Wonke umuntu uzwe inkulumo ethi "ibhonga njenge-beluga", kepha hhayi wonke umuntu wayeqonda kahle ukuthi lesi silwane sibukeka kanjani. Luhlobo luni lwe-beluga futhi yini enye ngaphandle kokubhonga engaduma ngakho? Ake sizame ukukuthola. Okokuqala, ake sithi ngokushesha ukuthi i-beluga ayikwazi ukubhonga nhlobo. Uma kuphela kungenxa yokuthi kungokwesigaba sezinhlanzi, nezinhlanzi, njengoba wazi, zithule.
Incazelo ye-beluga
I-Beluga yizinhlanzi ezinkulu zamanzi angenasawoti ezihlala emachibini ezwe lethu.... iminyaka futhi, njengawo wonke amanye ama-sturgeon, afunde ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila ezahlukahlukene. Lezi zinhlanzi zintula umgogodla, futhi esikhundleni samathambo, kunesimo esivumelana nezimo.
Ukubukeka
I-Beluga ihlukaniswa ngosayizi wayo omkhulu: isisindo sayo singalingana ithani elilodwa nengxenye, ubude baso bungaphezu kwamamitha amane. Abanye kofakazi bokuzibonela baze babona ama-belugas efinyelela ubude bamamitha ayisishiyagalolunye. Uma bonke lobu bufakazi bendatshana buyiqiniso, khona-ke i-beluga ingathathwa njengenhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke enamanzi angenasawoti emhlabeni. Unomzimba ojiyile futhi omkhulu.
Ikhanda nesifonyo se-beluga sifana nengulube: impumulo yayo, efana nesiqeshana, imfishane futhi ibuthuntu, nomlomo omkhulu ongenamazinyo ohlala cishe yonke ingxenye engezansi yekhanda, ozungezwe yizindebe eziwugqinsi, unomumo wocezwana. I-beluga Fry kuphela enamazinyo, futhi ngisho nalawo ayanyamalala ngemuva kwesikhashana. I-Antennae, ilenga phansi kusuka endebeni engenhla futhi ifinyelela emlonyeni, ithotshisiwe kancane ibheke phansi. Amehlo ale nhlanzi mancane futhi afiphele, ngakho-ke agxile kakhulu ngosizo lomuzwa othuthukisiwe wokuhogela.
Kuyathakazelisa! Igama le-beluga (Huso huso) lihunyushwe lisuselwa kwelesiLatini ngokuthi "ingulube". Futhi, uma ubhekisisa, ungabona ngempela ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezimbili zifana ngandlela thile ekubukekeni nasekukholeni kwazo.
Abesilisa nabesifazane be-beluga bahluke kakhulu ekubukekeni futhi kuzo zombili umzimba umbozwe izikali ezilinganayo. Isikali sisesimweni sama-rhombus futhi asidluli ndawo. Lolu hlobo lwesikali lubizwa nge-ganoid. Ngemuva kwe-beluga kunsundu ngokumpunga, isisu silula.
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
I-Beluga iyinhlanzi edonsayo, ihola kakhulu indlela yokuphila esondele ezansi. Ukubonakala kwalesi sidalwa esimangalisayo, okusikhumbuza ukubonakala kwezinhlanzi zasendulo zegobolondo, kukhombisa ukuthi i-beluga ayivamile ukuvela ebusweni: phela ngomzimba omkhulu kangaka kulula ukubhukuda emanzini ajulile kunasemanzini angajulile.
Njalo lapho lishintsha indawo yalo yokuhlala echibini futhi livame ukuya ekujuleni: lapho umsinga uyashesha, okuvumela i-beluga ukuthi ithole ukudla, futhi kunemigodi ejulile le nhlanzi eyisebenzisa njengezindawo zokuphumula. Entwasahlobo, lapho izingqimba zamanzi aphezulu ziqala ukufudumala, zingabonakala nasemanzini angajulile. Ngokuqala kwekwindla, i-beluga iphinde ingene olwandle noma ekujuleni komfula, lapho iguqula khona ukudla kwayo okujwayelekile, idla ama-mollusk nama-crustaceans.
Okubalulekile! IBeluga yinhlanzi enkulu kakhulu, ingazitholela ukudla okwanele kuphela olwandle. Futhi ukuba khona kwama-belugas echibini kungubufakazi besimiso semvelo esinempilo.
IBeluga ihamba amabanga amade ifuna ukudla nezindawo zokuzalela. Cishe wonke ama-belugas abekezelela usawoti namanzi ahlanzekile ngokulinganayo, yize ezinye izinhlobo zingaphila kuphela emanzini amasha.
