I-Dace ngosayizi onesizotha, kepha une-agility engavamile nokuhamba, ngakho-ke i-angler enolwazi kuphela engayibamba. Injabulo yokudoba idlalwa ngokungathi sína, ngoba lapha udinga ukukhombisa lonke ikhono lakho nobuchule. Ake sizame ukuthola ukuthi hlobo luni lwempilo engaphansi kwamanzi iholela kulo, yini ehlukanisa nezinye izinhlanzi, ukuthi ikhetha ini ngesidlo sasemini, lapho isatshalaliswa khona njalo nokuthi izala kanjani?
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Yelets
I-dace ingeyenhlanzi eyenziwe nge-ray futhi ingeyomndeni we-carp, ukuhleleka okufana ne-carp nohlobo lwe-dace.
Isilinganiso esivamile sithathwa njengesijwayeleke kakhulu, kepha kukhona ama-subspecies amabili ngaphezulu wale nhlanzi:
- I-Kyrgyz dace ikhethe izindawo zamanzi zaseKyrgyzstan naseKazakhstan;
- Isicucu saseSiberia sasihlala imifula yaseSiberia.
Kukhona nezinhlayiya ezingaphansi kohlobo lwe-dace, phakathi kwazo kukhona:
- Umjaho kaZeravshan;
- umkhondo weCaspian;
- Umjaho kaDanilevsky;
- umjaho we-talas.
Izici ezijwayelekile zivamile kuwo wonke ama-subspecies, kepha kukhona nokwehluka okuthile. Isigaxa sikaDanilevsky sinomphetho omnyama ompunga noma omnyama, ezinhlangothini ithoni lesikali limpunga esiliva. Amaphiko atholakala ngezansi anombala ophuzi-o-orenji noma ophuzi ngokubomvu. Iris yeso inombala ophuzi ngokusawolintshi.
Ividiyo: Yelets
Umugqa wentambo waseSiberia unezinhlangothi ezimnyama eziluhlaza emuva nasesilvery. Umbala wamaphiko ungabomvu kancane noma ube mhlophe ngokuphelele. Isimo somzimba sale nhlanzi siphakeme kunaleso sesikhumba esivamile, ukubukeka esizokuchaza ngokuningiliziwe ngezansi. AbaseSiberia baphinde bahlukaniswe ngomlomo wokuphela.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukubonakala kwedace nosayizi wazo kunqunywa kakhulu yizindawo zokuthunyelwa kwazo unomphela kanye nokuba khona kwemithombo yokudla echibini. Lezi zinhlanzi azihlukile ngosayizi abakhulu namafomu amakhulu. Ngokwesilinganiso, umzimba we-dace ucishe ube yi-15 cm.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kunobufakazi obuqoshwe phansi bokuthi idoski enkulu kunazo zonke ebanjiwe yayingu-40 cm ubude futhi isisindo sayo sisikhilogremu elilodwa.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umdwebo
IDace iyinhlanzi yasemanzini angenasawoti ekhetha imifula enamanzi ahlanzekile, ecebile nge-oxygen nangaphansi kwamatshe. Njengoba sekushiwo, osayizi abavame kakhulu bezinhlanzi basukela ku-15 kuye ku-20 cm, futhi ubukhulu babo abuvamile ukudlula amakhulu amabili amagremu. Umzimba wedayi uhlanganisiwe futhi ucindezelwe kusuka ezinhlangothini, ithoni ejwayelekile yesikali yisiliva. Ngemuva, umbala obala okwesibhakabhaka omnyama uyabonakala, futhi endaweni ezinhlangothini nasesiswini, umbala wenhlanzi ulula.
I-dorsal fin incishisiwe, kanti i-fin ye-caudal iyanwetshwa, ipendwe ngemibala emnyama, kanti amaphiko angaphambi, kanye ne-anal posterior fin, anombala ompunga onebloom ephuzi ngokubomvu. Awekho amabala, imivimbo noma amanye amaphethini kumbala we-dace, isikimu sombala wesiliva esine-monochromatic sisebenza kuphela, igebe kuphela elinombala omnyama.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbala wamaphiko uyashintsha ngeminyaka yenhlanzi, iba phuzi ngokwengeziwe. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umphetho wesilisa wesilisa uba bomvu ngokujulile.
