Inyoni yenyoni yempungushe - izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu phakathi kwezinyoni ezidla inyama. Icishe ilingane negwababa elijwayelekile. Ummeleli womndeni we-falcon ubhekwa ngokufanele njengesidalwa esisheshayo esihlala emhlabeni. Abazingeli abahle kakhulu abanamehlo abukhali nokusabela okusheshayo kombani abashiyi inyamazane yabo ithuba lokusindiswa.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sapsan
Usosayensi oyiNgisi uMarmaduke Tunstell waqala wachaza lolu hlobo ngo-1771 walunikeza igama elithi Falco peregrinus. Ingxenye yokuqala yalo ihunyushwa ngokuthi "ukugoba isikela" ngenxa yokuma kwamaphiko enyoni lapho indiza. I-Peregrinus isho ukuzulazula, okuhlobene nendlela yokuphila kokhozi lwe-peregrine.
Ividiyo: Inyoni yokhokhova basePeregine
Izihlobo eziseduze zifaka i-gyrfalcon, i-laggar, i-saker falcon, ama-falcons aseMedithera naseMexico. Lezi zinyoni zivame ukuqoqwa ndawonye. Izazi ze-ornithologists zikholelwa ukuthi ukwehluka kokuvela kwalezi zinhlobo kusuka kwezinye kwenzeka ngesikhathi seMiocene noma iPliocene, cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezi-5-8 edlule.
Isikhungo sokwehlukana, cishe, kwakuyi-Western Eurasia noma i-Afrika, ngoba leli qembu lihlanganisa izinhlobo ezivela e-Old World naseNew World. Ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ucwaningo lwesayensi kuleli qembu lunzima. Isibonelo, ezimeni zokuzalela ekhaya, ukuwela oheshe bama-peregrine namakhokho aseMedithera kuyathandwa.
Kunezinhlobo ezingaphansi kwezingu-17 zezilwane ezizingelayo emhlabeni, ezakhiwe ngokuphathelene nendawo:
- i-tundra falcon;
- i-maltese falcon;
- ukhozi omnyama;
- Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin;
- Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides;
- Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall;
- UFalco peregrinus uBonaparte omncane;
- UFalco peregrinus madens uRipley Watson;
- UFalco peregrinus tundrius White;
- UFalco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe;
- UFalco peregrinus cassini Sharpe nabanye.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, oheshe bama-peregrine bebelokhu besetshenziselwa i-falconry. Ngesikhathi kumbiwa e-Asiriya, kwatholakala isithwebuli-bas, esukela cishe eminyakeni engama-700 BC, lapho omunye wabazingeli wethula khona inyoni, kwathi owesibili wayibamba. Izinyoni zazisetshenziselwa ukuzingela abahamba phambili baseMongolia, abasePheresiya nababusi baseChina.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni yasePeregine
IPeregrine Falcon iyisilwane esidla ezinye esikhulu uma kuqhathaniswa. Ubude bomzimba wayo bungamasentimitha angama-35-50, amaphiko angamasentimitha angama-75-120. Abesifazane banzima kakhulu kunabesilisa. Uma umuntu wesilisa enesisindo cishe ngama-440-750 amagremu, khona-ke owesifazane - 900-1500 amagremu. Umbala kwabesifazane nabesilisa uyefana.
Umzimba, njengowezinye izidalwa ezisebenzayo, unamandla. Imisipha elukhuni enkulu esifubeni esibanzi. Ezidladleni eziqinile, uzipho oluhlabayo olugobile, olusheshisa kalula isikhumba sesilwane. Umzimba ophezulu namaphiko kuyimpunga ngemivimbo emnyama. Izimpiko zimnyama ekugcineni. Umlomo uqobekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Esihlokweni somlomo, izinyoni zinamazinyo abukhali, okwenza kube lula ukuluma amathambo omlomo wesibeletho.
