Ingwe yaseNdiya - ama-subspecies abonakala kakhulu amahlosi, ngoba isithombe sabo sithandwa kakhulu kumasiko amaningi. Ziyizidlakudla ezihlala emahlathini, emaqeleni nasezixhaphozini zase-Indian subcontinent. Umbala wabo uheha ukunakwa, ngakho-ke amahlosi angavame ukubonwa ema-zoo - kepha akuzona izilwane ezifuywayo ezingenangozi nhlobo, kodwa izilwane eziyingozi kubantu.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseNdiya
Ngosizo lwezofuzo, kungenzeka ukuthola ukuthi amahlosi ahlukaniswe nokhokho abavamile nabanye abameleli bohlobo lwe-panther ngaphambi kakhulu kokuhlukaniswa kwamabhubesi, ama-jaguar nezingwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, bema behluke kwamanye ama-panther ngezindlela eziningi.
Izihlobo zabo eziseduze zofuzo yizingwe izingwe, yize zingezona ezohlobo lwe-panther. Ngokusho kososayensi, amahlosi aguquke kancane kakhulu kunamanye amakati amakhulu, futhi izici zawo zesakhiwo ikakhulukazi zasendulo.
Ingwe igcine ivele iyisilwane ePliocene. Ososayensi babheka okhokho abaseduze kakhulu njengePanthera palaeosinensis - izakhamuzi zasenyakatho neChina, ezincane kakhulu ngobukhulu kunezingwe.
Kuze kube manje, ama-subspecies ayisithupha we-tiger asindile, kufaka phakathi i-Indian, amanye ama-3 asephelile. Cishe eminyakeni eyi-110,000 eyedlule, amanani abo ancipha kakhulu, futhi kwakungemva kwalokhu lapho kwakhiwa khona ama-subspecies anamuhla, ezimweni zokuvela kwabantu abahlakazeke ngokwendawo ngokwehlukana komunye nomunye.
Incazelo yesayensi yehlosi yanikezwa okokuqala kuhlelo lokugcina lwencwadi kaCarl Linnaeus's The System of Nature, ngo-1758. Ngemuva kwalokho wanikwa igama lesiLatin uFelis tigris. Yashintshwa yaba yesimanje, i-Panthera tigris yezinhlobo zizonke, kwathi uPanthera tigris tigris wezinhlayiyana zaseNdiya, yashintshwa ngo-1929 - ngaleso sikhathi uReginald Paucock wasungula okhokho babo ababengabaphostoli.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Animal Indian Tiger
Amahlosi amaNdiya yizinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu endle. Ubude besilisa esikhulile bungafinyelela ku-280-290 cm, futhi ukuphakama kubune - kufika ku-110-115 cm.Isisindo sifinyelela kuma-300 kg futhi singadlula ngisho nalolu phawu. Umzimba uyaguquguquka futhi unemisipha, unengaphambili elithuthukile.
Ikhanda likhulu, ubuso buqhubekela phambili buqinile, amathambo ahlukaniswe kabanzi. Izindlebe zinosayizi omncane futhi ziyindilinga, abafundi abane-irises ephuzi. Amazinyo abukhali futhi aqinile, esewonke ingwe inama-30 ayo.
Ividiyo: Ingwe yaseNdiya
Kunezinzwani ezinhlanu ezinqeni zangaphambili, nezine ezinyaweni zangemuva. Umunwe ngamunye uphela ngozipho olude olungasebenza njengesikhali esesabekayo. Umsila mude futhi uyathambile, unethiphu emnyama. I-dimorphism yezocansi ikhonjiswa kakhulu ngomehluko ngosayizi - abesilisa bakhulu futhi banesisindo sesithathu ngaphezulu.
Ihlosi laseNdiya livame ukuhlala isikhathi esifushane - iminyaka eyi-8-10. Isilwane esiphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13-15 ubudala sihamba kancane, okwenza kube nzima ukukhishwa kokudla. Ngenxa yalokhu, uyaqhubeka nokuba buthakathaka futhi afe. Kepha ngisho nasekuthunjweni, impilo ye-tiger yaseNdiya ayikhuli kakhulu - kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-16-18.
Umbala ohlukile yisici esaziwa kakhulu sehlosi. Ngasikhathi sinye, i-shades ingahluka: kusuka kokumnyama onsundu okubizwa ngokusobala kucishe kungahlukaniseki kusuka kokumnyama, kusuka kokukhanyayo okukhanyayo kuye kolintshi ocebile.