Inhloko yedayi, ihlobene nobukhulu bomzimba wayo, iyalingana futhi inciphise kancane. Izinhlanzi zihlukaniswa ngomlomo omncane ophansi, lapho kukhona ukuhlelwa kwemigqa emibili yamazinyo wepharyngeal. Inani lama-gill rakers nge-dace lihluka kusuka ezingcezwini eziyi-8 kuye kwezingu-10. Izikali zezinhlanzi ziphakathi ngosayizi ophakathi, kulayini ohlangothini kungaba kusuka ku-45 kuye ku-55.
I-iris yamehlo wedace ejwayelekile imnyama. Ukubukeka kwedace kufana nezici zesici se-chub, kepha eyokuqala inomzimba nekhanda elincane. Ngisho nasemphethweni we-anal grey-yellow we-dace kukhona i-notch ephawulekayo, futhi ku-chub inesimo semicircular kanye nombala obomvu.
Ihlala kuphi idace?
Isithombe: Yelets eRussia
AmaYelets athanda imifula emincane, lapho ukugeleza kungasheshe kangako, namanzi ahlanzekile futhi abala. Ungahlangana futhi nale nhlanzi endaweni enamachibi agelezayo, kwezinye izindikimba zamanzi ezigcwala izikhukhula ajwayele ukuzivakashela. Ama-Daces athande indawo engaphansi enamadwala noma enesihlabathi. Lapho ngezansi kunodaka, ngeke uyibone le nhlanzi emincanyana. Ensimini yezwe lethu, i-dace ihlala ezinhlelweni zemifula namachibi aseBaltic nolunye ulwandle oluseningizimu. Izinhlanzi zikhethe amanzi aseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude.
Ngakho-ke, intambo yaseSiberia ingatholakala emithanjeni:
- UKolyma;
- Yenisei;
- Obi;
- ULena.
Lolu hlobo lwe-dace lukhetha imifula emincane, ehlangana kuyo ngemihlambi eminingi, evame ukuminyanisa ezinye izakhamuzi zezinhlanzi. Ama-daces awahlali ezinhlelweni zemifula ezisebhesini lasePacific.
Cabanga indawo yokwabiwa kwedace, ngokuhlobene namanye ama-subspecies ayo:
- Umjaho waseKyrgyz wakhetha imifula efana neNura, Chu, Turgai. Inhlanzi ihlala ezindaweni zamanzi eKazakhstan naseKyrgyzstan;
- Umdanso kaDanilevsky ungatholakala kuDon naseDnieper;
- umndondo weTalas uhlala ezindaweni ezingezansi kweTalas, emfuleni i-Ass, emachibini ase-Ashi-Kul naseBaili-Kul;
- Umdanso kaZeravshan uhlala e-Amu Darya, eZeravshan naseSyrdarya;
- Umdwebo weTranscaspian ubanjwa emanzini emifula iTezhen neMurghab.
Ezindaweni zaseBelarus nase-Ukraine, i-dace ihlala:
- IDvina yaseNtshonalanga;
- Izinsini;
- Dnieper;
- AmaDonets aseNyakatho.
Entshonalanga yeYurophu, idoski ihlala ezinhlelweni zamachibi nemifula yamachibi aseBaltic, oLwandle Olumnyama naseNyakatho yoLwandle. Ngeke ukuthole ezifundeni zeBalkan naseIberia Peninsula. Le nhlanzi ibhekwa njengehlala phansi, kepha okuningi kuya ngekhwalithi nobumsulwa bamanzi. Uma lesi sikhombisi sishintsha sibe sibi kakhulu, imihlambi yedayi iyantanta ngomfula, ifuna amanzi acwebile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UDace uthanda ukuqhekeka okuvuthayo, ngoba ezindaweni ezinjalo amanzi anokuqukethwe okuphezulu komoya-mpilo.
