UGopher - iqhawe temdzabu. Igundane livame ukuvela ezinganekwaneni zaseKazakh; IKalmyks igubha usuku lwayo, ekhombisa ukufika kwentwasahlobo. Kukholelwa ukuthi lesi silwane, esime kukholamu sigade ukuphepha kwaso kanye nenzalo yaso, siyazazi izindawo eziyimfihlo ezinomcebo ongcwatshiwe. Uma ubusuku buwela emathafeni, isilwane sizotshela umhambi olele endlebeni yakhe lapho kungcwatshwa khona igolide.
Incazelo nezici
UGopher kungokomndeni wesikwele we-oda lamagundane, kusukela izilwane Izinhlobo ezingama-38, osayizi nemibala ziyehluka. Isisindo sesilwane singama-200-1500 g, ubude bomzimba busuka ku-15 kuye ku-38 cm, umsila omncane kakhulu u-3 cm, omkhulu kunawo wonke ngu-16 cm.
Imibala yezinhlobo ezivamile zezingwejeje ezisemhlabathini eRussia ifaka imibala ensundu, nsundu nsundu enamachashaza, imivimbo, efakwe amathoni alula ngemuva. Isisu sivame ukuba mhlophe ngokuphuzi noma mpunga, izinhlangothi zibomvu ngokugqamile.
Izinduku zinomzimba ohlangene ngokuma kwesilinda. Imilenze yangemuva mide kunaleyo yangaphambili, kodwa inezinzipho ezinamandla ezibamba iqhaza ekwakheni imisele. Ama-auricles mancane, athuthukile. Sulik vula isithombe kubukeka kumnandi futhi kumnandi.
Ehlobo, uboya bezilwane buba lukhuni, bunqene futhi bube bufushane. Ebusika, ukugcina izinga lokushisa lomzimba, uboya bukhula buba bukhulu futhi bube bude. Imvelo yanakekela umbono we-gopher emathafeni othuli, ihlinzeka amehlo ngezindlala ezandisiwe ze-lacrimal, ezivikela amehlo ezintweni zangaphandle.
Izinhlobo zezilwane ezigcina ukudla ukuze zisetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo zisebenzisa izikhwama zezihlathi. Azidingeki nje kuphela ukugcina ukudla. Izilwane, lapho zithola okudliwayo, zigijimela emgodini wazo futhi zidle lokho ezikulethe ngemuva kwezihlathi zazo.
Umsila onamahlahla unemisebenzi emithathu. Isebenza njengesiqondisi lapho uhamba emgodini omnyama. Ukuthinta izindonga ze-labyrinths, isilwane siyaqonda lapho siqhubeka khona ukuhamba. USteppe gopher uma kushisa, kushisa, isebenzisa umsila njengesivikelo emisebeni eshisayo yelanga, kuthi ebusika izisindise ekuqandeni ngosizo lwayo.
Ekoloni, izilwane ezincelisayo zixhumana ngolwazi ngokusebenzisa izimpawu eziyinkimbinkimbi. "Ulimi" lwezimbila lubandakanya ukukhala, ukushaya ikhwela, ukushaya, ukuhayiza. Igundane elibika ingozi ebangeni le-ultrasonic alilalelwa yizilwane ezidlayo, okuyizinto izinja zasemaphandleni ezizisebenzisayo ukuxwayisa izihlobo zazo ngokusondela kwesitha.
Kepha kuyasebenza lapho umhlaseli esesekude. Kumemeza igopherukwenza imisindo emikhulu ebonwe yindlebe yomuntu kuwuphawu lokuthi udinga ukufihla ngokushesha. Ulimi lokuxhumana kwamagundane luyinkimbinkimbi. Ososayensi bathambekele ekukholweni ukuthi ngosizo lwemisindo ehlukahlukene, abagibeli bachaza ukuthi iyini ingozi, ibanga elikulo, neminye imininingwane.
Lalela imisindo yama-gophers:
Izinhlobo
Labo abahlala eRussia bafaka lezi zinhlobo zezingwejeje zomhlaba:
- Ophuzi noma itshe lesanti
Zikhula zifike ku-38 cm ubude bomzimba futhi zinesisindo esingu-0.8 kg. Indawo yokuhlala isilwane sasogwadule lwesilwane inquma umbala - isihlabathi esine-monochromatic esinamabala amnyama. Lesi silwane singatholakala e-Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, eTurkmenistan, ezindaweni eziphansi zeVolga.
