ngokwesilinganiso se-12-15, futhi konke kungahlalwa. Eduze kwendawo yokuhlala yabantu, lesi simo sihlukile - inani labantu lisuka emakhanda angama-30 kuye kwangama-50 anenqwaba yemigodi. Ngokuvamile, alukho olunye ulwazi olunembile ngalezi zilwane, ngoba ukubala imfuyo kunzima kakhulu, kunzima kakhulu futhi kufanele uthembele ezibalweni ezisezingeni eliphansi ezivezwe ngokubuka nokumaka.
Ama-squirrels aseMelika noma amaBeringian awekho kunoma yiluphi uhlu lokugcinwa kwemvelo futhi awavamile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani lalezi zinhlobo likhula futhi landise indawo yalo yokuhlala, ngaphandle kokwesaba ukuhlala eduze kwemigwaqo nezindawo zokuhlala abantu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingwejeje zomhlabathi zase-Arctic ziyingxenye ebalulekile futhi ebaluleke kakhulu yemvelo ezindaweni zazo zokuhlala, zibamba iqhaza elibonakalayo ekusatshalalisweni kwembewu yezitshalo nokuvuselelwa kwenhlabathi ngesikhathi senqubo yokumba. Ngenxa ye-evrazhki, i-agrocenoses egcwele (umhlaba olinyiwe), ukukhula kwezitshalo nokusanhlamvu kuyathuthuka.
Selokhu kwaqedwa ukuthuthukiswa komuntu kwezindawo ezihlala amantombazane ase-eurasia, kanye nokuphela kwesikhathi sokuzingelwa koboya, lezi zilwane akuvamile ukuthi zibhujiswe ngamabomu ngabantu. Yize kunjalo, izakhamizi zakulezi zindawo zisenomkhuba wokuvuna izikhumba zokwenza izingubo ezifudumele. Kwesinye isikhathi, kaningi kakhulu, badutshulwa ngokonakala kokudla, ikakhulukazi ukonakalisa amasheya okusanhlamvu.
Evrazhka, noma isidlamlilo saseBeringian siyisidalwa esingenabungozi futhi esihlekisayo, esinenhlalo ngokwedlulele futhi esinamahloni kakhulu endaweni yaso yemvelo, sisondela kumuntu ngenxa yelukuluku elimsulwa futhi sibalekele noluncane uphawu lwengozi. Ilukuluku lalezi zilwane ezinoboya, njengomthetho, liholela esifisweni sokuzondla, okuphela ngokulahlekelwa okuphelele kokwesaba umthombo wokudla nokubukeka okuhlelekile kwabantu bonke abanobuqili bezintombi zase-Eurasia lapho kutholakala khona ukudla.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 02.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/16/2019 ngo-21: 07