Manje uyazi lapho i-dace itholakala khona. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Kudlani i-dace?
Isithombe: Dace emanzini
Imenyu ye-dace ihluke kakhulu; ungabona izitsha zombili imvelaphi yezilwane nezitshalo kuyo. Lezi zokugcina zincane kakhulu, kepha zisekhona. Njengoba inomlomo ophansi ongaphansi, i-dace idinga ukubhukuda i-tangentially ehlobene nobuso bamanzi ukuze ibambe ukudla ngokushesha nangobuhlakani.
I-Dace inobuhlakani obukhulu futhi iyashesha, ngakho-ke iyakwazi ukushaya ngokushesha kuyo yonke into edliwayo ewela emanzini. Lapho udayi londla ebusweni bamanzi, kuzwakala ukuqhuma okuncane, okwenziwe ngumzimba wezinhlanzi lapho kugadla.
Ehlobo, ukudla kwezinhlanzi kuqukethe zonke izinhlobo zezinambuzane ezihlala endaweni esogwini (emiqhele yezihlahla, izihlahlana notshani eduze kwamanzi) bese zingena emanzini. Idayi nayo idla izinambuzane zamanzi nezibungu zazo ngenjabulo.
Ngakho-ke, izinhlanzi zithanda ukudla okulula:
- ojekamanzi;
- amabhungane ahlukahlukene;
- izimvemvane;
- izintethe;
- izimpukane;
- imidji;
- umbungu wegazi;
- omiyane;
- izimpungushe;
- ama-shitiks;
- izimpukane ze-caddis.
Ebusika, imenyu yakhiwa kakhulu yile:
- iplankton;
- ama-crustaceans;
- izibungu;
- izibungu;
- rotifers;
- daphnia, njll.
Ngenkathi yasentwasahlobo, ngesikhathi samanzi aphakeme, idlelo lamadlelo emathafeni agcwele izikhukhula, lapho futhi kudla khona izibungu, zonke izinhlobo zezimbungulu nezibungu. Kusuka ekudleni kwezitshalo, i-dace ithanda ukudla ku-algae e-filamentous, ithanda zonke izinhlobo zokusanhlamvu (i-oats, i-rye, ukolweni), ithanda ummbila. Konke lokhu kungahlulelwa ngokuqukethwe yizisu zalezo zinhlanzi ezibanjiwe.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Lapho isikhathi sokuzala sidla, ama-dace aqala ukudla, ngokudla amaqanda ezinye izinhlanzi, okudala ukulimala okukhulu kubo.
Uma kukhulunywa ngokudoba, okuthandwa yi-dace kuyashintsha ngezinkathi zonyaka. Entwasahlobo uthanda izibungu, ekuqaleni kwesikhathi sehlobo uthanda ukunambitha izimpukane ze-caddis, ekupheleni kwehlobo ukhetha izintethe. Ama-Angler kufanele akuqaphele lokhu. Ngenxa yokukhethwa kwezithibelo ezahlukahlukene, i-dace ibhekwa njengesisulu esinzima, ukuyibamba udinga ukuzama kanzima futhi ufunde imikhuba yayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Dace fish
Ngokuya ngokudla kwezinhlanzi, i-dace ingabangelwa kalula yizilwane ezidla ezinye, ngakho-ke, iziphatha ngokufanele: ilinda emfuleni wamanzi, icashe ngemuva kwamatshe ahlukahlukene, izindunduma ezingezansi, ama-snags. Inhlanzi ihlasela ngokushesha izinambuzane ezibhukuda noma eziwela emanzini. Idace nayo iyathanda ukuzingela izinambuzane ezindizela phansi, cishe emanzini. Izinhlanzi, ezizibambayo, ziphume ziphume kancane, zidale ukubhoboka okuncane ebusweni bamanzi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ama-yelets angabizwa ngokuthi izinhlanzi zesikole. Ikakhulukazi abancane, abaneminyaka emibili nemithathu ubudala bahlala ndawonye, izinhlanzi kuphela zabantu asebekhulile abangakwazi ukuzigcina bebodwa noma ngamaqembu aqukethe umugqa we-2 kuye ku-5.