Kukhona amahlosi amnyama namhlophe amaNdiya. Lawa akuwona ama-albino - amehlo awo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, hhayi abomvu, yile ndlela uzibonakalisa ngayo ufuzo oluphindaphindiwe. Ama-Tiger alo mbala aqabile kakhulu, futhi agcinwa kakhulu ekuthunjweni: umbala wesikhumba ubavimba ekuzingeleni, ngoba bagqama kakhulu, futhi ngaphandle kwalokho, banokuzivikela komzimba okubuthakathaka.
Ihlala kuphi ihlosi laseNdiya?
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseNdiya edlayo
Lezi zinhlayiya ayinayo indawo eyodwa yokuhlala enkulu - ama-foci ahlukene ahlakazekile endaweni enkulu. Lokhu kungenxa yenani elincane eliphelele lamahlosi aseNdiya. Bangaphila emahlathini ezinhlobonhlobo - okuhlala kuluhlaza okotshani, okuhlala kuluhlaza okotshani, okumanzi nokwomile, kanye nameva. Kuhlalwa kuzo amaxhaphozi asogwini namaxhaphozi. Into esemqoka edingwa amahlosi ngempilo entofontofo ukusondela kwamanzi okuphuza, izilwane ezicebile namahlathi aminyene.
Iningi lamahlosi ahlala eNdiya. Zitholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zaleli zwe, kusuka emngceleni osenyakatho nendawo maphakathi nogu olusentshonalanga. Amahlosi aseNepal ahlala eningizimu nezwe, eduze komngcele neNdiya, emagqumeni amaHimalaya - iTerai. Ukukhululeka kwabo nezilwane eziningi zilungele lezi zilwane, ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndawo ivikelekile.
EBhutan encane, awekho amahlosi amaningi, kepha ahlakazekile cishe kuyo yonke indawo yombuso, ngenkathi eBangladesh, kunalokho, inani elikhulu kakhulu labo lihlala lihlangene - esifundeni iSundarban eningizimu-ntshonalanga, emahlathini omhlume akhula kuwo.
Amantshontsho ayathanda ukugibela ezihlahleni, kepha njengoba ekhula, aba makhulu kakhulu futhi abe mkhulu, yingakho eyeka ukukwenza.
Idlani ingwe yaseNdiya?
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseNdiya ngokwemvelo
Ukudla kuqukethe cishe yonke inyama, ikakhulukazi ama-herbivores.
Imvamisa iwela ezinhlokweni zengwe:
- izingulube zasendle;
- ama-tapir;
- izinyamazane;
- izinyamazane ze-roe;
- hares;
- ama-pheasants;
- amagundane;
- izindlovu.
Amahlosi alambile nawo angahlasela izilwane ezidla ezinye - izimpisi noma izikebhe, ngisho nezingwe ezihlobene nazo. Imvamisa, ihlosi lingabhekana nezinye izidalwa ngaphandle kwezinkinga, into esemqoka ukubamba - hhayi kuphela abantu abangabodwa abamesabayo, kepha ngisho namaphakethe wezimpisi wonke. Kepha ngamabhere kunzima kakhulu - kanti nase-Himalaya, lezi zilwane nazo zingangqubuzana.
Ingwe encane ingahlasela ingungumbane futhi ithole isethi ephelele yezinaliti zayo ezicijile. Lokhu kungaphela ngokudabukisayo kumzingeli: uma izinaliti zihlatshwa ezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo, futhi ungakwazi ukuzithola, kunengozi yokunikezwa kwamanxeba. Isilwane siba buthakathaka futhi singafa nokufa. Kepha uma konke kumgcina kahle, khona-ke umhlaseli uzodlula izingungumbane.
Ama-tiger angabhukudi abahle kakhulu futhi angakwazi ukudoba, izimfudu, noma amaxoxo. Kwesinye isikhathi ngisho izingwenya ezincane ziyabanjwa zidliwe. Amahlosi ahlukanisa imenyu yawo ngezithelo namantongomane - kepha inani lawo lokudla okunomsoco liphansi, ngakho-ke ingwe eyondlekile kuphela engazidla.
Ngenxa yesendlalelo esinamafutha ngaphansi kwesikhumba, bangahamba ngaphandle kokudla isikhathi eside, futhi ngasikhathi sinye bahlale begcwele amandla - phela, kwesinye isikhathi ukuzingela isikhathi eside akulethi miphumela, kepha udinga ukonga amandla emizameni elandelayo. Kepha, ngokwenelisa indlala, isilwane singadla kuze kufike ku-50 kg yenyama ngasikhathi. Uma kukhona okusele, umhlaseli uzama ukufihla inyamazane ngotshani ukuze ayidle ngokuzayo.
