Upholi womgexo waphila nabantu amakhulu eminyaka njengesilwane futhi uhlala eyintandokazi yomngane oyinyoni namuhla. Le nyoni enobudlova edinga ukunakwa okuningi. Noma kunjalo, upholi okhonjelwe uzoheha futhi ajabulise umnikazi, ozokwazi ukunikela isikhathi esithe xaxa kule nyoni ngezimfanelo zayo ezihlukile - inala yokudlala nekhono elimangalisayo lokukhuluma. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalezi zinhlobo ezijabulisayo nezinamandla kakhulu, funda yonke le ndatshana.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Upholi wePearl
Igama lohlobo "Psittacula" liyindlela enciphisayo ye-Latin psittacus, ehumusha ngokuthi "upholi", kanye negama elithile lohlobo lweCrameri lavela ngo-1769 ngenxa yokuthi isazi semvelo sase-Italy nase-Austrian-ornithologist uGiovanni Skopoli wayefuna ukuqhubeka nenkumbulo kaWilhelm Cramer.
Ama-subspecies amane alotshiwe, yize ehluka kancane:
- Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kwe-Afrika (P. k. Krameri): IGuinea, iSenegal kanye neningizimu yeMauritania, empumalanga kuya entshonalanga ye-Uganda naseningizimu yeSudan. Ihlala eGibhithe ngasesiGodini seNayile, kwesinye isikhathi ibonwa ogwini olusenyakatho nasenhlonhlweni yeSinayi. Upholi wase-Afrika waqala ukuzala kwa-Israyeli ngeminyaka yama-1980s futhi uthathwa njengenhlobo ehlaselayo;
- Upholi wentamo wase-Abyssinia (P. Parvirostris): ISomalia, inyakatho yeTopiya nezwe laseSennar, eSudan;
- Upholi wentamo waseNdiya (P. manillensis) ungowokudabuka eningizimu yezwekazi laseNdiya. Kunemihlambi eminingi yasendle nemvelo emhlabeni jikelele;
- Ipholi yomgexo oyimbabala (P. borealis) itholakala eBangladesh, ePakistan, enyakatho yeNdiya, eNepal naseBurma. Abantu abafakiwe batholakala emhlabeni wonke;
Kuncane okwaziwayo ngemvelaphi yezakhi zofuzo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yalolu hlobo nokuthi izici zofuzo zabantu zithini ngamaphethini wokuhlaselwa kwemvelo yamanye amazwe lapho lolu hlobo lungeyona eyomdabu. Kungashiwo ngokuqinisekile ukuthi yonke imiphakathi engenayo ivela kakhulu kuma-subspecies ase-Asia.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Upholi wePearl emvelweni
I-Indian ringed parrot (P. krameri), noma upholi womgexo, uyinyoni encane enobude obumaphakathi bomzimba obucishe bube ngu-39.1 cm. Noma kunjalo, leli xabiso lingahluka lisukela kuma-38 kuye kuma-42 cm. Isisindo somzimba cishe siyi-137.0 g. Usayizi we-subspecies yaseNdiya mkhulu kancane kune-Afrika. Lezi zinyoni zinezimpaphe eziluhlaza zomzimba ezinomlomo obomvu, kanye nomsila omude omude, ohlala ngaphezu kwengxenye yobukhulu bomzimba. Umsila ungafika ku-25 cm ubude.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Abesilisa balezi zinhlobo banomphetho omnyama onsomi entanyeni yabo. Kodwa-ke, izinyoni ezincane azinawo umbala ophakeme kangako. Bayithola kuphela lapho sebethomba, cishe eminyakeni emithathu kamuva. Abesifazane nabo abanayo indandatho yentamo. Kodwa-ke, bangaba namasongo wethunzi aphelile kakhulu asukela kokuphaphathekile kuye kokumpunga okumnyama.
I-pearl parrot i-dimorphic yezocansi. Izinhlobo zasendle zabo bobabili ubulili zinombala oluhlaza okwehlukile, kuyilapho abantu abathunjiwe bethwala imidwebo eminingi, kufaka phakathi okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okunsomi nokuphuzi. Ubude obuphakathi kwephiko elilodwa bungamasentimitha ayi-15 kuye kwayi-17.5. Endle, kuyizinhlobo ezinomsindo, ezingahambisi lapho izwi lazo lifana nokuklabalasa okukhulu nokukhwaza.