Ihlala isikhathi esingakanani i-beluga
IBeluga yisibindi sangempela... Njengawo wonke amanye ama-sturgeon, ikhula kancane: kuze kufike eminyakeni eyi-10-15, kepha iphila isikhathi eside kakhulu. Iminyaka yale nhlanzi, uma ihlala ezimweni ezinhle, ingafinyelela eminyakeni eyikhulu, yize manje ama-belugas esephila iminyaka engamashumi amane.
Indawo yokuhlala
UBeluga uhlala oLwandle Olumnyama, oLwandle i-Azov naseCaspian Sea. Noma ingajwayelekile, itholakala nakwi-Adriatic. Izala eVolga, eDon, eDanube, eDnieper naseDniester. Akuvamile, kepha futhi ungayithola kuma-Urals, eKura noma eTerek. Kukhona nethuba elincane kakhulu lokubona i-beluga e-Upper Bug nasogwini lwaseCrimea.
Kwakukhona isikhathi lapho i-beluga yayihamba ngeVolga iya eTver, i-Dnieper inyukela eKiev, i-Ural River iya e-Orenburg, kanye naseKura iya eTbilisi uqobo. Kepha sekuyisikhathi manje, le nhlanzi ibingathathwa ize iye phezulu emfuleni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-beluga ayikwazi ukukhuphuka ngomfula ngenxa yezikhungo zamandla kagesi ezivimbela indlela yayo. Phambilini, ibiphinde ibonakale nasemifuleni efana ne-Oka, Sheksna, Kama neSura.
Ukudla kweBeluga
Amafry asanda kuzalwa anesisindo esingeqile kwama-gramu ayisikhombisa adla emfuleni we-plankton, kanye nezibungu zama-mayflies, izimpukane ze-caddis, i-caviar kanye nefry yezinye izinhlanzi, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezihlobene ze-sturgeon. Abesifazane abakhulile baseBeluga badla i-juvenile stellate sturgeon ne-sturgeon. I-cannibalism ngokuvamile iyisici sama-belugas amancane. Njengoba i-beluga encane ikhula, nokudla kwayo kuyashintsha.
Ngemuva kokuthi abancane bonyaka bafuduke emifuleni baye olwandle, badla ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs nezinhlanzi ezincane ezinjenge-gobies noma i-sprat, kanye ne-herring ne-carp gazinga kuze kube yiminyaka emibili. Lapho befika eminyakeni emibili ubudala, ama-beluga aba yizilwane ezidla ezinye. Manje cishe ama-98% wokudla kwabo okuphelele yizinhlanzi. Imikhuba yokudla kaBeluga iyahluka ngokuya ngesizini nezindawo zokudla. Olwandle, le nhlanzi idla unyaka wonke, yize kuqala isizini ebandayo, idla kancane. Ukuhlala ebusika emifuleni, kuyaqhubeka nokudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukudla kwama-sturgeon amaningi amadala yizilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene ezihlala ezansi, futhi kuphela enkulu kunazo zonke - i-beluga ne-kaluga - ezondla ngezinhlanzi. Ngaphezu kwezinhlanzi ezincane, amanye ama-sturgeon ngisho nezimpawu ezincane kungaba yizisulu zazo.
Esiswini selinye lama-belugas abanjiwe, i-sturgeon enkulu impela, kwatholakala i-roach kanye ne-bream eminingana. Futhi komunye wesifazane walolu hlobo, ukubamba kwakungu-carp amabili amakhulu, ngaphezu kwe-roach eyishumi nambili kanye ne-bream emithathu. Futhi, i-pike perch enkulu yaba isisulu sayo ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho: amathambo ayo atholakala esiswini se-beluga efanayo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
UBeluga uqala ukuzala sekwephuzile... Ngakho-ke, abesilisa bakulungele ukuzala beneminyaka okungenani eyi-12, kanti abesifazane abazali bengakabi neminyaka eyi-16-18 ubudala.
Abesifazane be-Caspian beluga bathola ukuthi bakulungele ukuqhubeka nohlobo lwabo beneminyaka engama-27: kuphela ngalesi sikhathi bakulungele ukuzala futhi baqoqele isisindo esanele salokhu. Izinhlanzi eziningi zifa ngemuva kokuphela kokuzala. Kepha i-beluga izala iphindelela, noma ngabe iphazamiseka kusuka eminyakeni emibili kuya kwemine.