Ehlobo, lapho kuzala kuphela, ama-dace alwela ukujula, ukugcina isikhathi esiningi siseduze nezansi, njengoba zichitha cishe lonke ihlobo. Phezulu, zingabonakala ngokusa nokuhwalala kuphela, ikakhulukazi ebusuku obukhanyayo benyanga, lapho izinhlanzi zizingela izinkumbi zezinambuzane ezigcwele phezu kwamanzi. U-Eltsy efuna ukudla angashiya amanzi ajulile futhi abhukude asondele emaphethelweni futhi afinyelele, lapho inhlanzi igcwele, iyabuya.
Ngokufika kwekwindla, izihlahla ze-spruce zikhona ekujuleni kwamamitha amabili kuya kwangu-4, futhi lapho kubanda kakhulu, ubusika busondela, bathuthela emigodini engaphansi kwamanzi, baqoqana emihlambini eminingi enganyakazi, ababheki ukudla ngalesi sikhathi, ngakho abadobi abakwazi ukubanjwa ... Kuphela lapho kuqala ukuncibilika isikhathi eside, i-dace iqala ukunyakaza okuvilaphayo, izifunela ukudla.
Ukuvuselelwa kwezinhlanzi kwenzeka ngoFebhuwari-Mashi, ngaphambi kokuqala kwenkathi yokuzala, ama-dace ashiya imigodi yawo yasebusika. Uma sikhuluma ngomlingiswa nokuziphatha kwe-dace, khona-ke le nhlanzi ingabizwa ngokuthi ihamba kakhulu, ishesha, iyasebenza futhi ihlakaniphe ngokwanele. Ukushesha nokushesha kwalesi sakhamuzi esincane sasemanzini akubambi. Lokhu kufakazelwa wukubukwa okuhlukahlukene kwabathanda ukudoba.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Uma umdobi ethola indawo lapho kuhlala khona udeshi njalo, angabamba izinhlanzi ezi-3 noma ezi-4 kuphela. UDace uzoqonda masisha ukuthi kungcono ukungathinti isicupho futhi uzodonsela kwenye indawo. Ukuze ukuluma kuqhubeke, umthungi udinga ukushintsha njalo indawo yokujikijela induku.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-river fish dace
Ama-dace avuthiwe ocansini asondela eminyakeni yobudala emithathu, okuyisikhathi lapho ekhula aze afike kumasentimitha ayi-10 noma ayi-12. Izikole zezinhlanzi ziqala ukukhuphuka zikhuphuke umfula ngokushesha lapho iqhwa lentwasahlobo liphuka. Ngesikhathi sezikhukhula, izintambo zibhukuda ziye emithanjeni emincane, lapho amanzi acacile futhi esobala, kufika isikhathi sokuzala, esiqala ezinyangeni ezimbalwa zokuqala zentwasahlobo. Ngalesi sikhathi, amanzi kufanele afudumele afike kuma-degree amahlanu ngesibonakaliso sokuhlanganisa, kwesinye isikhathi ngaphezulu. Uma isimo sezulu singavumelani nalokhu, namanzi asabanda, inkathi yezinhlanzi zomshado ihlehliswa isikhashana.
Ngesikhathi sokuzala, umsindo ubusa emfuleni, imihlambi eminingi iyasebenza futhi iyachichima endaweni esogwini. Ukuzala kuyenziwa ngasikhathi sinye, le nqubo ithatha izinsuku ezi-3 kuye kwezingu-5. Insikazi ibeka amaqanda amhlophe nalawa makhulu amatshe ezansi nezitshalo zasemanzini. Iqanda elilodwa lifinyelela ku-2 mm ububanzi. Ukuzala kwalezi zinhlanzi kubhekwa njengokuncane. Abesifazane, abayi-10 kuye ku-17 cm ubude, bazala amaqanda ayizinkulungwane ezimbili kuya kwezingu-17.