Izimpaphe ezisesiswini ngokuvamile zikhanya ngombala. Ngokuya ngendawo, ingaba nombala opinki, obomvu, mpunga nomhlophe. Esifubeni kukhona ama-streaks ngesimo samaconsi. Umsila mude, uyindilinga, unomugqa omncane omhlophe ekugcineni. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda imnyama, engezansi ilula, ibomvu ngokubomvu.
Amehlo ansundu azungezwe isiqephu sesikhumba esingenalutho sombala ophuzi. Imilenze noqhwaku kumnyama. Okhozi abasha be-peregrine banombala ohluke kancane - onsundu ngengxenye ephansi ekhanyayo nemifudlana yobude obude. Izwi liyakhazimula, libukhali. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, bakhala kakhulu, sonke isikhathi bavame ukuthula.
Manje wazi konke ngokuvela kwenyoni engavamile ye-peregrine falcon evela eRed Book. Ake sibone ukuthi lesi silwane esisheshayo sihlala kuphi nokuthi sidlani.
Ihlala kuphi ikhegu?
Isithombe: Inyoni kapholi yasePeregine evela eRed Book
Lezi zinhlobo zivamile kuwo wonke amazwekazi ngaphandle kwase-Antarctica, kufaka phakathi iziqhingi eziningi. Ivumelana kalula nanoma iyiphi imvelo. Ingaphila kokubili emathafeni abandayo nase-Afrika eshisayo naseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene zonyaka, izinyoni zingatholakala cishe kunoma iyiphi indawo yomhlaba, ngaphandle kwezingwadule kanye nezindawo ezisemaphethelweni. Okhohlisi bamaPeregine abatholakali emahlathini amaningi emvula asezindaweni ezishisayo.
Abantu abathandi izikhala ezivulekile, ngakho-ke bagwema ama-steppes ase-Eurasia naseNingizimu Melika. Ezindaweni ezinezintaba ingatholakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezine ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Ukuhlakazwa okunjalo kuvumela oheshe ukuthi babhekwe njengezilwane ezihlasela kakhulu emhlabeni.
Izinyoni zikhetha izindawo ezingafinyeleleki kubantu. Imvamisa lokhu kungasogwini olunamadwala lwemizimba yamanzi. Izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokwakha izidleke yizigodi zemifula yezintaba. Amahlathi ahlala ezindaweni eziseduze kwamawa omfula, amaxhaphozi ama-moss, izihlahla ezinde. Zingahlala ezidlekeni zezinye izinyoni. Imfuneko yokuphila yindawo yokugcina amanzi enendawo engamakhilomitha-skwele ayi-10.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umndeni we-peregrine falcon uhlala kuvulandi wesakhiwo esikhulu e-Atlanta ngenhla kwesitezi sama-50. Ngenxa yekhamera yevidiyo efakiwe, impilo yabo nentuthuko yabo ingabhekwa ngesikhathi sangempela.
Izinyoni zihlala phansi. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, zingahamba amabanga amafushane. Abesilisa abavuthiwe ngokobulili bazama ukungashiyi indawo yokwakha izidleke noma kusenkathi ebandayo. Ukufuduka kwebanga elide kungenzeka emabhande e-arctic nase-subarctic.
Yini edliwa yinyoni kakhekhozi?
Isithombe: Fast Peregrine Falcon
Ukudla kwezinyoni kuncike ezinyonini ezincane naphakathi nendawo, kuya ngokuthi zihlala kuphi:
- amajuba;
- ondlunkulu;
- i-hummingbird;
- amadada;
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle;
- izinkanyezi;
- izinyoni ezimnyama;
- izinyoni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ososayensi babalile futhi bathola ukuthi cishe i-1/5 yazo zonke izinyoni ezikhona zondliwa ngukhexheshe.
Ngeke bahluleke ukubamba igundane, isilwane esincelisayo esincane noma isilwane esiphila emanzini uma behlala endaweni evulekile:
- amaxoxo;
- izibankwa;
- amaprotheni;
- amalulwane;
- hares;
- gophers;
- voles;
- izinambuzane.