Uhola impilo eyedwa, ayizakhi izindawo zokuhlala. Ngenxa yalokhu, uqaphela ngokweqile. Ngaphambi kokuphuma emgodini, ubheka indawo ezungezile isikhathi eside. Ngesikhathi sokudla, kuthatha izikhundla ngokuya ngohlaza. Uyadla otshanini obude, emi ekholomu, otshanini obuphansi, agobe phansi.
Amatshe esihlabathi avame ukubhekiswa ekuvusweni. Yize ukuzingela amagundane kwezemidlalo kubandakanya ukulwa nokuthwala izifo nokuvikela izindawo zamapulazi ekubhujisweni, izingwejeje zomhlaba ophuzi ziyavunwa entwasahlobo ngenxa yoboya bazo obuhle, amanoni azo asetshenziselwa ukupheka nokwelapha. I-sandstone ihlukile kwezinye izinhlobo zezizukulwane nge-hibernation ende kunazo zonke, okuyizinyanga eziyi-9.
- Ubomvu omkhulu
Mncane kancane kune-gopher ebomvu, ubude bomzimba obude bungu-33-34 cm.Umhlane unombala onsundu wegolide onamabala agqwalile, izinhlangothi ezibomvu, isisu esimpunga. Amabala abomvu abonakala kahle ngenhla kwezisekelo zamehlo nasemahlathini. Isisindo somzimba sifinyelela ku-1.2-1.4 kg.
Phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo, i-squirrel enkulu yasemhlabathini ivelela impilo yayo esebenzayo, yenza ukufuduka ifuna ukudla, ibhukuda kahle. Ngaphambi kwemigodi, okukhona kuyo izingcezu ezingafika kwezingu-10 ngesiqephu ngasinye, azikho izindunduma zobumba (ama-gopher), okungajwayelekile kumagundane alolu hlobo lohlobo.
Indawo yokusabalalisa yizintaba zaseKazakh naseRussia ezinemifoloko, i-step-steppe. Kancane kancane, izilwane zitholakala emaphethelweni ehlathi, emigwaqeni. Izilwane ziyakwazi ukuhlala emahlathini, lapho izimila eziphakeme zingavumeli ukubuka indawo ngisho nasekholomu.
Ingwejeje yomhlabathi enkulu akuyona inhlobo encane noma esengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, kubangela umonakalo omkhulu emabhizinisini ezolimo agxile kakhulu ekutshalweni kwezitshalo zokusanhlamvu. Njengezinye izinhlobo, isakaza izifo ezithathelwanayo.
- Encane
Umhlane unombala onsundu ngokumpunga noma owomhlabathi onamachashazi aphuzi. Izingxenye zeparietali ne-occipital zekhanda zinemibala egcwale kakhulu, isifuba simhlophe, izinhlangothi zibomvu. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba singamasentimitha angama-21. Umsila mncane, u-4 cm kuphela.I-biotopes yemvelo yemabmot encane eRussia yizindawo ezingama-plain ezimele zesifunda iVolga, amadlelo asezintabeni eziphansi eCiscaucasia. Isilwane sigwema izindawo ezinamabhuloki aphezulu.
Umuntu ngamunye wanelisekile ngomgodi owodwa. Igundane aligcini. Kubhekwa njengokuthwala izifo eziyisishiyagalombili eziyingozi ezingadala ubhadane. Ngokungenasihawu ubhubhisa okusanhlamvu, amakhabe, izinto zokutshala amahlathi. Naphezu kwefomu elenziwe, lifakwe ohlwini lweRed Book yaseCrimea.
- I-Caucasian noma izintaba
Umzimba ungamasentimitha angama-23 kuya ku-24 ubude, umbala ongemuva onsundu, onsundu ngokugqamile noma ngokufakwa kwezinwele ezimnyama. Isisu nezinhlangothi zimpunga. Iphethini ibonakala kakhulu ezilwaneni ezisencane. Indawo yokusabalalisa ifaka phakathi izimfunda zesifunda i-Elbrus, ama-steppes ahlwanyelwe okusanhlamvu, ama-glades agcwele umjunipha noma i-barberry, izikhukhula zemifula yaseCaucasus.
Uma kwenzeka gopher ehlathinike umbono wentaba. Ngokungafani nezihlobo zabo, ezithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu emaphethelweni ehlathi, ingwejeje yomhlabathi waseCaucasus ingatholakala ehlathini elinophayini obude, obudala.
Ukuzimela kwezilwane kudlulela endaweni yokuhlala kuphela, kepha hhayi ezindaweni zokudla, lapho zidla khona utshani kanye namanye amalungu ohlobo. Umthandi wentaba uyingozi ezilwaneni ezifuywayo, njengoba isifo siqhamuka.