Ividiyo: Upholi kaPearl
Ikhanda liseduze ngemuva kwekhanda elinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kunezimpaphe ezimnyama emphinjeni, kukhona umugqa omnyama omncane kakhulu phakathi komlomo neso. Omunye umugqa omnyama umboza intamo kusikwele, kwakheke uhlobo "lwekhola" elihlukanisa ikhanda nomzimba. Umlomo ubomvu ngokugqamile. Ama-paw anombala ompunga, anombala obomvana. Ingaphansi lamaphiko limpunga emnyama, njengoba kubonakala ezinyonini ezindizayo.
Uhlala kuphi upholi womgexo?
Isithombe: Ukubhangqa kopholi bomgexo
Ububanzi bukapholi oburinjiwe ngobukhulu phakathi kwezinye izinhlobo ze-Old World. Lesi yisikhwenene kuphela esidabuka ezingxenyeni ezimbili zomhlaba. Kopholi womgexo wase-Afrika, uhla luye enyakatho luye eGibhithe, entshonalanga luze eSenegal, empumalanga luye e-Ethiopia, eningizimu luye e-Uganda.
E-Asia, kutholakala kulawo mazwe:
- IBangladesh;
- Afghanistan;
- China;
- UButane;
- India;
- ENepal;
- IVietnam.
- Pakistan;
- I-Sri Lanka.
Amaphara anonile asethuliwe emazweni aseYurophu afana neGerman, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain kanye ne-United Kingdom. Lezi zinyoni ziphinde zaziswa emazweni aseNtshonalanga ye-Asia njenge-Iran, i-Kuwait, i-Iraq, i-Israel, iLebanon, iSyria, iSaudi Arabia, neTurkey. EJapan eMpumalanga Asia. Jordan eMiddle East, kanye naseQatar, Yemen, Singapore, Venezuela nase-United States. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amazwe ase-Afrika anjengeKenya, iMauritius, iNingizimu Afrika. Lezi zopholi nazo zafuduka zahlala eziqhingini zaseCaribbean zaseCuracao, eCuba nasePuerto Rico.
I-biotope yemvelo kaKarela iyihlathi. Kepha itholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo enezihlahla ezinkulu. Izipholi zomgexo zijwayela kahle izimo zasemadolobheni nezimo ezibandayo. Izindawo ezisemadolobheni zingabanikeza amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu nokutholakala okukhulu kokudla. Bahlala ezingwadule, amathafa nezindawo ezinotshani, amahlathi namahlathi emvula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinyoni zomgexo zihlala emaxhaphozini. Bangaphila emikhakheni yezolimo nakwezinye izindawo.
Udlani upholi womgexo?
Isithombe: Upholi wePearl
Cishe amaphesenti angama-80 okudla kwale nyoni kusekelwe enzalweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, upholi womgexo nawo udla izinambuzane, izithelo no-nectar. Lezi zinyoni zihlala ezindaweni ezicebile ngamantongomane, imbewu, amajikijolo, imifino, amahlumela nezithelo, ezigcwaliswa ezinye izitshalo ezifana nokolweni, ummbila, ikhofi, amadethi, amakhiwane kanye negwava. Lokhu kudla kuvuthwa ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, kusekela upholi unyaka wonke. Uma kungekho ukudla okwanele, ngokwesibonelo, ngenxa yesivuno esingesihle, upholi ushintsha usuka kokudla okujwayelekile usethelwe kunoma yiluphi udaba lwesitshalo olutholayo.
Imihlambi emikhulu yopholi abakhaliphile iyabhonga ngovivi ukuzitika ezihlahleni zezithelo ezigcwele kakhulu noma okusanhlamvu okuchithekile. Imihlambi yasendle indiza amakhilomitha amaningi iyoklaba emasimini nasezithelweni, kudale umonakalo omkhulu kubanikazi. Izinyoni uqobo zifunde ukuvula amasaka okusanhlamvu noma elayisi emapulazini noma ezinqolobaneni zikaloliwe. Uqhwaku olucijile lophaphe lungaklebhula kalula izithelo ezinesikhumba esiqinile futhi luveze amantongomane anezicathulo eziqinile.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Ekuthunjweni, upholi womgexo uzodla izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokudla: izithelo, imifino, amapeleti, imbewu, kanye nenyama encane ephekiwe yokugcwalisa amaprotheni. Amafutha, usawoti, ushokoledi, utshwala nezinye izinto zokuvikela kufanele zigwenywe.
ENdiya, zondla okusanhlamvu, kuthi ebusika kudliwe uphizi wamajuba. EGibhithe, zondla ama-mulberry entwasahlobo nezinsuku ehlobo, futhi isidleke emithini yesundu eduze kwamasimu anobhekilanga nommbila.