Amahlosi anesimiso esihle somzimba sokuzivikela ezifweni, esidlula ezinye izidalwa eziningi kulokhu. Ikuvumela ukuthi udle inyama esivele ibola, futhi ubambe nezilwane ezindala nezigulayo - imvamisa akukho miphumela engathandeki engwe ngenxa yokusebenzisa inyama yayo.
Bahlala njalo eduze komfula noma omunye umzimba wamanzi ahlanzekile ngoba badinga ukuphuza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amahlosi ayathanda ukubhukuda lapho kushisa khona: izilwane ezidliwayo zingalala isikhathi eside emithonjeni emanzini apholile. Balala kakhulu emini - amahora ayi-15-18.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Indian Tiger Red Book
Umsebenzi ophambili onikelwa amahlosi isikhathi esiningi sokuvuka kwawo ukuzingela. Usayizi omkhulu awusizi njalo ekutholeni ukudla - ngenxa yesisindo, amahlosi awakwazi ukujaha inyamazane isikhathi eside, futhi aphoqeleka ukuba abale izenzo zawo kahle ukuze awabulale ngokushesha okukhulu.
Zikhetha ukuzingela ekuseni nasekushoneni kwelanga - kusihlwa, ukufihla kwazo kusebenza kahle kakhulu, uboya obulintshi buhlangana nelanga phezulu. Kepha bangaya ukuzingela nganoma yisiphi esinye isikhathi - ngisho naphakathi kwasemini, ngisho nasebusuku - ukuzwa okuhle kakhulu nokubona okuhle kuyakuvumela.
Bangena ngesinyenyela kumuntu ohlaselwe ngasohlangothini lwe-leeward, ukuze lingabanuki. Bayabekezela, bangalinda isikhathi eside, babuke isisulu bese belinda umzuzu ongcono kakhulu wokuhlasela. Bazama ukusondela kakhulu ukuze bakwazi ukugxuma futhi bavimbele inyamazane yabo ukuba ibaleke - kanti izingwe zigxumela kude kakhulu, kuze kufike kumamitha ayi-10.
Lapho sezigxilile, zingabulala isilwane esisezingeni eliphakathi ngokusiluma entanyeni. Uma ilingana nomzingeli noma ngisho nangaphezulu, ihlosi liqala ukumklinya. Uma isisulu siqaphela ingwe ngaphambi kokushaya futhi kufanele siyilandele, umhlaseli angakha ijubane elikhulu kakhulu - kufika ku-60-65 km / h.
Amahlosi amaningi awahlaseli abantu, noma izilwane ezidlayo, kodwa kwezinye izimo ukuziphatha kwawo kuyashintsha. Imvamisa lokhu kungenxa yokuguga kwesilwane kanye nokulahleka kwejubane laso langaphambilini nobukhali baso. Uma ingasakwazi ukuthola ukudla ngokuzingela izinhloso ezisheshayo nezesabekayo, khona-ke ingaqala ukubamba ezihamba kancane.
Ama-tiger amadala ahlala yedwa, ngamunye wabo uhlala endaweni enkulu - indawo yayo ingafinyelela amakhilomitha-skwele angama-30-100. Livikelwe yingwe kusukela kwezinye izidlakela ezinkulu nakwezinye izizwe. Yize izindawo ezihlala owesilisa nowesifazane kwesinye isikhathi ziyagqagqana, abesilisa nabo bangahlanganyela inyamazane yabo nabesifazane.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: amahlosi aseNdiya ngokwemvelo
Abesifazane bangena eminyakeni yokuzala ngeminyaka eyi-3-3.5, abesilisa, ngokwesilinganiso, ngonyaka olandelayo. Ngemuva kokuqala kwenkathi yokukhwelana, ewela ngoDisemba-Januwari, owesilisa ubheka abesifazane abalungele ukukhwelwa, bahlala ezindaweni eziseduze kwakhe. Unquma ukulungela ngephunga lomchamo.
Ngemuva kwalokho, bangathola ndawonye kusuka emavikini amathathu kuye ezinyangeni ezi-2, bese kuthi owesilisa abuyele endaweni yakhe. Konke ukunakekela okuqhubekayo kwenzalo kuzolala kowesifazane. Yize indlela yokuziphatha kwabesilisa ingahluka: kwezinye izimo, ukuxhumana kwabo namazinyane bekubonwa.
Ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga eziyi-3.5. Ukubeletha kwenzeka endaweni eyimfihlo, njengomhume, ongavikela amawundlu amancane engwe. Zizalwa kusukela ku-1 kuye ku-5, futhi ekuqaleni azinakuzisiza ngokuphelele: azinawo amazinyo, ukuzwa nokubona. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuzalwa, banoboya obukhulu obukhulu obuwela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Amazinyo akhula ngezinyanga ezi-2, emva kwalokho amawundlu angadla inyama. Kusukela eminyakeni efanayo, i-tigress ibathatha izingela ukuqeqeshwa. Zizingela ngokuzimela kusukela ezinyangeni eziyi-12-18, futhi zihlala nomama wazo kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2-3, ngemuva kwalokho ziye endaweni yazo. Kungaleso sikhathi kuphela lapho i-tigress ingaphinde izale khona.
Izinsikazi ezincane ezishiya abazali bazo ngokuvamile zihlala emazweni aseduze, ziba omakhelwane nonina. Abesilisa baya kude kakhulu. Ngokusho kwabaphenyi, lokhu kunciphisa ubungozi bokuzalela okusondelene kakhulu, ngoba amathuba okuhlangana phakathi kwamahlosi ahlobene esizukulwaneni esilandelayo ayancipha.
Izitha zemvelo zamahlosi amaNdiya
Isithombe: Animal Indian Tiger
Njengoba amahlosi eyizilwane ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ezinamandla kakhulu, anezitha ezimbalwa zemvelo. Futhi nalabo abazenzela bona - akekho (ngaphandle kwabantu) ohlasela amahlosi, bangakwazi futhi ukulwa nezilwane ezinamandla njengamabhere - futhi umphumela wengxabano ungahluka.
Umzamo wokuzingela izindlovu nawo ungaphela enkingeni uma abazali bawo bethukuthela - noma kunjalo, amahlosi ashesha ukushesha anganyathelwa, ngaphandle kwezindala kunazo zonke. Ubhejane omhlophe othukuthele ungaba yingozi impela.
Izimpisi ezibomvu ziyawasaba amahlosi ngisho nasemaphaketheni, noma kunjalo, amahlosi uqobo angawahlasela. Lokhu kungenzeka uma izimpisi zihlasela indawo yazo - amahlosi awakubekezeleli lokhu. Ukuhlaselwa kungaholela ekufeni kwehlosi - kwenzeka ukuthi umhlambi wakwazi ukunqoba isilwane esinamandla, kepha sinesizungu.
Ingozi yamahlosi amadala noma amawundlu amancane engawabalanga amandla awo angamelwa izingulube ezinkulu zasendle - kwesinye isikhathi ukuzizingela kugcina ngamanxeba amakhulu noma ngokufa komzingeli uqobo. Kuyingozi nokuzingela ama-gaurs - izinkunzi ezinkulu zasendle ezinesisindo esifinyelela kumathani amabili.
Amahlosi angabelana ngenzalo namanye ama-fining.
Okudume kakhulu ngama-nzalo kusuka ekuweleni namabhubesi:
- ingwe yengwe - isiphambano phakathi kwengwe nengonyama. Ngokwesilinganiso sincane ngosayizi nesisindo (kufika ku-150 kg), ngokusho kwezazi zezilwane, le ngxube iyakwazi ukuphila endle;
- i-liger yisiphambano phakathi kwe-tigress nebhubesi. Ngaphandle, ibukeka ifana neyokugcina, kepha inkulu ngokusobala futhi inemivimbo esikhumbeni. Ngokwemvelo, akakwazi ukusinda, kepha abesifazane bangazala;
- I-liligr yisiphambano esiphakathi kwe-ligress nengonyama. Isilwane sibukeka njengengonyama, sinezici ezincane esizuze njengehlosi;
- I-taligr isiphambano phakathi kwe-ligress ne-tiger. Kubukeka sengathi yingwe enkulu kakhulu enombala ophelile.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ingwe yaseNdiya
Isitha esikhulu sehlosi asihlali endle. Njengoba kwenzeka kwezinye izilwane eziningi, umuntu waba yisitha sakhe esikhulu. Kungenxa yemisebenzi yabantu ukuthi inani lamahlosi amaNdiya lehle ngemiyalo yobukhulu. Izizathu kwaba ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokuzingela ngokungemthetho.