Ngemuva kwesonto elilodwa noma amabili, gazinga liqala ukuqanduselwa, elihlala emanzini asogwini, lapho umsinga uthule khona. Ikhula ize ifike kumasentimitha amahlanu ngobuningi, intsha ibhukuda iye endaweni yemifantu ukuze ihlaliswe unomphela. Kuze kube yiminyaka emibili, inhlanzi ikhula ngokushesha okukhulu, khona-ke ukukhula kuhamba kancane kakhulu. Ngeminyaka emine noma emihlanu, ama-dace cishe awandisi ngosayizi nhlobo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinhlobo ezithile zedace zifinyelela kumasentimitha angamashumi amathathu ngobude, ngobude obunjalo ubudala bazo buhluka kusuka eminyakeni eyi-8 kuye kwengu-10, futhi isisindo sazo sisuka kuma-gramu angama-350 kuye kwangama-500.
Izitha zemvelo zedace
Isithombe: Ubukeka kanjani umdwebo
Yize i-dace iyisilwane esidlayo, incane kakhulu, ngakho-ke, inezitha ezanele ezimweni zasendle zemvelo. Ungakhathazeki ngokudla ngezinhlanzi ezinjengezinhlanzi ezinkulu ezinjenge-catfish, i-pike, i-pike perch. Ungakhohlwa ukuthi izintambo zivela emanzini lapho zibamba izinambuzane ezindiza phezu kwazo, ngakho-ke ngalezi zikhathi zingaba yisidlwana sezinyoni ezidla izinhlanzi (ngokwesibonelo, ama-seagulls).
Izinhlanzi zivame ukuhlushwa yizifo ezahlukahlukene kanye nokugula okuhambisana ne-helminths ehlala ezinhlanzini zezinhlanzi, yingakho isikhathi sabo sokuphila sincipha kakhulu.
UDace uhlushwa yi:
- echinochasmosis;
- i-opisthorchiasis;
- I-diphyllobothriasis.
Lezi zifo zingaba yingozi kubantu, kepha ukwelashwa okufanelekile kokushisa nosawoti osezingeni eliphezulu kulungisa konke. Izitha ezicashile kakhulu zedayi zifaka umuntu olimaza izinhlanzi, ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile. Abantu bayazibamba lezi zinhlanzi, kodwa asikwazi ukusho ngobuningi bazo.
I-Dace akuyona inhlanzi ethengiswayo, ngakho-ke ihlangana ngengozi noma ngenxa yesithakazelo kwezemidlalo. Ngaphezu kwakho konke, umuntu ulimaza impilo yenhlanzi ejabulisayo, angcolisa imvelo ngokujwayelekile, kubandakanya nemizimba yamanzi. Kunemifula engafihli lutho futhi ehlanzekile futhi ehlanzekile, futhi i-dace ingaba khona emanzini anjalo, ngakho-ke ivame ukufela emanzini angcolile, noma ibhukude, ifuna izindawo ezifanelekile zokuthunyelwa unomphela.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Umjaho waseSiberia
Indawo yokwabiwa kwedace inabile impela, kepha cishe yonke indawo lolu hlobo lwezinhlanzi luyindlala futhi alutholakali ngokwandayo. Unyaka nonyaka, kusala kuncipha imizimba yamanzi ehlanzekile, engathintwa, yingakho i-dace iba yinto eyivelakancane kakhulu, ngoba ifela ngokushesha emanzini angcolile.
Ama-Dace awayona inhlanzi ethengiswayo, ngakho-ke awabanjwa ngezinga elikhulu. Abantu balimaza inani lezinhlanzi ngokugxambukela kuma-biotopes emvelo, bangcolisa imizimba yamanzi, bathele amanzi angcolile, izibulala-zinambuzane nemikhiqizo kawoyela. Inani elikhulu lezinhlanzi zifa ngokunembile ngenxa yamanzi asezingeni eliphansi. Eningizimu yeYurophu (amaBalkan), awusoze wayithola idace. Emanzini ezifundeni ezimaphakathi zezwe lethu, inani lale nhlanzi nalo selibe lincane ngokwedlulele. Kwamanye amazwe, i-dace ibhekwa njengokungajwayelekile futhi isengozini.