Sekukonke, kuzala ama-8-9 ngesikhathi sokuphila kwayo okude. Ubeka amaqanda phansi esihlabathini noma etsheni, lapho kukhona khona ukugeleza okusheshayo, okudingekayo ekuhambeni njalo komoya-mpilo. Ngemuva kokukhulelwa, amaqanda ayanamathela futhi anamathele ezansi.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-beluga yowesifazane ingabeka amaqanda ayizigidi eziningana, kanti isisindo esiphelele samaqanda singafinyelela ikota yesisindo senhlanzi uqobo.
Ngo-1922, iVolga yabanjwa ibeluga yamamitha amahlanu enesisindo esingaphezu kuka-1200 kg. Bekuqukethe cishe ama-240 kg we-caviar. Izibungu ezichanyuselwe, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ziphenduka gazinga, zaqala indlela enzima - zifuna ulwandle. Abesifazane "basentwasahlobo" be-beluga, abangena emfuleni kusukela maphakathi nobusika kuya entwasahlobo, bazala ngawo lowo nyaka. Ukuze uthole futhi uhlale endaweni ekahle yokuzala, i-beluga "yasebusika" iza emifuleni ngo-Agasti futhi ihlala lapho ebusika. Uzalela amaqanda ngonyaka olandelayo kuphela, nangaphambi kwalokho alele ohlotsheni oluthile lokulala ubusika, ehlele ezansi embozwe amafinyila.
NgoMeyi noma ngoJuni, i-beluga "yasebusika" iphuma ebusika futhi izala. Umanyolo kulezi zinhlanzi ungaphandle, njengakuwo wonke ama-sturgeon. Amaqanda anamathele ezansi echibini ikakhulukazi aba yizisulu zezinye izinhlanzi, ngakho-ke iphesenti lokusinda phakathi kwezinsana ze-beluga lincane kakhulu. IBeluzhat ihlala emanzini angajulile afudunyezwe yimisebe yelanga. Futhi lapho sebekhule ngokwanele, bashiya imifula yabo yangokwabo baye olwandle. Zandisa ngokushesha usayizi wazo futhi ngonyaka ubude bazo buba cishe bulingana nemitha.
Izitha zemvelo
I-belugas yabantu abadala ayinazo izitha zemvelo. Kepha amaqanda abo, kanye nezibungu nefry ezihlala emifuleni, zidliwa yizinhlanzi ezidla amanzi angenasawoti.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kuyindida ukuthi, kodwa esinye sezitha eziyinhloko zemvelo ze-beluga yile nhlanzi uqobo. Iqiniso ngukuthi imikhomo ye-beluga ekhule yafika ku-5-8 cm idla ngokujabula amaqanda ezihlobo zayo ezindaweni zokuzalela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-XXI, inani labantu be-beluga lase lehle kakhulu, futhi lolu hlobo uqobo lwaqala ukubhekwa njengengcupheni futhi lwabalwa ohlwini lweRed Book yaseRussia kanye ne-International Red Book.
Emvelweni wemvelo, ngenxa yenani elincane lohlobo lwayo, i-beluga ingahlangana nezinye izinhlanzi ezihlobene ne-sturgeon... Futhi ngo-1952, ngenxa yemizamo yososayensi, kwahlanganiswa inhlanganisela yokufakelwa ye-beluga ne-sterlet, eyabizwa nge-bester. Kufuywa, njengomthetho, emadamini okufakelwa, ngoba i-bester ayikhishelwa kwezemvelo, lapho kutholakala khona ezinye izinhlanzi ze-sturgeon, ukuze kugcinwe imvelo yezinye izinhlobo ihlanzekile.
Inani lokuhweba
IBeluga ibilokhu ihlonishwa njengenhlanzi yokuhweba. Sekuyisikhathi eside abantu beyidla inyama, isikhumba, futhi, nge-caviar yayo. Emakoloni amaGrikhi afana neKafa (manje eyiFeodosia) neGorgippia (i-Anapa yanamuhla), imali yaze yaqanjwa nangezithombe ze-beluga.
Kuyathakazelisa! Kunezinganekwane nezinganekwane eziningi ezihlobene nale nhlanzi emangalisayo. Isibonelo, kwakukhona inganekwane evamile yokuthi, okuthiwa, ezinso ze-beluga kukhona itshe lomlingo elivikela umnikazi walo kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga namashwa.
