Izilwane zeplanethi yethu zicebile ngendlela emangalisayo futhi zihlukahlukene. Namuhla sizokhuluma ngommeleli ongaphansi komhlaba wezilwane - i-zokor. Kubukeka njengekhubalo eliqinile eliphambili, empeleni - inkathazo eyingozi.
Incazelo kaZokor
Lesi silwane sama-subspecies iZokorin, amagundane emvukuzane abukeka emuhle.
UZokor - omele uhlobo lweMyospalax, ekhona ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo eziyisikhombisa zaseNyakatho Asia zamagundane angaphansi komhlaba. Unesakhiwo esiyisitokisi esifana nesigqoko esiphakeme esifudumele. Ikhanda layo elikhulu, ngaphandle kwentamo eveziwe, ligeleza kahle emzimbeni ohlanganisiwe. I-zokor inezitho ezine ezimfushane ezinamandla, ethweswe umqhele ngezinzipho ezinkulu ngokuqhathanisa nomzimba. Bent in the arc, zifinyelela kubude obungamasentimitha ayi-6, lokhu kwenza ukuthi isilwane sikwazi ukunqoba kalula amabanga amade ngaphansi komhlaba, sikubambe ngezidladla. Amapayipi eminwe aqinile, awamboziwe ngezinwele. Izinyawo zinkulu futhi zinokwethenjelwa, kanti nezinzipho zangaphambili ezinde ziyazilola futhi ziqine kakhulu, okwenza kube lula ukumba ngokungapheli. Imilenze yangaphambili mikhulu kunemilenze yangemuva.
Amehlo amancane azwela ekukhanyeni, ngoba endaweni yawo ejwayelekile, isilwane akuvamile ukuthi sihlangane nemisebe yelanga, ngakho-ke zifihlwe ngoboya ukuze zizivikele ngangokunokwenzeka ezinhlamvwini zomhlaba eziwela embusweni. Amehlo kaZokor, aphikisana nezinkolelo zabaningi, abuthaka, kepha asekhona namanje. Ngisho nasekufikeni phezulu, isilwane siyakuvala lokhu kushoda ngokuzwa okunzima ngokweqile nomuzwa wephunga. I-auricle ifinyeziwe futhi ifihliwe ezinweleni ezijiyile.
Isilwane sinuka kahle ukudla, sifuna isikhathi esiningi ekufuneni. Uyalalela futhi ngezikhathi ezithile, abone imisindo yakho konke okwenzekayo ebusweni. Ngakho-ke, kuvame ukuba nzima ukumbamba. Ukuzwa izinyathelo, i-zokor ayisoze yawela kwabahlukumezi. Ngendlela - futhi uhlamvu lwabo alunabo ubungane kakhulu. Izingane kuphela ezingazivumela ukuba zithathwe ezandleni zazo. Abantu abadala bathanda ukulwa.
Ukubukeka, ubukhulu
Ama-Zokors angamagundane aphakathi nendawo, anesisindo esiphakathi kuka-150 no-560 amagremu. Ummeleli omkhulu kunabo bonke ngu-Altai Tsokor, ikhula ize ifinyelele kumagremu angama-600. Ubude besilwane buphakathi kwamasentimitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-27. Abesifazane bancane kancane kunabesilisa, isisindo sabo singama-gramu ayi-100 ngaphansi.
Ama-Zokor ambozwe ngoboya obufushane, obukhulu, obusilika, obuthandekayo kunoboya bokuthinta, uhla lombala lwayo, ngokuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo nokuhlangana kwendawo, kusuka ebumpunga kuya konsundu ngokubomvu noma ngokubomvana. Kwezinye izinhlobo, isifonyo sihlotshiswe ngendawo emhlophe, kwesinye - imivimbo emhlophe etholakala emsileni.
I-zokor inomsila omfushane oyindilinga, ubude bayo buqala ngamasentimitha ama-3 kuye kwayi-10, kuya ngosayizi womnikazi uqobo. Umsila ungafakwa umbala emthunzini owodwa, ube mnyama ngokuphelele, noma ungaba mnyama ngaphezulu, ukhanyise ngezansi (noma ngethiphu emhlophe qwa). Kukhona nemisila, njengokungathi, ichotshoziwe ngoboya obumpunga obukhanyayo kuyo yonke indawo, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo kunemisila engenalutho ngokuphelele.
