Grouse - motley, evumela igama layo, inyoni yohlobo olufanayo, ngakho-ke igama lesiLatini elaziwa ngokuthi i-binomial laziwa ngokuthi "Bonasa bonasia". Incazelo negama kwanikezwa nguLinnaeus ngo-1758. Lesi yisakhamuzi esijwayelekile emahlathini ayindilinga e-Eurasia.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Grouse
Izinyoni zingezinhlobo eziningi zezinkukhu. Izihlobo eziseduze kakhulu ngumndeni we-pheasant. Lezi yi-grouse encane kunazo zonke: isisindo sazo sifinyelela ku-500 g. Uhlobo lwe-hazel grouse, ngaphezu kwalokhu okuyinhloko, kufaka phakathi ama-subspecies ayishumi ngaphezulu.
Zonke ziyefana, zihlukile ngendawo yokuhlala futhi zibukeka kancane nosayizi. Lo mehluko unganqunywa kuphela nguchwepheshe lapho ehlolisiswa.
Ividiyo: Grouse
Yize ama-hazel grouse afana kakhulu ne-grouse yakubo, kukhona nobufakazi besiphambano phakathi kwale nyoni namanye amalungu omndeni omncane, kepha izifundo zofuzo zikhomba ukuhlukaniswa nayo yonke i-grouse. Ukwehluka kokuqala kokuhluka kwenzeka lapho i-collar hazel grouse ihlukaniswa. Ngemuva kwalokho kwavela ama-subspecies akhethiwe ne-Severtsov's hazel grouse.
Le nyoni ingatholakala noma yikuphi lapho kukhula khona umuthi we-spruce, pine noma ihlathi elixubekile kulo lonke elase-Eurasia, uyisakhamuzi esijwayelekile se-taiga. Izinyoni zichitha isikhathi sabo esiningi emhlabathini, uma kukhona okubesabisayo, bandizela phezulu emagatsheni asondele esiqwini, kodwa bangahambi ibanga elide. I-Grouse ayithutheli, ihlala endaweni eyodwa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: IHazel grouse ibilokhu iyinto yokuhweba ngenxa yenyama yayo emnandi. It has a eyinqaba, kancane munyu, ukunambitheka inhlaka. Esikhathini esiningi, ngesikhathi sokuzingela ebusika, izingibe ezahlukahlukene, izihibe zibekwa kuso futhi zibanjwe nenetha. Lapho ezingela nenja, ushayela i-hazel grouse esihlahleni, anikeze ithuba lokudubula umdlalo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: I-bird grouse
U-Ptah ubukeka ngendlela exakile, noma ngubani ombone kanye mancane amathuba okuthi adideke. Yena, ngesisindo esiphansi - cishe amagremu angama-500, ubukeka eyisidudla, kanti ikhanda lincane. Lo mbono uqiniswa uqhwaku oluncane (10 mm) lomlomo omnyama onethiphu eligobile.
Le nyoni igqoke izimpaphe ezinhlobonhlobo. Izinhlobonhlobo zinezindawo ezimhlophe, ezimpunga, ezimnyama nezibomvu, ezihlangana zibe yimivimbo, ezinama-semicircles, kepha uma ukude zibukeka ziphaphatheka ngokuzumayo, ziboshwe kancane ngokubomvu, imilenze iba mpunga. Umbala umaski kahle i-hazel grouse. Intamo kwabesilisa imnyama, kanti kwabesifazane iyefana nombala jikelele webele.
Emaceleni wamehlo amnyama kukhona uhlaka olubomvu lwe-burgundy, olukhanya kakhulu kwabesilisa. Kwabesilisa, isici ekhanda sici, kubantu besifazane asiphinyiselwe kangako, futhi sincane ngosayizi. Ngobusika, le nyoni, ithole ingubo ebushelelezi, iba lula, izimpaphe ezivuselelwe zinomngcele obanzi wokukhanya. Lokhu kusiza izinyoni ukuba zizifihle kangcono phakathi kwehlathi eliqhwa.