Izakhiwo zokuphulukisa nazo kuthiwa yileli tshe. Kwaphikiswa ukuthi itshe le-beluga lingaphilisa umuntu kunoma yisiphi isifo, futhi lihehe inhlanhla futhi limvikele yena nomkhumbi wakhe ezivunguvungwini nasezivunguvungwini.
Ngisho naphakathi kwabadobi kwakukhona amahemuhemu okuthi umuntu angathola ubuthi ngokudla inyama ye-beluga, eyayihamba iberserk. Kwakunamahemuhemu okuthi inyama nesibindi sezinhlanzi ezisencane zinoshevu, kepha leli qiniso alikaze liqinisekiswe yinoma yiluphi ucwaningo lwesayensi. Ngakho-ke, akufanele kubhekwe lutho ngaphandle kwenganekwane, efanayo nezinganekwane mayelana netshe leBeluga.
Njengamanje, indawo yokudoba i-beluga seyaphela ezimweni zemvelo, kepha ngenxa yokuthi le nhlanzi yaqala ukutshalwa kabanzi ezimweni zokufakelwa, inyama yayo ne-caviar iyaqhubeka ukuvela ngokuthengisa.
Ngeshwa, ukufakwa kwalolu hlobo eBhukwini Elibomvu kanye nokunikezwa kwesimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuya e-beluga, kanye nokuvinjelwa kokukhiqizwa kwayo emifuleni nasolwandle, akuzange kuthinte ukubulawa kwabantu ngokuzingela ngokungemthetho. Ukudoba okungekho emthethweni kwalezi zinhlanzi kujeziswa ngokuqinile ngumthetho, kepha izindleko zekhilogremu le-beluga caviar ziphakeme kakhulu kangangokuba azikwazi ukuvimba abazingeli ngokungekho emthethweni: isilingo sokwenza imali ngokuthengisa okungekho emthethweni kwalokhu kudla kukhulu kakhulu.
Okubalulekile! IBeluga caviar ithathwa njengebaluleke kunazo zonke ezinye izinhlobo ze-sturgeon caviar. Ihlukaniswa ngombala ompunga omnyama nge-silvery sheen, iphunga elinamandla, nephunga elibushelelezi nelikhanyayo le-nutty.
Inyama yeBeluga inzima kunenyama yezinye izinhlobo zama-sturgeon ahlobene futhi ayinamafutha kangako... Ngenxa yalokhu, kungabhekwa njengomkhiqizo omuhle kakhulu wokudla. IBeluga caviar yisibiliboco okungekho esinye isidlo esingafana naso. Kungashiwo ngesizathu esihle ukuthi "iyancibilika emlonyeni wakho". Amaqanda e-Beluga makhulu futhi athambile, futhi umbala wawo uyiparele grey, okungaqale kubonakale kungajwayelekile futhi kungavamile. I-Beluga caviar iyona elula, endala inhlanzi lapho yathathwa khona. Izinzuzo nenani lokudla okunempilo kwalo mkhiqizo akunakubuzwa.
Kuzothakazelisa futhi:
- Uhlobo lwenhlanzi
- I-Sturgeon
- I-carp yesiliva noma i-carp yesiliva
- I-salmon ebomvana
Kepha ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu, i-beluga caviar nenyama yayo akuvamile ukutholakala kuzindlela zokupheka zanamuhla. Okungamangalisi: phela, noma ngabe le nhlanzi yayisakazeke yonke indawo, futhi ukudotshwa kwayo kwakungavunyelwe, kwakudliwa kuphela ematafuleni enkosana nawasebukhosini, ngoba vele ngalezo zinsuku i-beluga ne-caviar yayo yayibiza kakhulu kangangokuba abantu abacebile kuphela ababekwazi ukuyithenga ...
Unjalo - inhlanzi emangalisayo, ebizwa nge-beluga. Ebonakala ezigidini zeminyaka eyedlule futhi ifinyelela osukwini lwayo olumnandi ngalezo zinsuku lapho ama-dinosaurs esahamba eMhlabeni, isinde ezinhlekeleleni eziningi futhi ihlale iphumelela ekulweni nezimo zokuphila ezingathandeki, noma ngabe zinzima kangakanani.
Kudala abantu bekuthokozela ukunambitheka kwenyama yakhe ne-caviar, kepha lolu thando lwabo lwezibiliboco manje olubeke ibeluga onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa. Ngakho-ke kuncike kithi kuphela ukuthi ngabe omunye wozalo lwethu uzozibona ngamehlo yini lezi zinhlanzi, noma kuzofinyelela kubo izinganekwane nezinsumansumane ezihambisana ne-beluga.
