Ngokubukeka kwayo okusongelayo, okuhle futhi okumangazayo ingungumbane kwaziwa kwabaningi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Izinaliti zalo ezinde zimane zithakazelise, futhi lapho sezizikhuhlile, iba muhle futhi ibukeke, njengepigogo. Akuwona wonke umuntu owaziyo ukuthi lesi silwane singummeleli omkhulu futhi osindayo we-oda lamagundane nomndeni we-spiny of spiny of eponymous.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ingungumbane
Izinkumbi ziyaziwa ukuthi zihlomile futhi ziyingozi. Le ngozi ingasongela labo ngokwabo abazoba ngabokuqala ukumhlukumeza, kepha ngokujwayelekile lesi yisilwane esinokuthula nokuzola. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ingungumbane inezinaliti eziningi kakhulu kune-hedgehog, futhi zibalulekile ngosayizi.
Izazi zezilwane ezivela eYurophu zihlanganisa izingungumbane zaseYurophu nezaseNyakatho Afrika zibe luhlobo olulodwa - i-crested. Ingungumbane yaseNdiya ibuye ihlukaniswe njengenhlobo ezimele. Futhi ososayensi abavela eRussia bahlukanisa zombili izingungumbane zase-Asia nezaseYurophu njengohlobo olulodwa, begqamisa ezinye izinhlobo ezintathu zezinkukhu eziphila ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Ividiyo: Ingungumbane
Kunezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-30 ezahlukahlukene zezinkukhu, ezizinzile ezingxenyeni ezehlukene zomhlaba. Izici zabo zangaphandle ziyahluka ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala. Kukhona izingungumbane ezincane kakhulu ezinesisindo esingaba ikhilogremu elilodwa (zihlala eNingizimu Melika), kukhona imidondoshiya yohlobo lwayo, isisindo sayo singaphezu kwamakhilogremu ayi-10 (ahlala e-Afrika).
Noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu zezinkukhu zingabonakala:
- Ingungumbane yaseNingizimu Afrika;
- ingungumbane (ikama);
- Ingungumbane yaseJavanese;
- Ingulube yaseMalay;
- Ingungumbane yaseNdiya.
Ingungumbane yaseNingizimu Afrika ingenye yezinkulu emndenini wayo. Umzimba wayo ufinyelela kubude obungu-80 cm, kanti umsila wayo ungu-13. Igundane elinjalo lingaba nesisindo esifika kuma-24 kg. Isici sayo sesici ulayini omhlophe kuyo yonke i-croup. Ameva akhe kuphela afinyelela kuhhafu wemitha ubude, nezinaliti zokuzivikela zingama-30 cm ubude.
Ingungumbane (crested) porcupine iyona edume kakhulu futhi esabalele. Itholakala eningizimu yeYurophu, eMiddle East, e-Asia naseNdiya. Ngokwayo, futhi unesisindo esikhulu futhi mkhulu. Ubude bayo bufinyelela ku-70 cm, futhi isisindo sayo sidlula ama-20 kg. Umzimba unamandla impela, emilenzeni eminyene, emangele. Isifuba, imilenze nezinhlangothi zimbozwe ama-bristles amnyama, izinaliti ezinkulu zinamathela kuwo wonke umzimba.
Ingungumbane yaseJavanese ibhekwa njengejwayelekile e-Indonesia. Wahlala cishe. IJava, iBali, iMadura, iLombok, iFlores.
Ingungumbane yaseMalay nayo inobukhulu obukhulu. Umzimba walesi silwane ungamasentimitha angama-60 kuye kwangama-73. Isisindo singeqa ama-20 kg. Indawo ehlala kuyo unomphela yiNdiya, iThailand, iCambodia, iLaos, iMyanmar, neVietnam. Kutholakala eSingapore, eBorneo naseSumatra. Ama-paws aqinile, amafushane, anombala onsundu. Izinaliti zimnyama futhi zimhlophe ngokuphuzi; ikhava yoboya iyabonakala phakathi kwabo.