Indlela yokuphila, isimilo
Ama-Zokors angamandla okumba futhi anekhono ngokweqile. Bachitha isikhathi sabo esiningi besendleleni. Bemba imihubhe ngezidladla zangaphambili ezigwedliwe, baphanga umhlabathi oxegisiwe ngaphansi kwabo, bawuphushe ngemuva ngezidladla zabo. Ngosizo lwamazinyo we-incisor, i-zokor iluma kalula ngama-rhizomes aphazamisa indlela. Lapho nje umhlaba omubi omningi kakhulu unqwabelana ngaphansi kwesisu sesilwane, usikhahlela ngemilenze yaso yangemuva ohlangothini, bese ujika uphushe inqwaba ngomhubhe, kancane kancane uyilethe ngaphezulu kulendunduma.
Imigodi ye-zokor yinde ngendlela eyisimanga. Ngokujula, zingafinyelela kumamitha amathathu, zigijime ngobude ngamamitha angamashumi amahlanu. Zinezinhlaka eziyinkimbinkimbi, ngoba izindima nezimbobo zihlukaniswe ngamazinga nezindawo. Izindawo zokudla zisondele ngaphezulu futhi zinama-mesh-branched, ngoba isilwane siwcekela phansi umhlaba, kusuka ezimpandeni (nezimpande izitshalo ukudla kwazo okuthandayo) kuhudulela isitshalo emgodini. IBurrows ingeyesikhashana futhi ihlala unomphela. Amanye ama-zokor azomba bese akhohlwa ngokushesha ngawo, kwabanye azobuya ngezikhathi ezithile kuyo yonke impilo.
Umsele omkhulu uqhuma amamitha ama-2 ngaphansi kobuso futhi unamagumbi ahlukile okwakha izidleke, okugcina ukudla nemfucuza. Inethiwekhi ebanzi yemigudu engajulile isebenza ngaphansi kwezitshalo zokudla. Izindunduma ezingenhla zibonisa indlela yokuhamba yesilwane engaphansi komhlaba.
Ama-Zokors awafihli ubusika, kepha awasebenzi kakhulu. Kungaphakathi nezinyanga zasebusika lapho kunamathuba amaningi okuthi zitholakale phezulu. Umhlabathi ombozwe ukhaphethi oqinile awunakuthola umoya-mpilo omncane, futhi i-zokor, esaba ukuminyana, iya ngokuya igijimela phezulu. Futhi ngalesi sikhathi bangaba matasa nokuzala. Ekupheleni kukaMashi, owesifazane uzala izingane ngenani lama-3-5 amawundlu kudoti. Kukhona inkolelo yokuthi izimbobo zesilisa nowesifazane zihlanganisiwe. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akukakaqinisekiswa ngo-100%, okusho ukuthi kuhlala kuyimfihlakalo. Ngaphandle kokuthi lezi zilwane zatholakala eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili edlule, kusalokhu kungaziwa okuningi ngazo, ngenxa yokuthi ama-zokors ahola impilo efihliwe yangaphansi komhlaba.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ama-zokor awazona izilwane ezinobungane kakhulu, ahlala wodwa. Noma behlangana nabamele izinhlobo zabo, baziphatha ngokulwa kakhulu, bethatha zonke izinhlobo zokuhlaselwa.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani i-zokor
Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, i-zokor endle ingaphila kuze kube yiminyaka emi-3-6.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Abesifazane bazo zonke izinhlobo babukeka bancane kunabesilisa. Isisindo sabo sehluka ngama-gramu ayi-100.
Izinhlobo zama-zokors
Ama-Zokors atholakele endaweni yeRussian Federation ahlukaniswe ngokujwayelekile abe izinhlobo ezi-3. Lezi yizinhlobo zeDaurian, Manchurian neAltai. Owokuqala uhlala eTransbaikalia, akukukhulu kakhulu, ubude bawo bufinyelela kumasentimitha angama-20. Inombala womzimba okhanyayo okhanyayo. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi njengoba inani labantu lisakazekela eningizimu nasempumalanga, umbala wezilwane ezihlala kulezi zindawo uba mnyama. Ngokungafani nozakwabo, i-zokori zaseDaurian zingaphila ezindaweni ezinenhlabathi eminyene, ngokwesibonelo, ngisho nasezindaweni ezinesihlabathi nesihlabathi.