- Ezimotweni
Amathafa angalinyiwe esigodini saseMpumalanga Yurophu, amahlathi asemahlathini, amadlelo ezifunda ezisentshonalanga ye-Ukraine neBelarus ayindawo yokwabiwa kwezilwane ezincane ezinesisindo esingeqile kwengxenye yekhilogremu, ubude obungu-17 cm futhi ezinemisila engu-3-sentimitha. Umbala unamachashazi, okunikeze igama lolu hlobo.
Umbala oyinhloko ngemuva unsundu noma nsundu. Amabala angaba mhlophe noma aphuzi, ngemuva kwekhanda kuyi-pock. Isisu simpunga ngombala ophuzi, isifuba sikhanya. Ukusondela eMzansi kuyaphila ingwejeje enamabala, the paler umbala.
Ijazi limfushane, lincane ngaphandle komsila. Ekhanda elikhulu, kugqame amehlo amakhulu anomphetho omhlophe. Izindlebe zicishe zingabonakali. Amagundane ahlala ezindaweni zokuhlala, akha ama-nzalo nge-squirrel encane yomhlabathi.
- I-Daursky
Abamele lezi zinhlobo banombala okhanyayo: ngemuva kunesihlabathi-mpunga esinamaqhuqhuva angabonakali, isisu siyimpunga, izinhlangothi zimpunga ngokugqwala kokugqwala. Isilinganiso sobude bomzimba singama-20 cm, kubantu abakhulu kakhulu - ngama-23 cm.
Kwakha izindawo zokuhlala emathafeni aseTransbaikalia, yingakho igama lesibili - iGopher yaseTransbaikalian. Isivakashi esivame ukuya emakhaya nasemakhaya asehlobo, emadlelweni, budebuduze namapulazi. Ihlala emigwaqweni emikhulu noma eduze kojantshi, ehlala emgodini womunye umuntu.
Uhlala ngokuzimela, akafakiwe ezindaweni zokuhlala zamaqembu. Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, umgadi waseDaurian uyakwazi ukunqoba i-1.5 km. Imigodi imbiwa minyaka yonke ngaphandle kokuphuma lapho kuphuma khona izimo eziphuthumayo. Ngaphambi kokulala ubusika, ifihla imbobo yokungena nge-turf.
- Izihlathi ezibomvu
Lezi zinhlobo zivamile eningizimu ye-Urals, eCaucasus, eWestern Siberia, eKazakhstan. Lo gopher waqanjwa igama lakhe ngezindawo ezinkulu ezigqwalile noma ezinsundu ezihlathini. Ngokuya ngosayizi nesisindo, kungokwesigaba esiphakathi.
Okucacile kwegundane elinamahlathi abomvu ukuthi ngobude bomzimba obufinyelela ku-26-28 cm, inomsila omncane ongalingani ngokulinganiselwa olinganisa u-4-5 cm.Ingxenye engenhla yomzimba inombala onsundu ngokusagolide okomlotha wentaba okhanyayo. Umsila uyigolide, i-monochromatic. Amathoni abomvu atholakala kwezinye izinhlobo ezinhlangothini akabonakali kahle noma awekho nhlobo.
Umphangi obuso obomvu ugqame ngekhanda elincanyana elincanyana, amazinyo amakhulu namehlo. Iningi lezindawo zokuhlala utshani bezimpaphe nama-steppes angavumelekile. Kwesinye isikhathi kutholakala emahlathini nasezintabeni ezimfunda, ezingekho ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphezu kolwandle.
Lapho kusondela eningizimu, yilapho izilwane ziba zincane ngokwengeziwe, futhi umbala ufiphala. Izinduku zezinhlobo zakha amakoloni. Kuyingozi ezitshalweni zokusanhlamvu, ingadi yemifino. Abathwali ababi be-encephalitis, isifo.
- Umsila omude
I-Far East yisifunda sokusatshalaliswa kohlobo olukhulu lwezingwejezi ezisemhlabathini, umzimba wazo ofinyelela kuma-32 cm, futhi umsila ubude bawo uhhafu. Isisindo sowesilisa siyigamu lekhilogremu, insikazi ingu-100 g ngaphansi. Isichashazi esimhlophe siyabonakala emhlane onsundu onsundu. Izinhlangothi zibomvu, isisu siphuzi, ikhanda, elinezindlebe ezigqame kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo, limnyama ukwedlula ngemuva.