Ingungumbane yaseNdiya ayihlali eNdiya kuphela, kepha nasemazweni ase-Asia, eTranscaucasia, futhi itholakala eKazakhstan. Usayizi wayo mncane kancane kunangaphambili, isisindo sawo asidluli ku-15 kg. Izingungumbane azihlali emahlathini kuphela nasezintabeni kuphela, kodwa futhi nasemathafeni, nasezingwadule.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Ingungu yezilwane
Imininingwane yangaphandle enesithakazelo yale nduku nombala wayo incike endaweni lapho ihlala khona unomphela. Ngenxa yombala wakhe, muhle kakhulu kubuciko bokuzifihla, ezivumelanisa nezindawo ezahlukahlukene.
Umbala wejazi walezi zilwane ungaba:
- nsundu;
- mpunga;
- mhlophe (ezimweni ezingavamile).
Uma ubuka ingungumbane, uzobona ukuthi isibalo sakhe sibukeka kabi futhi sivilapha. Ubukeka enamandla, imilenze yakhe mikhulu ngokwanele, kodwa imfishane. Ingungumbane ime ngokuqinile nangokuzethemba, iyisabalalisa kabanzi, njengendoda yangempela. Uma ubheka ukubukeka kwaso, awukwazi ngisho nokukholwa zisuka nje ukuthi lesi silwane sigijima ngejubane, ngenkathi sinyathela phezulu futhi sihamba kancane ngapha nangapha, njengebhere elinsundu.
Iziqu ze-Porcupine akuyona nje imfanelo yangaphandle yalesi silwane, okwenza kube okungavamile, okuhle nokuheha ukunakwa. Basebenza njengabavikeli abangakhathali bempilo enonya. Kunobufakazi bokuthi umzimba wengungumbane uhlanganisa izinaliti ezingaphezu kwama-30,000, okwakha isikhali esingenakunqotshwa kubo bonke abantu abangabafuni. Ubude baso bungu-8 cm, kukhona nokude kakhulu, ngaphakathi akunalutho, kufana nokuntanta kokudoba okusuka kuphaphe lwehansi.
Ngayinye yalezi zimpaphe inengadi enameva, exhunyiwe eluma isitha. Kunzima kakhulu futhi kubuhlungu ukukhipha umkhonto onjalo; ngokunyakazisa nokunyakaza, iyajula ijule ijule. Ngengungumbane uqobo lwayo, izinaliti zayo ezinde azibangeli kuphazamiseka nakancane. Ngenxa yabo, uyabhukuda ngokuphelele futhi ngobuciko ugcina emanzini. Ngakho-ke, basebenza njengolayini wokuphila, kokubili ngokoqobo nangokomfanekiso.
Ngaphezu kwezinaliti, umzimba wengungumbane umbozwe ngengubo yangaphansi efudumele efudumele nezinwele zokuqapha ezinde. Ijazi langaphansi livame ukuba nombala omnyama, lisebenza njengejakhethi elijiyile, futhi izinwele zokuqapha, ezinde futhi eziqinile, ziyalivikela.
Sekuvele kushiwo ukuthi izidladla zala magundane ziyisidudla, zifushane, ziqinile. Ingungumbane inezinzwane ezine emilenzeni yayo yangaphambili, nezinzwani ezinhlanu emilenzeni yayo yangemuva. Bafakelwe uzipho oluqinile olubukhali, olusiza hhayi kuphela ekutholeni ukudla, ukulukhipha emhlabathini, kepha ngosizo lwezinzipho ingungulu ikhuphuka ezihlahleni ngokumangazayo, okuyinto, ngesibalo sayo kanye nobudedengu bayo, emangalisa nje.
Umlomo wesigaxa ubuthuntu, uzungeze ngaphambili. Ayinalutho, imbozwe izinwele ezimnyama. Amehlo mancane futhi ayindilinga, nezindlebe zincane, kunzima ngisho nokuwabona. Amazinyo ezinungu, njengomshini osebenza ngokhuni, abuyisela izinkuni ngokungapheli. Ama-incisors amane abukhali atholakala ngaphambili akhula yonke impilo, ngakho-ke awukwazi ukuwagaya phansi, lokhu kungaholela ekufeni. Kancane kancane, kusukela ezihlahleni, amazinyo e-porcupine aphenduka abe phuzi abe-orange.
Ihlala kuphi ingungumbane?