Uma ubheka izinyathelo ezinyaweni zeqhwa, ungabona iminwe emithathu ekhomba phambili nomunye emuva, okungukuthi, njengenkukhu ejwayelekile, kodwa incanyana kakhulu. Isinyathelo esilinganiselwe senyoni cishe singama-10 cm.
Ihlala kuphi i-hazel grouse?
Isithombe: i-hazel grouse entwasahlobo
Ama-hazel grouse ahlala emahlathini ahlanganisiwe. Emahlathini ephayini kungatholwa kuphela lapho kukhona khona izihlathi eziwugqinsi nefern, kepha kugwema isembozo sotshani obuphakeme futhi obukhulu. Le nyoni eqaphile, efihlekile ayitholakali emaphethelweni ehlathi noma emaphethelweni ehlathi, itholakala kuphela endaweni ejiyile. Indawo embi, ihlathi elisogwini lwemifudlana, amathafa aphansi, amahlathi esihlahla sonwele ngesihlahla esinezihlahla ezinqabayo: i-aspen, i-birch, i-alder - lapha ama-hazel grouse azizwa ekhululekile ngokutholakala kokudla okuhle.
Phambilini bebetholakala eYurophu Ephakathi neseNtshonalanga, kepha sekuyiminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu belahlekile kulesi sifunda. Manje lolu hlobo luvamile eMpumalanga Yurophu naseMpumalanga Ekude. Itholakala enyakatho yeziQhingi zaseJapan, yize isibalo sayo sincipha lapho, eKorea. Esikhathini esedlule, i-hazel grouse ibitholakala ngamanani amakhulu ezifundeni ezinamahlathi eChina naseMongolia, kepha ngemuva kokuthi indawo ehlala amahlathi yehle lapho, indawo yezinyoni yancipha kakhulu.
Entshonalanga yezwekazi laseYurophu, kunezindawo ezihlukile lapho ungahlangana khona nenyoni, ngokwesibonelo, eFrance, eBelgium. Eningizimu, umngcele wokusatshalaliswa ugudla izintaba i-Altai, eMongolia ngaseziNtabeni zaseKhangai naseKhentei spurs, eChina - ngaseGreat Khingan, bese - engxenyeni emaphakathi yeNhlonhlo yaseKorea. Le ndawo ihlanganisa iRussia Sakhalin neJapan Hokkaido. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, ama-hazel grouse angatholakala ezindaweni ezithile zaseCaucasus, iTien Shan, empumalanga - eKamchatka.
Yini i-hazel grouse edlayo?
Isithombe: Grouse ebusika
Ekudleni kwe-hazel grouse, kukhona kokubili ukudla kwezitshalo nezinambuzane. Amachwane, ezigabeni zokuqala zempilo, adla izinambuzane, amaqanda (iziphungumangathi) zezintuthwane, bese eshintshela kancane kancane ukutshala ukudla.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-hazel grouse kuphela anokudla okuveziwe kwesizini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izingxenye zamathumbu ezinkukhu zibhekele ukuvutshelwa kwemicu yesitshalo esiqhakazile. Ehlobo, lapho imenyu enkulu iqukethe ukukhula okuncane, amajikijolo, izinambuzane, akusebenzi nje.
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho nje kuvela izinambuzane, ama-hazel grouse asebenza ngenkuthalo adla izimbungulu ezinuka ihlathi, amabhungane, izintuthwane, izintethe kanye nezibungu zazo, kanye nama-slugs. Kusuka ekudleni kwezitshalo abakhetha: imbewu yotshani obuhlukahlukene bamahlathi, ama-inflorescence nokukhula okuncane kwezihlahla, i-birch kanye ne-alder catkins.
Kusuka kumajikijolo:
- URowan;
- UKalina;
- I-cherry yezinyoni;
- IRosehip;
- I-Hawthorn;
- I-Lingonberry;
- AmaBlueberries;
- Amathambo;
- I-currant yehlathi;
- Amajikijolo, njll.