Idace yaseSiberia nayo ibhekene nokwehla kosayizi wabantu. Emuva emashumini amahlanu eminyaka eyikhulu edlule, kwakukhona inani elikhulu lale nhlanzi encane emifuleni iTrans-Baikal. Lapho izala ezindaweni ezingajulile, ngenxa yobuningi bayo, ngisho nangaphansi kwakungabonakali, umucu wawuhamba ngezicucu ezinqwabelene ukuze uzale. Manje inani lalezi zinhlanzi lehle kakhulu, ngoba isimo semithombo yamanzi siwohloke kakhulu. Maqondana nalokhu, kungaphikiswa ukuthi i-dace idinga izindlela ezikhethekile zokuvikela ukulondoloza nokuzinzisa inani lezinhlanzi.
Unogada weDace
Isithombe: Dace fish
Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, cishe yonke indawo isibalo sedace sinciphile ngenxa yokuthi isimo semvelo sezinhlelo eziningi zemifula sishiya sifiseleka. Konke lokhu kuzikhathaza kakhulu izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo, ngakho-ke izinhlanzi zibalwa kuLuhlu Olubomvu lwezindawo ezahlukahlukene. Ensimini yaseMoscow nesifunda saseMoscow, i-dace ibhekwa njengencane ngenombolo futhi kusukela ngo-2001 ibhalwe ohlwini lweRed Book of Moscow. Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye nasekuqaleni kwamashumi amabili, i-dace kwakuyizinhlobo zezentengiselwano ngaphakathi kwemingcele yedolobha, kepha ngawo-1960, inani lalo lehla kakhulu.
Isigaxa esivamile sifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book yeSifunda saseSamara njengezinhlobo ezincane. Ensimini yesifunda sase-Ulyanovsk, i-dace nayo ibhalwe kuRed Book njengezinto ezinamanani ancipha. Umkhonto kaDanilevsky ubhalwe kuRed Book esifundeni saseRyazan njengohlobo olungajwayelekile, inani lalo elingaziwa ngokwanele. Ama-Yelets angabonakala eNcwadini Ebomvu yase-Ukraine, isimo sayo sokongiwa kwemvelo sithi iyinhlobo esengozini.I-dace ejwayelekile ibhalwe ohlwini lwe-European Red Lists nohlu lwe-IUCN. Cishe yonke indawo, izinto eziyimikhawulo enkulu ukungcoliswa kwemizimba yamanzi kanye nokuntuleka kwezindawo zokuzalela.
Izindlela zokuvikela eziyinhloko zifaka:
- ukuhlonza izindawo ezizala unomphela ama-dace nokufakwa kwazo ohlwini lwezindawo ezivikelwe;
- ukwakhiwa kokuvuselelwa okusha kwezindawo zokuhlanza amanzi ezindala;
- ukuvuselelwa kwemvelo kwezindawo zokuzalela ezonakele;
- ukwethulwa kokuvinjelwa kokudoba ngesikhathi sokuzala;
- ukulondolozwa kwezindawo ezisogwini ngendlela yazo yemvelo (ukwenqatshelwa kokuhlanganiswa, ukuqiniswa ngezingodo, njll.);
- ukwenza izifundo nokubona okuvamile kwe-ichthyological;
- ukufakwa kwama-booms ezindaweni ezibaluleke kakhulu zezindawo zokuzalela.
Ekugcineni, kusala ukwengeza ukuthi ubukhona besidalwa esincane, kodwa esikhazimulayo futhi esishesha kakhulu, njenge i-dace, emzimbeni othile wamanzi, ikhombisa isimo esihle semvelo kule ndawo. Ngeshwa, zimbalwa futhi zimbalwa izindawo ezinjalo, ngakho-ke abantu kufanele bacabangele ngokungathi sína ngemisebenzi yabo, enomphumela omubi emvelweni, ukuvimbela ukunyamalala kwale nhlanzi eyisiliva futhi esheshayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 19.10.2019
Idethi yokuvuselela: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 01