Isithombe: Ingungumbane enezinaliti
Amagundane ama-Spiny asabalale kakhulu kuyo yonke iplanethi. Vele, zihlukile ngosayizi, umbala, nokuziphatha, konke lokhu kwakha indawo yazo yokuhlala. Izimpungushe zihlala eningizimu yeYurophu (e-Italy, eSicily), zisabalele e-Asia Minor, zingatholakala cishe yonke indawo eMpumalanga Ephakathi, e-Iran, e-Iraq ngisho nasempumalanga naseningizimu yeChina.
Bahlala cishe kuyo yonke indawo yaseNdiya nasesiqhingini saseCeylon, bahlala ezindaweni ezithile eziseningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia. Izingungumbane zikhethe izwekazi i-Afrika kanye naseMelika (eNyakatho naseNingizimu). Ama-aciculars asakazekile, naseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Arabia.
Ngokuqondene nezindawo ezazingaphansi kweSoviet Union, lapha ingungumbane yayibhaliswe engxenyeni eseningizimu ye-Asia Ephakathi naseTranscaucasia. Ngenkathi inani lale gundane elimangalisayo lihlala lizinzile ngokwengeziwe, yize kunemininingwane ethile ekuqondisweni kokwehliswa, kepha leli yinombolo encane kakhulu.
Idla ini ingungumbane?
Isithombe: Ingungumbane yaseNdiya
Inungu ngokuvamile lithanda ukudla kwezitshalo. Kwesinye isikhathi kuphela, ngesikhathi sendlala, ingadla zombili izinambuzane ezincane kanye nezibankwa. Ingungumbane yondla izinhlobonhlobo zezimpande zezitshalo, ithanda i-hawthorn nama-rose hips, idla zonke izinhlobo zezithelo nemifino futhi-ke, amagxolo namagatsha ezihlahla ezahlukahlukene. Ingungumbane ithanda amakhabe nezinhlobonhlobo. Uthanda kakhulu ithanga, amazambane namakhukhamba, avame ukuntshontsha ezingadini. Ukudla ithanga elinamanzi, angahle agqume injabulo. Ungakhathazeki kakhulu futhi udle amagilebhisi, ama-apula, amapheya.
Lapho kuhlala khona izingungumbane, abantu abajabule ngomakhelwane abanjalo abanolaka futhi bababheka njengezinambuzane ngezabelo zabo abazitshalile. Ngaphezu kokuthi ingungumbane yeba ukhukhamba, amathanga aqonde ngqo emibhedeni, emba nezilimo eziyizigaxa zamazambane nezinye izitshalo eziyizimpande, idala umonakalo omkhulu ezindaweni ezingamahlathi.
Iqiniso ukuthi lezi zilwane azikwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kokudla amagxolo ezihlahla. Abagcini ngokudla kuye kuphela, kodwa futhi bagaya izinsimbi zabo, kungenjalo amazinyo azofinyelela osayizi abakhulu, khona-ke ingungumbane ngeke ikwazi ukuhlafuna, idle futhi izobulawa yindlala. Kalula nje, laba bantu abadla izihlahla ezinkulu bagcwala umuthi wameva kunoma yisiphi isiqu negatsha, futhi ukudla kwabo kuqala lapho. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi phakathi nesikhathi sasebusika, ingungumbane eyodwa kuphela engabulala izihlahla ezingaba yikhulu. Uma ucabangisisa ngakho, khona-ke zingadala umonakalo omkhulu emahlathini.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ingungumbane emvelweni
Ingungumbane iyathanda ukuhlala ezintabeni nasemathafeni alala ezinyaweni zayo. Uthanda amahlathi, uthatha indawo enhle ezindaweni eziseduze nezinsimu ezilinyiwe, ezingavamile ukutholakala ezindaweni eziwugwadule. Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, uhlala emifantwini, phakathi kwamatshe, emigedeni. Lapho inhlabathi ithambile, ingungumbane imba imigodi eyehlela ku-4 m, yinde, ihlotshisiwe futhi ifakwe ukuphuma okungaphezu kokukodwa.
Emigodini kunezindawo eziningana ezithokomele, ezihlotshiswe ngotshani obuluhlaza. Le gundane alibalekeli nakancane ukuhlala kwabantu, kepha, kunalokho, lihlala eduze nemizana nezindawo, lapho liphanga khona isivuno. Ngisho nocingo olubiyele ingadi alusona isithiyo senkukhu. Amazinyo akhe anganqamula kalula ngocingo - futhi umgwaqo uvulekile!