Isabelo esiyinhloko sokudla singahluka, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Ingafaka phakathi kwezinhlamvu ezimbili nengxenye kuya kweziyisithupha zamagama ezitshalo. Ukuvunwa kwamantongomane ephayini kunethonya elikhulu ekondleni kwe-hazel grouse. Inyoni yakhe idla ngentokozo enkulu, ngenkathi ikhuluphele. Eminyakeni emincane, inani lommeleli we-grouse lincipha kakhulu. Kepha ukuqoqwa kwamafutha nakho kungenzeka ngenxa yesihlahla sonwele noma sephayini.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: yilabo kuphela abamele lolu hlobo oluhlala eSiberia, nezimo zalo zezulu ezinzima nobusika besithwathwa, "abakhuluphele".
Izinyoni zichitha isikhathi esiningi emhlabathini, kulapho zizitholela khona ukudla, futhi kuphela ekwindla zichitha isikhathi esiningi ezihlahleni, zifuna imbewu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukugaya ukudla kwe-hazel grouse, njengezinkukhu ezijwayelekile, kubalulekile ukugwinya amatshe amancane, okuthi esikhwameni se-goiter "ugaye" imicu ekhonjiwe. Ngisho amatshwele anamasonto amabili ubudala acosha izingxenyana ezincane zamatshe amancane noma izinhlamvu zesihlabathi.
Ekwindla, izinyoni zikhetha ukuhambela izinyoni ezinhlangothini zemigwaqo yehlathi noma osebeni lwemifudlana ye-taiga, ku-talus. Amatshe amatshe abaluleke kakhulu ebusika, lapho inani lokudla okunolaka lenyuka kakhulu. Ebusika, izinyoni zondla ngamathiphu nokuqhuma kwezitshalo ezinamakhaza. Lokhu kudla akunamakholori amaningi, ngakho-ke izinyoni ziphoqeleka ukuthi zikhuphule umthamo wazo amahlandla amabili kuya kwamathathu, uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sasehlobo. Ngesisindo, ukudla nsuku zonke kungafika ku-50 g, kanti ehlobo akukho ngaphezu kuka-15 g.
Ebusika, ama-hazel grouse athola ama-lingonberries noma ama-blueberries ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho izigaxa zivuleka ngaphansi kwemisebe yelanga, imbewu ephuma kuzo isiza izinyoni ezinciphile ukuqeda ubusika ngokuphepha.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-hazel grouse yezilwane
I-Grouse ayivamise ukunikeza izwi, kepha uma lokhu kwenzeka, khona-ke ungezwa impempe ehlabayo, ekuqaleni imisindo emibili emide izwakala bese kuthi eminye ephazamisayo ethe xaxa.
Isici esithandekayo sale nyoni empilweni yasebusika. Njenge-grouse emnyama, la malungu amancane omndeni achitha ubusuku eqhweni. Le akuyona nje indlela yokuzifihla ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, nokuzifudumeza ngaphansi kobukhulu beqhwa, kepha futhi nethuba lokufudumeza okuqukethwe yi-goiter. Njengoba amahlumela namagatsha adliwa yile nyoni esesimweni seqhwa, kuthatha amandla amaningi ukuwagaya ukuze ancibilike. Kunzima ukukwenza lokhu emoyeni onamakhaza. Ngakho-ke izinyoni zicasha ngaphansi kweqhwa uma izinga lokushisa lomoya lehle ngaphansi kuka-zero.
Bangena phakathi kobukhulu besuka emagatsheni, lapho bazitholela khona ukudla. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwanele ukuthi ukujula kwekhava okungenani kungamasentimitha ayi-15. Uma iqhwa liminyene, ama-hazel grouses agqobhoza ephaseji nasemgodini acasha kuwo. Ngemuva kokuntywila eqhweni elixegayo, izinyoni zimba inkambo, ngezidladla zazo, bese zikha iqhwa ngamaphiko azo, ngoba ngasekupheleni kobusika zinokubukeka okungaxakile.