Izilwane zihlala ezintabeni eziphansi, ehlathini-ehlathini, emaqeleni, emahlathini ephayini angavamile, lapho kukhula khona utshani obusemaqeleni. Izinja zasePrairie zimba imigodi eyinkimbinkimbi ngezendlalelo zezinhloso ezahlukahlukene. Imisindo eyenziwe izingwejeje zomhlabathi ezinomsila omude iqhathaniswa nesibabuli esitshiyozayo. Awela ebusika, ahlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, ngemuva kweqhwa lokuqala.
- IBeringian noma eyaseMelika.
Ama-Gopher alezi zinhlobo eRussia ajwayelekile eKamchatka, lapho abizwa khona ngokuthi i-evrazhka, eKolyma, eChukotka. Zikhetha ukuhlala emhlabathini wezolimo eduze kwamadolobhana, kodwa futhi ziyatholakala endle.
Umzimba ufinyelela ku-32 cm ubude, futhi umsila ufinyelela ku-12 cm.Umhlane unombala osagolide onamabala amhlophe, ikhanda ligcwele kakhulu ngamathoni. Izinhlangothi, isisu samagundane zinombala obomvu ngokugqamile. Ngenxa yesimo sezulu esibandayo, amagundane akhetha ukudla kwezilwane (izinambuzane). Bakwamukela ngenjabulo ukuphatha okuvela kubavakashi futhi benze izindawo zokungena ezindaweni zabo zokupaka. Bahlala emakoloni, bemba izimbobo ezinamagatsha, lapho kugcinelwa khona indawo yokuthenga, edliwa ngemuva kokuvuka ebusika.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Yize ezinye izinhlobo zitholakala emahlathini nasemahlathini e-oki, iningi lithanda ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kungenzeka kugcinwe ukuphepha. Ama-Gopher anezitha eziningi zemvelo. Lokhu kufaka phakathi izikhova, ama-kites, ama-hawk. Kusuka ezilwaneni - izimpungushe, izimbila, izimpisi, ama-raccoon. Ukubopha amabhandeshi, izinyoka, i-ferret kuyingozi kakhulu, njengoba kungangena ngqo ekhaya.
Izindunduma, amadlelo, izimfunda ezinotshani obuncane futhi obuncane yizindawo ezifanele zamagundane. Njengoba yamukele i-rack ekholamu futhi ihlola indawo eseduze, isilwane siyayibona ingozi ngesikhathi futhi sixwayise izihlobo zayo ngezimpawu zezwi. Izinja zasePrairie azihlali ziphephela ekhaya lazo. Kuyenzeka ukuthi bagijime emgodini wokuqala abahlangana nawo, lapho bahlangana khona nokuphikiswa komnikazi.
Imvelo ihlinzekele ama-gopher ngemilenze eqinile enezinzipho ezibukhali kanye nesakhiwo esikhethekile semihlathi ukwenza kube lula ukumba izimbobo. Isilwane ngasinye, noma ngabe sihlala ekoloni noma sisodwa, sine "flethi" saso uqobo, futhi kaningi kaningi.
Ezinye izinhlobo zimba imigodi efinyelela kumamitha amathathu ukujula ize ifike kumamitha ayi-15. Iyondla ekuseni, lapho ilanga lomisa amazolo otshanini, nakusihlwa. Uchitha amahora ashisa kakhulu emgodini, alale lapho kushona ilanga.
Ebusika, ihlala ubusuku bonke, ehlala isikhathi eside ngokuya ngezimo zezulu zendawo. Ukuya enyakatho esifundeni, isikhathi esinde sokulala. Isikhathi esiphezulu yizinyanga eziyi-9. Ngaphambi kokulala emzimbeni wamagundane, kwenzeka i-metamorphoses ebukhali. Izinga le-steroids ligxuma ngokucijile, ubukhulu bemisipha bukhuphuka kakhulu, amaprotheni awo asetshenziswa ebusika.