Esesibili yiManchurian, esatshalaliswa eningizimu-mpumalanga yeTransbaikalia, osebeni lwe-Amur naseNingizimu Primorye. Futhi, inani labantu lisabalalele eNyakatho-mpumalanga yeChina. Njengoba ithonya lezolimo likhula, inani lalo lehla ngokushesha. Okwamanje bahlala ezindaweni ezingavamile, eziqhelile zezindawo. Izinga eliphansi lokuzalwa lalezi zinhlobo nalo lilimaza inani labantu. Owesifazane oyedwa waseManchurian zokor ubeletha izingane ezi-2 kuye kwezi-4.
Okukhulu kunakho konke - i-Altai zokor, ifinyelela isisindo sama-gramu angama-600 futhi igcwele amazwe ase-Altai. Ubude bomzimba wayo bungamasentimitha angama-24. Umbala wayo uphethwe ngamathoni amnyama, aphenduke umbala obomvu, onsundu nokubomvu. Futhi umsila umbozwe izinwele ezimhlophe. Emakhaleni alesi zokori kukhona ukuqina kwe-corpus callosum, inezidladla ezibanzi, ezinamandla angajwayelekile ngesisindo esincane kangaka sesilwane.
Sekukonke, kukhona 7. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezintathu ezibalulwe ngenhla, kukhona ne-Ussuri zokor, i-zokor yaseChina, i-zokor kaSmith kanye ne-Rothschild zokor.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwama-zokors kufaka phakathi amazwe aseNyakatho neChina, iSouthern Mongolia neWestern Siberia. Zithanda amadlelo atholakala ezindaweni ezinezihlahla, zithanda ukuhlala ezigodini zemifula, ikakhulukazi ezigodini zezintaba eziphakeme ukusuka kumamitha ayi-900 kuye kuma-2200. Bakhangwa izindawo ezinamathafa angaconsi phansi, imithambeka enamadwala namatshe esihlabathi, izilwane zizama ukukugwema. Indawo ekahle ye-zokor kufanele ibe nenhlabathi emnyama ecebile enenqwaba yamakhambi, izilimo eziyizigaxa kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zama-rhizomes. Ngakho-ke, akumangazi ukuthi la magundane atholakala emadlelweni, ezindaweni zamasimu ezolimo angasasebenzi, izivande nezingadi zemifino.
Yize ama-zokor evame ukuchazwa ngokuthi "amagundane emvukuzane", ama-moles awahlobene nezilwane ezincelisayo (kufaka phakathi i-insectivora) yalezi zilwane, ngenkathi nazo zibona, noma zibuthakathaka, amehlo. Futhi abanabo ubudlelwano obusondelene nokhokho nezinye izinhlobo zamagundane ezigqobayo njengamagundane ase-Afrika, amagundane oqalo, ama-blesmols, imvukuzane engaboni, igundane, imvukuzane ne-vole. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi ama-zokor angabameleli beqembu laseNyakatho Asia abangenazo izihlobo eziseduze; bakha umndeni wabo omncane (Myospalacinae) wamagundane. Umlando we-paleontological we-zokor usuka emuva kuze kube sekupheleni kweMiocene (eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-11.2 kuya kweziyi-5.3 edlule eChina.