Okhohlisi bamaPeregine bakhetha kuphela umzimba wesisulu. Imilenze, amakhanda namaphiko akudliwa. Abaqaphi bezinyoni baye baqaphela ukuthi izinsalela zezinyoni zihlala zihlakazekile zizungeze izidleke zezinyoni. Ososayensi bayazisebenzisa ukuthola ukuthi abanikazi bendawo yokuhlala badlani.
Ngesikhathi sokunakekela amatshwele, izilwane ezidla ezinye zingazingela inyamazane encane, futhi kwesinye isikhathi azesabi ukungena enyameni eyeqa ubukhulu bayo. Isisindo se-heron noma ihansi siphindwe kaningana kunesisindo sikakhokho we-peregrine, kepha lokhu akuvimbeli abazingeli ekubulaleni inyamazane yabo. Okhova abahlaseli izilwane ezinkulu.
Abancane abangakwazi ukundiza noma abalimele izinyoni bangacosha ukudla phansi, kepha ukuzingela emoyeni kubadonsela phambili kakhulu. Ngokundiza okuvundlile, isivinini sikaphingo ocelemba asilikhulu kangako - 100-110 km / h. Amajuba noma izinkonjane zingazibalekela kalula. Kepha ngokuntywila ngokushesha, alikho ithuba lokusindiswa kunoma iziphi izisulu.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni eyizidlakela i-peregrine falcon
Izilwane ezidla ezinye zithanda impilo yokuphila yodwa; zihlala ngazimbili kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzalisa. Baqapha kakhulu izindawo zabo, baxoshe kubo hhayi izihlobo zabo kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izidalwa ezinkulu. Ngokubambisana, umbhangqwana ungasusa isilwane esincane semilenze emine esidlekeni. Umama ovikela amatshwele angasabisa enkulu.
Izidleke zitholakala ebangeni lamakhilomitha ama-5-10 ukusuka komunye nomunye. Okhohlisi bakhetha ukungazingeli eduzane nemizi yabo, ngakho-ke ezinye izinyoni zivame ukuhlala eduze kokhokho be-peregrine ngangokunokwenzeka. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nokuvikelwa hhayi kuphela ku-ukhozi, kepha nakwezinye izidalwa ezixoshayo.
Izinyoni ziyahamba zizingele ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Uma kungekho muntu emoyeni abangambamba, oheshe bahlala esihlahleni eside futhi bangabuka isikhala amahora amaningi. Uma indlala inamandla kakhulu, zindiza ebusweni bomhlaba ukwethusa izisulu ezingaba khona, bese ziyibamba.
Uma inyamazane ibonwa esibhakabhakeni, izidumbu zizama ukuthola ukuphakama ngokushesha ukuze ziyibambe esiqongweni sombani. Ijubane lazo lokuntywila cishe ku-322 km / h. Kuleli jubane, ukushaywa ngeminwe yangemuva kwanele ikhanda lesisulu ukuba lindiza.
Ngenxa yokungazethembi kwabo, ikhono labo lokufunda kahle nokushesha kwengqondo, baba ngabazingeli abangenakuqhathaniswa. Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa izidlakela ku-falconry. Inyoni eqeqeshiwe ibiza imali eningi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo iba ngumsizi omkhulu wabantu.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoni evamile ye-peregrine falcon
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabantu bobubili ubulili kwenzeka ngonyaka owodwa ngemuva kokuzalwa. Kodwa aqala ukuzala kuphela ngemuva kokufinyelela eminyakeni emibili noma emithathu. Ama-falcons akhethwa iminyaka eminingi. Imindeni iboshelwe endaweni eyodwa yokwakha izidleke; izizukulwane eziningana zingahlala endaweni eyodwa.