Ifuna okudliwayo, ingungumbane iphuma kusihlwa, kuthi emini ihlale buthule emgodini wayo. Ebusika, le nduku ayingeni ebusika, kepha umsebenzi wayo wehlisiwe kakhulu, uzama, ngaphandle kwesizathu esizwakalayo, ukuthi ungadluli indawo yayo yokuhlala. Ngenkathi efudumele, angahamba amakhilomitha amaningana ebusuku ukuthola okuthile okumnandi. Izazi zemvelo ezinokuhlangenwe nakho zingazibona masinyane izindlela zezinkukhu ezihamba ngezidladla zazo ezinamandla.
Lezi yizinkukhu, abaphangi namasela, abakulungele ukwenza ubugebengu ukuze bathole ithuba lokudla izithelo nemifino abayithandayo. Ngaphandle kwalokho, lezi zilwane zinomlingiswa ozolile, owesabayo kancane, zona ngokwazo azizona iziqhwaga. Zikhetha ukungathintani nezinye izilwane. Izingungumbane azithembi kakhulu futhi zivame ukubona ingozi ngisho nalapho ingekho, ziqala ngokushesha ukusongela ngezinaliti zazo, zizisakaze njengomsila wepigogo. Izinkumbi zivame ukwenza iphutha ezimotweni lapho izitha zihamba kuzo, isilwane siqala ukubasabisa ngezimpaphe zaso, singaqapheli ukuthi singafa ngaphansi kwamasondo, okuyinto evame ukwenzeka.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: I-Porcupine Cub
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinkukhu zihlala ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu. Ezinye izingungumbane zinomuntu oyedwa (i-African brush-tailed), zithola ingxenye yesibili impilo yazo yonke. Lolu hlobo lwezinkukhu aluthandi isizungu, luhlala emigedeni yalo nasemigodini enemindeni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ingungumbane esetshenzisiwe, ichitha isikhathi iqhelelene futhi ihlangana nesifazane isikhathi esifushane sokukhwelana. Lezi zingungumbane azithandi ukuxhumana, zizama ukuzihlalela zodwa.
Ezindaweni ezinesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu, isikhathi sokukhwelana sezinkukhu siqala ngoMashi. Lapho kufudumele unyaka wonke, asikho isikhathi esikhethekile sokukhwelana, futhi inzalo ingavezwa kuze kube kathathu ngonyaka. Ezinye izinhlobo zezinkukhu zinomkhuba wokukhwelana othakazelisa kakhulu. Abesifazane babiza abalingani babo ngezikhuthazo ezikhethekile, kanti abesilisa bathusa izimbangi ngokukhala kwabo.
Kukaningi kulwelwa le ntokazi. AmaCavaliers aze enze nomdanso wokukhwelana othakazelisayo ukuze aqashelwe. Kuphela onesibindi kakhulu futhi ohlakaniphile uthola okhethiweyo wakhe. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi ngaphandle cishe akunakwenzeka ukuhlukanisa insikazi kowesilisa, ziyefana ngokuphelele.
Insikazi ithwala amawundlu ukusuka ezinsukwini eziyi-110 kuya kwezili-115. Imvamisa ziyazalwa - ezimbili noma ezintathu, kwesinye isikhathi kuzalwa ezinhlanu. Izingane zivele zivele zinamazinyo, zibona kahle, kuphela ekuqaleni azinazo izinaliti, zizalwa zipholile. Ngempela emva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, ameva aqala ukuqina futhi kuthi kuphela isonto lokuqala lokuphila abe anzima impela.