U-gopher ulele kahle kakhulu. Kungavuswa kuphela ukwehla kwezinga lokushisa ngaphansi -25 ° C. Lokhu kuvame ukusetshenziswa yi-steppe choris, edla ama-gopher wokulala. Ngesikhathi se-torpor, amagundane alahlekelwa uhhafu wesisindo sawo sokuqala. Isomiso nokuntuleka kokudla okunomsoco kuholela eqinisweni lokuthi izilwane zilala ebusika ehlobo, zilinde izikhathi ezinzima.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla kwegoferi kufaka ukudla kwezitshalo nezilwane. Isilinganiso sincike endaweni yokuhlala. Ukuya enyakatho kwamagundane kuhlala, kudingeka amaprotheni ezilwane amaningi. Ukudla kwezitshalo okuvame kakhulu kufaka:
- okusanhlamvu, okusanhlamvu;
- amakhabe;
- amakhambi (i-clover, umhlonyane, i-bluegrass, i-dandelion, i-highlander, i-nettle, i-knotweed);
- ama-anyanisi asendle, ama-tulips;
- ubhekilanga, i-oki, i-maple, imbewu ye-apricot;
- amahlumela amasha omnyezane;
- amakhowe, amajikijolo.
Ngokuya ngesizini, izingwejeje ezisemhlabathini zidla ezingxenyeni ezingaphansi komhlaba noma eziluhlaza zezitshalo, imbewu. Lapho sezifikile ezingadini, izilwane zijabula ngokudla izaqathe, ama-beet, ama-gladiolus bulbs. Kusuka ekudleni kwezilwane, ukudla kufaka:
- izinambuzane (amabhungane, izintethe, izibungu, izinkumbi);
- izibungu;
- amaqanda ezinyoni;
- amagundane e-vole, amatshwele.
Ngesisekelo sokudla esinganele, ama-gopher adla imfucuza yokudla, i-carrion. Kubikwe amacala okudla abantu ezindaweni ezinkulu.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Yize ubuncane nobuthakathaka ngemuva kokulala ubuthongo kuma-gopher, inkathi yokukhwelana iqala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa ngemuva kokuvuka. Hhayi ngaphandle kwezimpi phakathi kwezimbangi zokunakwa ngabangane.
Abesifazane abavundisiwe bathwala amawundlu inyanga yonke. Kusukela kwababili kuya kwabayishumi nesithupha bayazalwa. Inani lenzalo ngqo lincike endaweni yokuhlala kanye nasekuphakelweni kokudla.
Izingane zondla ubisi lukamama inyanga nengxenye, ngemuva kwamasonto amabili ziyaqala ukubona. Zingazondla zodwa emva kwezinsuku ezingama-30, kepha zihlala emgodini ovamile kuze kube izinyanga ezintathu. Owesifazane uvikela kanzima izingane ezivakashi ezingamenyiwe. Ukuze kubonakale kukhudlwana, ngalesi sikhathi kukhuphuka umsila, kuvimbe indlela. Izingane ezindadlana zifudukela emigodini ezimbiwe ngokucophelela ngumzali.
Ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo, amacala okudla inyama kanye nezilwane ezidla ezinye yizizathu zokufa okuphezulu kwezilwane ezisencane. Endle, amagundane awahlali isikhathi eside - iminyaka engu-2-3. Abanye abantu, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, baphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyisishiyagalombili.
Amagundane awagcini kuphela ngezifo ezithathelwanayo futhi ashiya amabala amakhulu empandla emasimini ahlwanyelwe okusanhlamvu. Oqondile indima ye-gopher emvelweni kanje:
- ukwehla kwezinambuzane eziyizinambuzane;
- ukwandisa ukungena kwenhlabathi nomswakama, kusheshisa ukubola kwezinto eziphilayo;
- ukwanda kwenani lezinhlobo zezinyoni ezidla inyama ezingandile ezidla amagundane.
Uboya besikwele esikhulu somhlabathi, obutholakala entwasahlobo, busebenza njengokulingisa imink. Izitho zokuphefumula ziphathwa ngamafutha ahlanzekile emvelweni. Umkhiqizo usheshisa ukususwa kobuthi emzimbeni, unomphumela we-tonic kanye ne-bactericidal.
Abafundi banesithakazelo ku ibhuku elibomvu lezilwane elibomvu noma cha... Izinhlobo ezincane, ezinobuso obomvu nezimagqabhagqabha zinikezwe isikhundla sokuba sengozini nokungajwayelekile eStavropol Territory, e-Altai, eCaucasus, ezifundeni zaseBryansk, eMoscow, eNizhny Novgorod nakwezinye izifunda. Izizathu ukulinywa komhlaba kabanzi, ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane, ukwanda kwezilwane ezidla ezinye nokushisa izitshalo.
Ezinye izinhlobo zezinja zasemathafeni ziyanyamalala ngisho naseziqiwini zemvelo. Kwakunesidingo esiphuthumayo sokwakha ama-biotop yokufakelwa kanye nezinkulisa. Ukulondolozwa kobuqotho bezinto eziphilayo zezwe kungumsebenzi kazwelonke.