Isikhathi sokuzalisa siqala ngoMeyi-Juni, kamuva ebangeni lasenyakatho. Owesilisa uheha insikazi ngama-pirouettes omoya. Uma okhethiwe eshona eduze kwale ndawo, kuzokwakhiwa lo mbhangqwana. Ozakwethu bayabukana, bashaye izimpaphe noma uzipho.
Ngesikhathi sokuqomisana, owesilisa angondla umlingani wakhe, amdlulisele ukudla endizeni. Insikazi igingqika emhlane wakhe bese isibamba isipho. Ngenqubo yokwakha izidleke, lo mbhangqwana unolaka kakhulu kubahlaseli. Kungaba nezidleke ezifika ku-7 endaweni eyodwa. Okholeji basePeregine basebenzisa izindawo ezahlukahlukene ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene.
Amaqanda abekwa kusukela ngo-Ephreli kuya kuMeyi, kanye ngonyaka. Izinsikazi zizalela amaqanda amabili kuya kwamahlanu abomvu noma ansundu, kaningi kathathu - njalo ngamahora angama-48 eqandeni elilinganisa u-50x40 mm. Izinsuku ezingama-33-35, bobabili abalingani bachamisela inzalo. Amachwane asanda kuzalwa ambozwe ngwevu phansi, anezidladla ezinkulu futhi awanakuzisiza nakancane.
Insikazi iyayinakekela inzalo isikhathi esiningi, kanti ubaba uthola ukudla. Indiza yokuqala yamachwane yenziwa inezinsuku ezingama-36-45, ngemuva kwalokho izingane zisesidlekeni somzali amasonto ambalwa futhi zincike ekudleni okutholwe ngubaba.
Izitha zemvelo zamaphakethe we-peregrine
Isithombe: Sapsan
Kubantu abadala, ayikho neyodwa inyoni edla inyama ebeka engcupheni enkulu, ngoba ocelemba bangaphezulu kuketanga lokudla. Kodwa-ke, amaqanda abo noma amaphuphu amancane angase ahlupheke ngezinye izinyoni ezinkulu - izikhova zokhozi, ama-kites, izinkozi. Izidleke zomhlaba zingacekelwa phansi ama-martens, izimpungushe nezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
Izinyoni azinamahloni futhi ezimweni eziningi zingazimela, zihlasele izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu kunazo nezilwane ezinobukhulu obukhulu. Ngeke besabe ukuxosha umuntu - ophahlamba base-peregrine bazohlala bezungeza umuntu ophazamise ukuthula kwabo.
Abantu bebelokhu bebabaza njalo ubuchule benyoni. Bazamile ukuthambisa amaflaya bawasebenzisela izinhloso zabo. Amantshontsho okhexheshe abizwa ngamaPeregine abanjwa afundiswa ukubamba ezinye izinyoni. Amakhosi, izikhulu, amaSultan babenezinyoni ezizingelayo. I-Falconry yayidumile ngeNkathi Ephakathi. Umbukwane ubabazeka ngempela, ngakho-ke oheshe bama-peregrine babaziswa kakhulu, bakhokha intela nentela.
Isitha esiyingozi kakhulu senyoni umuntu. Ngenxa yokwandiswa komhlaba wezolimo, amakhemikhali kanye ne-pesticides kuhlala kusetshenziselwa ukubulala izinambuzane. Kodwa-ke, ubuthi abugcini ngokubulala ama-parasites, kodwa futhi buyabulala izinyoni ezidla izinambuzane. Izindawo ezinkulu zemvelo zezilwane ezidla ezinye zibhujiswa ngabantu.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoni yenyoni yasePeregine
Yize ikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhle kunoma yisiphi isimo sezulu nesimo sendawo, ngaso sonke isikhathi ikhexhezi le-peregrine lalibhekwa njengenyoni engajwayelekile. Ngokuvamile, isibalo sabantu sithathwa njengesizinzile njengamanje, kepha kwezinye izindawo inani lingahle liguquke noma lehle ukuqeda ukuqothulwa ezindaweni ezihlala kuzo.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20, inani labantu lalahlekelwa kakhulu ngenxa yokusebenzisa kakhulu izibulala-zinambuzane ne-DDT. Ama-pesticides athambekele ekuqongeleleni emzimbeni wezinyoni futhi athinte ukukhula kombungu kwamachwane. Amagobolondo amaqanda aba ntekenteke kakhulu futhi ahluleka ukuxhasa isisindo sezinyoni. Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwenzalo kwehle kakhulu.