Njengoba ihamba ngaphansi kweqhwa, i-hazel grouse yenza izimbobo, ibheke nxazonke. Izimbobo ezinjalo zitholakala ebangeni lonke lesifundo ebangeni elicishe libe ngamasentimitha angama-20. Kuwona kanye amakhaza, izinyoni ezikulezo zindawo zingachitha isikhathi esiningi sosuku, zindiza zindiza kanye noma kabili kuphela ukuzondla. Le nyoni ivala indlela eya emgodini ngeqhwa, iyenza ngekhanda.
Emgodini weqhwa onjalo, kugcinwa izinga lokushisa njalo, cishe kususwe ama-degree amahlanu. Ayishiyi ngezansi, futhi uma ifudumala, khona-ke inyoni yenza umgodi owengeziwe "wokushaya". Ngakho-ke, ngaphakathi kwenkambo kanye "nombhede" ubuso beqhwa abuncibiliki futhi abumboziwe ngeqhwa, futhi uphaphe lwenyoni alumanziswa.
Njengomthetho, ama-hazel grouses ahlala efihla ngaphansi kweqhwa ezindaweni ezifanayo. Izilwane ezidlayo kanye nabazingeli bangazitholela kalula lezi zindlu ngoshukela bazo. Ehlobo, ama-hazel grouses anamathela endaweni yawo, angavumeli abantu angabazi, kepha ebusika bavame ukuzigcina bengamaqembu amancane noma ngababili. Kepha kulokhu, babeka izimbobo ebangeni elithile, kuze kufike kumamitha angaba ngu-6-7.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Grouse bird
Le nyoni iyodwa. Isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala entwasahlobo - ngasekupheleni kukaMashi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, kuya ngezimo zezulu. Ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene, ingahlala kuze kube ngamashumi amabili kaMeyi (lapho kufudumele khona) kuze kube nguJuni - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi - ezimeni ezinzima kakhulu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ukulungela kwabantu besilisa ukushada akuthonywa kuphela izimo zezulu, kepha futhi nobude bamahora emini.
Isikhathi sokukhwelana sama-hazel grouse, njengamalungu omndeni we-grouse, sihlotshaniswa nokukhwelana, kepha asiqoqi izingcezu eziningana ezinhlanzini zaso zamanje, kodwa sibheke umlingani waso ngamunye endaweni yaso. Umuntu ngamunye unendawo yakhe, ayigadayo futhi ayivikele. Lapho umphikisi evela, impi ayinakugwenywa. Lapho abesilisa bamanje besondelene, bawela ngesibindi imingcele kamakhelwane ukuze bangene empini nomunye inselele.
Ngesikhathi sokushayisana okunjalo, abesilisa bathatha ukuma okunamandla kakhulu:
- Ezimpapheni "zentshebe" ziyama;
- Intamo nekhanda kunwetshwe phambili;
- Zonke izimpaphe zigelezile;
- Umsila uvuleka ngokuqondile.
Ngesikhathi samanje, owesilisa uvula amaphiko akhe, avule umsila wakhe, wonke aphenduke abe manzi kakhulu, abe namandla kakhulu, sengathi uzama ukubukeka ehlaba umxhwele futhi ehehe kwabesifazane, isivalo sikhuphuka sibheke phezulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, uhamba ngamadeshi asheshayo phansi, ehudula amaphiko akhe. Ikhipha impempe ekhethekile, imema imisindo. Insikazi iseduze, iphendula ngama-trill amafishane, bese igijimela ocingweni.
Ukukhwelana kwenzeka lapho, khona-ke umbhangqwana uhlala useduze isikhashana. Ngemuva kwalokho yonke inqubo iyaphindwa futhi. Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, abesilisa banciphisa kakhulu isisindo, ngoba bacishe bangondli, futhi abesifazane ngalesi sikhathi baba nesisindo esinamandla ngaphambi kokubeka amaqanda nokufukamela amachwane.
Kunzima ukuthola isidleke se-hazel grouse, cishe esingama-20 cm ububanzi, sihlala ngaphansi kwenqwaba yezinkuni ezifile, emgodini omncane. Le nyoni iyimboza ngotshani obomile, ngamahlamvu nyakenye. Ezimweni ezingavamile, izinyoni zisebenzisa izidleke ezilahliwe zezinye izinyoni.
Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, insikazi izalela cishe amaqanda ayi-8 ngobubanzi obunga-30 mm, ubude kuze kufike ku-40 mm (inani lingahluka lisuka kwamathathu kuye kwali-15). Igobolondo linombala onesihlabathi esiphuzi, imvamisa enezinhlayiya zombala onsundu, umbala wamaqanda, ngesikhathi sokufukamela, uyaphela. Akunakwenzeka ukuqaphela inyoni ecathayo ehleli esidlekeni, ngakho-ke ihlangana nesizinda esizungezile.
Owesifazane kuphela owenza inqubo yokufukamela amaqanda, ihlala cishe amasonto amathathu. Iduna lihlala lisondele kokubili ngalesi sikhathi nangesikhathi lapho isikhukhukazi sihamba namachwane, kodwa asihlanganyeli ekukhuliseni nasekuchamuseleni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Owesilisa, uma kwenzeka kushona owesifazane, angayinakekela inzalo.
Izingane zichanyuselwa ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kukaJulayi, kuya ngesifunda. Amachwane, njengezinkukhu zezinkukhu, avele ngokushesha ephuphuma futhi, ngemuva kokuba esomile, aqala ukugijima, kepha avame ukucasha ngaphansi kwephiko likamama ukuze afudumale. Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala, ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukanina, zizingela izinambuzane ezincane otshanini ekuseni nakusihlwa. Insikazi igcwalisa imenyu yayo ngamaqanda entuthwane, iwalethe ngaphezulu. Emini, zingcwatshwa ezihlahleni, izinkuni ezifile, notshani obukhulu.
Ngemuva kokuvela kwezimpaphe, ekupheleni kwesonto lokuqala zingandiza ziye phezulu, kuthi lapho zinamasonto amabili ubudala zindizele ezihlahleni. Ezinsukwini eziyishumi ubudala, zikala cishe i-10 g, bese ziqala ukukhuluphala ngokushesha futhi ngezinyanga ezimbili zifinyelela usayizi wabantu abadala, okuyisikhathi lapho sezithole khona izimpaphe ezijwayele i-hazel grouse. Ekupheleni kuka-Agasti - ekuqaleni kuka-Septhemba, amaphuphu ayaqhekeka, futhi amaphuphu avuthiwe aqala impilo ezimele.
Izitha zemvelo zama-hazel grouses
Isithombe: Grouse
Esinye sezitha eziyinhloko zama-hazel grouses unyaka wonke ngama-mustelids, futhi eSiberia, abamele lo mndeni omkhulu kakhulu bangama-sable. Uthanda le nyoni kunabo bonke abanye abantu, noma ngabe kukhona ongakhetha kukho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sasebusika, isele lingadla ama-hazel grouses angaphezu kweshumi nambili.
Iqiniso lokuthi inyoni isemhlabathini isikhathi esiningi kuyenza ifinyeleleke ezilwaneni ezihlasela ezinye ezahlukahlukene. Izimpungushe, i-lynx, i-ferret, i-marten, i-weasel - zonke aziphikisi ekudleni ummeleli omncane we-pheasant. Le nyoni nayo ihlaselwa yizinyoni ezidla inyama: izikhova, oklebe.
Ebusika, ukuze babalekele amakhaza futhi bacashe ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, ama-hazel grows angena eqhweni. Bazi lokhu okukhethekile, abazingeli ezindaweni ezinjalo bafaka izingibe ngisho nokubamba umdlalo ngamanetha. Kepha ama-martens angathola futhi ama-hazel grouses ngaphansi kwesembozo seqhwa. Imvamisa izinyoni zisindiswa iqiniso lokuthi zihamba ngamaphaseji amade ukusuka kumitha elilodwa kuya kwamane. Kuze kube yilapho zidlulwa yisilwane esidla ezinye, ziyakwazi ukusuka endaweni yazo yokuhlala njengeqhwa.