Umama wondla amawundlu ngobisi lwakhe amasonto amabili kuphela. Ingulube yobuntwana idlula ngokushesha okukhulu, isivele inenyanga ngemuva kokuzalwa, iba ngabantu abadala. Amantshontsho ahlala nonina aze abe nezinyanga eziyisithupha ubudala, bese eqala impilo yakhe yokuzimela nokuzimela. Futhi izingungumbane ziphila isikhathi eside ngokwanele, ikakhulukazi ngokwezindinganiso zamagundane, kuze kube yiminyaka engaba ngu-20.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkukhu
Isithombe: Isigaxa Crested
Izingungumbane cishe azinazo izitha endle. Lokhu konke kungenxa yezinaliti zabo ezinde nezinobungozi zezilwane. Kukhona ngisho nokukhohlisa ukuthi le nduku ibadubula njengemicibisholo evela kumnsalo, kukhona ubuthi ekugcineni kwale micibisholo. Lona ngumbono ongalungile ngokuphelele, ingungumbane ayidubuli ngezinaliti zayo, zona ngokwazo ziyaqobeka futhi zivele ziwe ngokushesha, noma imane inyakazisa umsila wayo. Abukho nobuncane ubuthi ezinalithini. Kukhona ungqimba lothuli kuphela, umhlaba nokungcola kubo, kungenxa yalokhu ukuthi amanxeba ezilwaneni, asele ezinalweni zezinkukhu, abuhlungu isikhathi eside.
Ibona umuntu ongahle ahlasele kahle, ingungumbane iqale ixwayise umuntu oyonile ngokugxoba izidladla zayo, ikhiphe isibabazo esithile. Izinaliti zamagundane ziyaphakama, bayachofoza, bashwiba futhi bathintane. Uma isitha singahlehli, ingungumbane uqobo lwayo igijimela kuye futhi ilume emzimbeni wayo ngezinaliti zayo ezinde. Ngisho nezilwane ezinkulu ezifana nebhubesi lase-Asiya, ingwe enamafu, ingwe yaseBengal izama ukudlula ingungumbane, ngoba noma yiziphi izindlela zazo ezingenacala zingathathwa ngokuthi zihlasela ingungumbane.
Zilimazekile yizinqwaba zezinungu, izilwane zinenkinga enzima kakhulu. Imvamisa, izidlakela ezinkulu azikwazi ukuzingela izilwane zasendle bese abalambile beza kubantu, bebahlasela noma imfuyo yabo. Nansi ingungumbane yesilo ethakazelisayo. Naye uqobo uyesaba futhi wesaba wonke umuntu, futhi wonke umuntu uzama ukungamphazamisi!
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ingungu yezilwane
Inani lezimpungushe kule nkathi yesikhathi alikho engozini. Izidlakudla azingeneli kuzo, abantu abazingeli kakhulu. Kwezinye izifunda umuntu ubulala izingungumbane ngenxa yezinaliti zakhe, ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza imihlobiso ehlukahlukene. Phambilini la magundane ayezingelwa inyama yawo, enambitheka njengenyama kanogwaja, kepha manje ayandile. Futhi, esikhathini esedlule nje, la magundane aqothulwe njengezilokazane ezinonya emasimini, ezingadini nasezivandeni zemifino. Manje sebembalwa futhi abameleli usongo olukhulu kwizitshalo.
Inani lezingungumbane nalo lehlile ngenxa yokwehla kwezindawo zokuhlala ngenxa yomsebenzi wabantu. Noma kunjalo, lokhu kuncishiswa akukukhulu kangako, ngakho-ke, umndeni wezinkukhu awusongelwa nhlobo, awuzukunyamalala ebusweni beplanethi yethu. Ngokusho kwe-International Red Data Book, izinhlobo zazo zingaphansi kokusongelwa okuncane, zinikezwe isigaba sobungozi esiphansi kunazo zonke. Ngamanye amagama, akukho ukwesaba ngobukhona bezinungu.
Ingungumbane Ingabe isilwane esimangalisayo. Kukhona nezinganekwane ngezinaliti zakhe. Ngenxa yabo, akayona nje kuphela enhle futhi engavamile, kodwa futhi engenakulinganiswa. Ngokuya ngemininingwane yangaphandle, kunzima ukusho ukuthi ingungumbane iyigundane, ngoba likhulu ngosayizi. Indida ethokozisayo ngobukhona bayo ilele ekutheni ingungumbane inamahloni kakhulu, imnene futhi iyesaba, kepha nezilwane ezinkulu kakhulu, kufaka phakathi inkosi yezilwane, ziyamesaba futhi zikhetha ukukugwema!
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 07.02.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 16.09.2019 ngo-16: 18