Ingwe isisulu esiyigugu, ngoba isikhumba sayo singathengiswa ngentengo ephezulu kakhulu. Futhi amathambo abhekwa njengaphilayo ngokwezinkolelo zendawo, futhi asetshenziselwa ukuqamba amakhambi ahlukahlukene esintu. Amazinyo nezinzipho zikaTiger zisetshenziswa njengeziphonso
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, inani eliphelele lamahlosi aseNdiya lalinganiselwa kubantu ababalelwa ku-100 000. Ngemuva kwalokho akukho okusongela ama-subspecies, kepha isimo saqala ukushintsha ngokushesha. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bebelokhu beqothula izingwe, futhi impucuko ihlasele indawo abahlala kuyo, okuthe ngo-2010 inani eliphelele lehla laya kubantu abangu-3 200.
Ngenhlanhla, leli bekuyiphuzu eliphansi kunazo zonke - izinyathelo ezithathiwe zokonga amahlosi zaqala ukuthela izithelo, kwathi eminyakeni eyalandela inani labantu layeka ukuwa. Ngakho-ke, eNepal, iphindwe kabili eminyakeni eyishumi nje kuphela: ngo-2009 bekukhona abangu-120, kwathi ngo-2019 - 240.
ENdiya kuhlala amahlosi angaba ngu-3 000. EBhutan, kune-60-80, kanti inani labantu baseBangladeshi lilinganiselwa kubantu abangama-200-210. Sekukonke, kunamahlosi amaNdiya angama-3,880 - 3,950 endle ngo-2019. Njengoba izinombolo zazo zihlala ziphansi, zifakwa kwi-International Red Data Book enesimo se-EN (izinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa).
Ukulondolozwa kwamahlosi aseNdiya
Isithombe: I-Indian Tiger Red Book
Ngenxa yokwehla okukhulu kwenani lamahlosi amaNdiya, ohulumeni bamazwe abahlala kuwo bawuthathe lo mfundaze ngaphansi kwesivikelo. Ingxenye ebalulekile yabantu babo ihlala ezindaweni ezivikelekile, okuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu emsebenzini ongcolile wabazingeli abangekho emthethweni.
Kukhona nohlelo lokuphinda kabili inani lamahlosi kuwo wonke amazwe ahlala kuwo ngo-2022, amukelwa yizo zonke lezi zifundazwe. Ukuqaliswa kwayo sekuvele kuyaqhubeka, ndawo thile imiphumela isobala (futhi eNepal, ukuphindeka kabili sekuzuziwe), kwenye indawo hhayi.
Uhulumeni waseNdiya udale izindawo ezintsha eziyi-8 ezivikelekile, okuyikhaya lamahlosi, ukugcina izindawo zazo ezinkulu nezinamandla kakhulu. Imali eyengeziwe inikezwe ukuvikela indawo enkulu futhi kuthuthwe abantu ababalelwa ku-200,000 abahlala kulo mhlaba noma eduze kwawo.
Kukhona nezinhlelo lapho izingwe zezingane, ezingenamama noma ezizalelwe ekuthunjweni, ziqeqeshelwa ukukhulisa umuzwa wazo wokudla bese zidedelwa zibuyele endle. Amaningi ala mahlosi abe nempande ngempumelelo ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa. Kwakunomsebenzi wokwethulwa kwabo eRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika, kepha awuzange usetshenziswe - mhlawumbe ngokuzayo lokhu noma ukuhlolwa okufanayo kusazokwenziwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: AmaTiger nawo aqothulwa ngenxa yesithunzi esibi sabahlali bendawo - izidalwa ezindala zingaba ngamazimuzimu. Ukubasabisa, bezungeza indawo okungahlala kuyo amahlosi, umuntu wokugcina eqenjini ubeka imaski enamehlo aqanjiwe ngemuva kwekhanda lakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, ihlosi lingadideka lingatholi isikhathi esikahle sokulihlasela.
Ingwe yaseNdiya kubaluleke kakhulu hhayi ngoba kungekho nolulodwa uhlobo lwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wethu olungalahleka, kodwa futhi nangenxa yengozi yezinxushunxushu emvelweni ezihlala kuwo. Ukunyamalala kwabo kungaholela kumphumela weketanga ongalindelekile, ngenxa yokuthi isimo saso sonke isifunda sizoshintsha. Yize ihlosi liyisilwane esinamandla, lidinga usizo lomuntu ukuze lisinde.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-21: 26