Manje usuyazi ukuthi ungaphakela kanjani upholi womgexo, ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kanjani endaweni yawo yemvelo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Upholi womgexo oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka
Ngokuvamile izinyoni ezinomsindo nezingewona umculo ezibandakanya amasiginali womsindo ahlukahlukene. Lezi yizinyoni ezingesabi ezidonsela ukunaka ngokukhala njalo. Izipholi zomgexo zihlala ezidlekeni zabanye abantu, zisebenzisa izimbobo esezivele zakhiwe ngezinye izinhlobo ukuze zizalele. Imvamisa lezi ziyizidleke ezilungiselelwe wona ngumqali wokhuni omkhulu onamabala kanye nomqali wokhuni oluhlaza okotshani. Ngokwesisekelo sokuncintisana, ama-parrot aphikisiwe anezingxabano nezinhlobo zendawo ezisebenzisa izindawo ezifanayo nezidleke zazo.
Izibonelo zemibono engqubuzanayo:
- i-nuthatch ejwayelekile;
- i-blue tit;
- tit enkulu;
- ijuba clintuch;
- inkanyezi ejwayelekile.
I-pearl parrot iyinhlobo ephilayo, ye-arboreal ne-diurnal ethanda kakhulu umphakathi, ehlala ngamaqembu. Akujwayelekile ukubona izinyoni ezinezinsimbi zodwa noma ngazimbili ngaphandle kwenkathi yokuzalanisa. Isikhathi esiningi sonyaka, izinyoni zihlala emihlambini, kwesinye isikhathi ibalelwa ezinkulungwaneni zabantu. Bavame ukuxabana nabangane babo, kodwa ukulwa akuvamile.
Izimpaphe zomgexo zisebenzisa uqhwaku lwazo njengomlenze wesithathu lapho zihamba phakathi kwezihlahla. Welula intamo yakhe abambe igatsha alifunayo ngomlomo wakhe, bese edonsa imilenze yakhe. Usebenzisa indlela efanayo lapho ezungeza ibhakede elincane. Unamehlo athuthukile, awasebenzisela ukubona imvelo.
Ama-parrot angenalutho angenza izilwane ezifuywayo ezinhle, ezithambile, kodwa uma izidingo zabo zinganakwa, bangathola izinkinga eziningi. Lezi akuzona izinyoni ezinhle kakhulu ukukhula nezingane ezincane, njengoba ziyazwela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuphazamiseka, kufaka phakathi umsindo wasebusuku.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Upholi wePearl
I-pearl parrot yinyoni eyodwa ezala inkathi ethile. Amabili akhiwa isikhathi eside, kodwa hhayi kuze kube phakade. Kulezi zinhlobo, owesifazane uheha owesilisa futhi aqale ukukhwelana. Uhlikihla ikhanda lakhe kaningi ekhanda lakhe, ezama ukudonsa ukunaka kowesilisa.
Ngemuva kwalokho, inqubo yokukhwelana ithatha imizuzu embalwa kuphela. Isikhathi sokukhwelana kopholi baseNdiya siqala ezinyangeni zasebusika kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuJanuwari, ukubekela amaqanda ngoFebhuwari nangoMashi. Abantu base-Afrika bazala kusukela ngo-Agasti kuya kuDisemba, futhi isikhathi singahluka ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zezwekazi.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Le nyoni ikhiqiza amatshwele amaningi minyaka yonke. Lapho amaqanda esezelwe ezidlekeni, izitho zowesifazane zokuzala zibuyela esimweni esincishisiwe kuze kufike ukuzala okulandelayo.
Izidleke zingama-640.08 cm ukusuka phansi emhlabathini. Kufanele zijule ngokwanele ukubamba kuze kufike emaqanda ayisikhombisa. Upholi womgexo ubeka cishe amaqanda amane ku-clutch ngayinye. Amaqanda afukanyelwa amasonto amathathu aze achanyuselwe amaphuphu amancane. Izinhlobo zinama-indices aphezulu okuzala, okuholela emazingeni aphezulu okusinda kwentsha nabantu abadala.
Ifledging yenzeka cishe emasontweni ayisikhombisa ngemuva kokuchanyuselwa. Eminyakeni emibili ubudala, amaphuphu azimela. Abesilisa bafinyelela ebusheni lapho beneminyaka emithathu ubudala lapho bekhulisa indandatho entanyeni yabo. Abesifazane nabo bavuthwa ngokocansi beneminyaka emithathu ubudala.