Izingulube zasendle - izingulube zasendle zingabhubhisa izidleke zezinyoni ngokudla amaqanda, zithinta kakhulu inani lezinyoni esifundeni.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: ama-martens awagcini ngokudla ama-hazel grouse, kepha futhi enza nezinto ezivela kule nyoni.
Ama-parasites nawo angabhekwa njengezitha ze-hazel grouse; kunezinhlobo eziyishumi nanhlanu ezahlukahlukene zezikelemu, lapho izinyoni zihlupheka khona futhi zife.
Umuntu ubuye abe nomthelela kubantu. I-Grouse ingenye yezinhlobo zemidlalo yasenyakatho, ebizingelwa kwezinye izindawo amakhulu eminyaka. Kepha ukulimala okukhulu kakhulu kudalwa ukubhujiswa kwesimiso semvelo - ukuqothulwa kwamahlathi. ESiberia, kunemililo ebanzi minyaka yonke ebhubhisa amahektha amaningi ehlathi, futhi ihambisana nakho konke okuphilayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: I-bird grouse
Mayelana nokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi, inani le-grouse, ebelilikhulu ngaphambili, lehle ngokusobala. Maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, engxenyeni yaseYurophu yaseRussia enyakatho endaweni engamahektha ayikhulu, kwakukhona izinyoni ezimbili kuya kwezintathu nohhafu. Maphakathi neRussia, kwakunezindawo lapho abantu abangafika ekhulwini babehlala khona endaweni efanayo.
Inani lezinyoni livame ukwehla kanye nokuqhekeka kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yomthelela womuntu emvelweni. Kepha lolu hlobo lusahlale kakhulu endaweni yomlando futhi alusekho onqenqemeni lokuqothulwa.
Ngokuvamile, eYurophu, inani labantu lifinyelela ku-1.5-2.9 wezigidi zezinyoni, okucishe kube ngu-30% wenani eliphelele. Inani eliphelele lalezi zinyoni e-Eurasia lilinganiselwa ku-9.9-19.9 million.
- Izidleke eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-10-100 eChina;
- Kunamabhangqa angaba yisigidi esingu-1 eKorea;
- EJapane, kunezimbhangqwana eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-100 - 1 million.
Iningi labantu liseRussia.Muva nje, ngenxa yokwenqaba ukuzingela ngezinga elikhulu ukuthunyelwa kwezinkukhu emazweni angaphandle, abantu baseRussia Federation kanye nasemazweni angaphambi kweSoviet baye bazinza.
Ngaphezu komthelela we-anthropogenic, ushintsho lwabantu lungathonywa ubusika obubandayo obuncibilikisiwe. Lapho kuqhamuka uqweqwe, izinyoni azikwazi ukungena eqhweni. Ukuhlala ubusuku ngaphansi kwesibhakabhaka esivulekile, izinyoni zibulawa yi-hypothermia. Imvamisa, ama-hazel grouse azithola esesicuphweni seqhwa ngaphansi kweqhwa. Ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukene, kuma-hazel grouse, amaphesenti angama-30-50 kuphela amaphuphu asinda aze abe mdala, ikota yawo ifa ezinsukwini zokuqala.
Isimo samazwe omhlaba sale nyoni sibonwa njengesisengozini encane.
Ukuzingela le nyoni akuvunyelwe kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu. EJalimane, kwenziwa imisebenzi yokwengeza kabusha ama-hazel grouses. EFinland, kunokuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesibalo sabantu.
Ukukhulisa inani lalezi zinyoni, kudingeka izindlela zokuvikela izingcezu ezinkulu zehlathi futhi zenze imisebenzi yokutshala amahlathi lapho zibhujiswe ngumlilo noma ngabantu. Ukubuyiselwa kwendawo nokuxhumana phakathi kwezikhungo ngazinye zabantu kubaluleke kakhulu. Izindawo ezivikelekile zisiza ekugcineni abantu abazinzile. Grouse inyoni ethakazelisa kakhulu futhi engajwayelekile, inani labantu okungamele lehle.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 12.04.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-16: 42