Ukudla kukaZokor
Ngokungafani nabantu abayizimpumputhe nezimvukuzane, i-zokor idla kuphela ukudla okuvela ezitshalweni. Ukudla kwayo kuqukethe izimpande, ama-bulb kanye nemifino yezimpande, kwesinye isikhathi badla amaqabunga namahlumela. Ngokuvamile, konke okuhlangana nendlela yomphangi ogqobayo. Izikhathi ezinomsoco kuphela lapho i-zokor ingadla khona izikelemu zomhlaba njengokuhlukile. Kepha uma amasimu amazambane ebanjwa endleleni ye-zokor, ngeke yehlise umoya kuze kube yilapho idlulisela zonke izilimo eziyizigaxa emgodini wayo. Ngesikhathi sokuvuna, isitolo se-Altai zokor singaqukatha kuze kufike kumakhilogremu ayi-10 okudla. Ngokwenza lokhu, balimaza kabi umhlaba wezolimo. UZokor, obona amazambane engadini, uyisitha esikhulu somnikazi wakhe.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Kuyaqabukela kwenzeka ukuthi ukuthomba kulezi zilwane kwenzeka lapho uneminyaka engu-1-2 ubudala. Ngokuyisisekelo, sebeneminyaka eyizinyanga eziyisikhombisa kuya kweziyisishiyagalombili, iningi lama-zokor lifinyelela ekuvuthweni kwezocansi. Lokhu kusho - sekuyisikhathi sokucinga ngamabili enkathi yokuzalanisa. Eduze nobusika, ekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi, isikhathi semidlalo yokukhwelana siqala. Futhi entwasahlobo, ngezinsuku zokugcina zikaMashi, kuzalwa inzalo entsha. Insikazi izala kanye kuphela ngonyaka; kunezingane ezisukela ku-3 kuye kwezingu-10 kudoti, kuya ngohlobo lwazo. Ngokuvamile, cishe ama-5-6 amawundlu azalwa emndenini owodwa. Zinqunu ngokuphelele, azinanwele olulodwa, imibimbi futhi mincane.
Njengoba ama-zokor ehlala yedwa, umndeni wawo ukhula kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, okungukuthi, okwesikhashana. Ngakho-ke, owesifazane kufanele akhulise izingane yedwa. Ngenhlanhla, kulokhu unezingono ezinobisi, esiswini esisemigqeni emi-3.
Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo nehlobo, izingane zikhula ngokwanele enanini lokudla kwezitshalo futhi kuthi ezinyangeni ezine ziqale ukuhola impilo ezimele kancane. Kusukela ezinyangeni ezine ubudala, bayakwazi ukumba imigudu yabo, futhi kusukela eminyakeni engu-8 iningi labo selivele licabanga ngokuthola inzalo yabo.
Izitha zemvelo
Naphezu kokuqikelela okukhulu lapho ehamba ebusweni bomhlaba, i-zokor kwesinye isikhathi iba yisisulu sezilwane zasendle. Izitha zayo zemvelo zifaka phakathi izinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama, ama-ferrets nezimpungushe. Lezi zilwane ezigobayo zigcina ngaphezulu ngenxa yezizathu eziningana: ukwakhiwa kabusha kwezindlu eziphulwe ngumuntu, ngenxa yezikhukhula zomgodi noma ukulima kwawo. Futhi, umuntu kufanele abekwe phakathi kwezitha ezingangabazeki.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ama-Zokors anenani lesibili lentengo yesintu. Ezikhathini zasendulo, babebanjelwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yoboya. Ngaphandle kokuthi uboya babo buthambile futhi bumnandi ekuthintweni, izikhumba ze-zokor azisathandwa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokuthunga. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuqothulwa kwalesi silwane kuyaqhubeka, ngoba i-zokor ithathwa njengesilonda esinamandla ngempela sezitshalo zezolimo. Ezindaweni lapho lesi silwane singazange sidale umonakalo ngokudla kwaso ama-rhizomes nezithelo, lapho "sashiya" izindunduma ezilahliwe eziphazamisa ukulima okuvamile okuzenzakalelayo. Zivimbela ukugunda kwezitshalo, ziphazamise ukulima.
AbakwaZokors babuye bonakalise izindawo zamadlelo ngemisebenzi yabo yokumba.
Okuhlukile yi-Altai zokor - inhlobo edinga ukuvikelwa, emakwe njengengcuphe.
Futhi, endaweni yasePrimorsky Territory, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokugcina inani labantu baseManchurian zokor, ngenxa yokwanda okuphawulekayo kwemisebenzi yezolimo kanye nokuntuleka kwedatha ngokukhiqizwa kwalolu hlobo. Njengesilinganiso sokongiwa kwemvelo, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka wokuhlela ama-zakaznik ngokuvinjelwa komhlaba olinywayo.