Izitha zemvelo zopholi bomgexo
Isithombe: Upholi wePearl emvelweni
Opholi abanamasongo abomvana entanyeni yabo ukuphela kwento yokulwa nezilwane abazisebenzisayo ukukhombisa ukuhlangana ngomsindo othambile othi "purring". Ukuzwa le misindo, wonke amapholi ajoyina le nyoni ehlaselwe ukulwa nezitha zabo, eshaya amaphiko abo, eqhosha futhi ememeza aze umhlaseli ahlehle. Isidlakudla esinezimpaphe kuphela esidla ngopholi womgexo uwuklebe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-parrot aphikisiwe anezilwane eziningana ezidlayo ezihlose ukususa amaqanda esidlekeni, yilezi:
- izingwejeje ezimpunga (Sciurus carolinensis);
- abantu (Homo Sapiens);
- Amagwababa (izinhlobo zeCorvus);
- izikhova (Strigiformes);
- izinyoka (Izinyoka).
Opholi bomgexo bachitha ubusuku endaweni ethile emile emagatsheni ezihlahla, lapho baba sengozini yokuhlaselwa khona. Emazweni amaningi lapho opholi benza umonakalo omkhulu ezweni lezolimo, abantu bazama ukulawula abantu bezinambuzane zomgexo. Zethusa izinyoni ziqhuma isibhamu nemisindo kusuka kusipikha. Kwesinye isikhathi, abalimi abathukuthele badubula abangena emasimini abo.
Indlela ephumelela kakhulu yokulawula ukususwa kwamaqanda ezidlekeni. Indlela enjalo engeyona ebulalayo iheha kakhulu umphakathi ekuphathweni kwabantu besikhathi eside.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Pearl upholi owesilisa
Kusukela ngekhulu le-19, ophololi bomgexo baphumelele emazweni amaningi. Zizalela kakhulu enyakatho kunezinye izinhlobo zopholi. Olunye uphaphe olunezinqa olunezinhlobo ezimbalwa ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa nempilo endaweni ephazanyiswe ngabantu, ngesibindi bakhuthazelela ukuhlaselwa kwamadolobha nokuqedwa kwamahlathi. Isidingo sezinkukhu njengezilwane ezifuywayo nokungathandwa kwabalimi kunciphise amanani aso kwezinye izingxenye zebanga.
Njengezilwane ezifuywayo eziphumelelayo, amapholi aphunyukile asebenze amakoloni emadolobheni amaningi emhlabeni wonke, kufaka phakathi inyakatho nentshonalanga yeYurophu. Lezi zinhlobo seziqanjwe ngokuthi azisengozini enkulu yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) njengoba isibalo sabantu sanda futhi siya ngokuya sihlasela emazweni amaningi, sithikameze kakhulu izinhlobo zomdabu.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: Izinhlobo ezihlaselayo zibeka engcupheni enkulu ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo emhlabeni. Ukuqonda amaphethini wezakhi zofuzo nezinqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ezithuthukisa ukuvela okuphumelelayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekucaciseni izindlela ezihlasela ukuhlasela kwezinto eziphilayo. Phakathi kwezinyoni, upholi obizwa nge-ringed (P. krameri) ungesinye sezinhlobo ezihlasela kakhulu ezihlasela kakhulu, esinezimpande emazweni angaphezu kwama-35.
Opholi bePearl bachitha ubusuku ezindaweni ezijwayelekile (imvamisa iqoqo lezihlahla), futhi ukubala inani lopholi abafika ezindaweni ezinjalo kuyindlela ethembekile yokulinganisa ubukhulu babantu bendawo. Emadolobheni amaningi aseYurophu ungathola amakamelo okulala akhethekile enkukhu: Lille-Roubaix, Marseille, Nancy, Roissy, Vyssus (France), Wiesbaden-Mainz kanye neRhine-Neckar (eJalimane), eFollonica, eFlorence naseRoma (e-Italy).
Noma kunjalo, ezingxenyeni zeNingizimu ye-Asia - kusuka kuphi upholi womgexo, inani labantu lalezi zinyoni liyancipha ngenxa yokubanjwa kokuhweba ngezilwane. Naphezu kwemizamo yabanye abantu yokuvuselela umphakathi ngokukhulula izinyoni ezimakethe zendawo, inani lamapholi liye lehla kakhulu ezindaweni eziningi ezwekazini laseNdiya.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 06/14/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/23/2019 ngo-10: 24