Phakathi kuka-1940 no-1960, izinyoni zanyamalala ngokuphelele engxenyeni esempumalanga yeMelika, kwathi entshonalanga, inani labantu lehla ngama-75-90%. Okhohlisi bamaPeregine nabo sebephelile ukutholakala eNtshonalanga Yurophu. Ngo-1970, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane kwavinjelwa futhi inani laqala ukwanda kancane kancane. Okwamanje, kunezinhlayiya ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-2-3 eRussia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi seMpi Yesibili Yomhlaba, abasebenzi babulala onogolantethe ukuze bangabambi badle amajuba okuphatha.
Yize ukudutshulwa nokugqilazwa kwezinyoni esikhathini esedlule, ukuncintisana kokudla ne-balaban falcon, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo zokwakha izidleke, nokuzingela ngokungemthetho kuya ngokuya kuba nomthelela enanini. Izilwane ezidla ezinye zingazwana kalula nabantu abahlala komakhelwane, kepha zizwela kakhulu ekuphazamisweni okubangelwa abantu.
Ukuvikelwa kobuhle basePeregine
Isithombe: Inyoni kapholi yasePeregine evela eRed Book
Izidlakela ziseRed Book laseRussia, lapho zabelwa khona isigaba 2. Lezi zinhlobo zifakiwe eMhlanganweni we-CITES (Isithasiselo I), Isithasiselo II se-Bonn Convention, Isithasiselo II se-Berne Convention. Ucwaningo luyaqhubeka, kuhlelwa imisebenzi yokulondoloza lezi zinhlobo.
Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze, kuhlelwe imizamo eyengeziwe yokubuyisa inani lezinyoni ezidla izihlahla eYurophu, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ezihlose ukuthuthukisa izindawo zemvelo. Kuze kube manje, kunomzabalazo wokulwa nokungasebenzi kahle kwama-ejensi okuphoqelela umthetho angasebenzi kahle ngokuzingela ngokungemthetho.
ECanada naseJalimane kunezinhlelo zokuzalela izinyoni ezindizeni ngokudluliselwa okulandelayo ezimweni zemvelo. Ukugwema ukufuywa kwamachwane, ukondla kwenziwa ngesandla somuntu, esigqoke imaski yekhanda le-falgine. Kancane kancane, abantu ngabanye bathuthela emadolobheni. EVirginia, abafundi bakha izidleke zokufakelwa ukufaka imibhangqwana.
IRoyal Society Yezokuvikelwa Kwezinyoni zaseGreat Britain ilwela ngenkuthalo ukubuyisa inani labantu bakakhokho. ENew York, izinyoni sezizinze ngempumelelo; lapha kunesisekelo esihle sokudla sazo esinjengejuba. Ezikhumulweni zezindiza, ocelemba basetshenziselwa ukwethusa imihlambi yezinyoni.
Inyoni yenyoni yempungushe Iyinyoni eyingqayizivele ngempela. Abazingeli abaphelele, izilwane ezidliwayo zihlukaniswa ngobuhlakani obusheshayo, ukubekezela, ikhono lokufunda elihle kakhulu kanye nokucabanga okushesha kombani. Indiza iyamthakazelisa - umusa nokushesha kujabulisa ababukeli. Isilwane esesabekayo simangaza ngamandla aso futhi sethuse izimbangi zaso.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.06.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/23/2019 ngo-21: 32
