Sterlet kusuka emndenini we-sturgeon ungenye yezinhlanzi ezindala kakhulu, ukubukeka kwazo kubuyela esikhathini se-Silurian. Ngaphandle, i-sterlet iyefana nezinhlobo ezihlobene ze-bio: i-sturgeon, i-stellate sturgeon noma i-beluga. Kungokwesigaba senhlanzi ebalulekile. Ngenxa yokwehla okuphawulekayo kwezinombolo, ukubanjwa kwayo endaweni yayo yemvelo kulawulwa ngokuqinile.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Sterlet
Umlando wezinhlobo uhlehlela emuva ekupheleni kwesikhathi seSilurian - cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-395 edlule. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho kwenzeka khona ushintsho olubalulekile ekuziphendukeleni kwezinto eziphilayo ezifana nezinhlanzi: ukuguqulwa emhlathini we-anterior branchial arches. Ekuqaleni, i-branchial arch, enesimo esime njengendandatho, yathola ubuciko obusizayo, obusiza ukuba busongwe iringi engabili. Kwavela ukufana kozipho lokubamba. Isigaba esilandelayo ukuxhuma kogebhezi nehafu ephezulu yendandatho. Enye yazo (umhlathi ongezansi wesikhathi esizayo) igcine ukuhamba kwayo.
Ngenxa yezinguquko ezenzekile nezinhlanzi, seziphenduke izidlakela zangempela, ukudla kwazo sekuyehluka kakhulu. Ngenkathi okhokho bama-sterlets namanye ama-sturgeon behlunga kuphela iplankton. Ukuvela kwe-sterlet - okuyiyona abasinda ngayo kuze kube namuhla, kwasungulwa eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-90-145 edlule. Singasho ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi zingabantu besikhathi esiphakathi kwama-dinosaurs. Kuphela, ngokungafani nezilwane ezihuquzelayo zangaphambi komlando, zisinde ngokuphepha ezinhlekeleleni eziningi zomhlaba futhi zafinyelela osukwini lwanamuhla zingashintshi.
Lokhu kukhuluma ngeplastikhi yemvelo yezinhlanzi, ikhono lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zemvelo nokusebenzisa izinsiza ezabiwe ngokwemvelo kuze kube sezingeni eliphezulu. I-heyday yama-sterlets namanye ama-sturgeon aqala esikhathini seMesozoic. Ngemuva kwalokho izinhlanzi ezingamathambo zadudulwa zakhishwa kuzo. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nezinhlobo ezihlomile, i-sturgeon yasinda ngempumelelo enkulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Fish Sterlet
I-Sterlet ingeyesigatshana sezinhlanzi ezi-cartilaginous. Ukubukeka kwesikali kufana namapuleti amathambo. Umzimba omile okwe uthi lokuphotha umbozwe ngokuphelele ngawo. Isici sezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon yi-notochord ye-cartilaginous, eyakha isisekelo samathambo. Ama-vertebrae awekho ngisho nasezinhlanzini ezindala. Amathambo nogebhezi lwe-sterlet kukhona uqwanga; kunemigqa emi-5 yezinsipho zamathambo emzimbeni.
Umlomo uyahlehla, uyinyama, amazinyo awekho. Ngezansi komgogodla kunesikhumba sokubhukuda esixhunywe ku-esophagus. Ama-Sterlets namanye ama-sturgeon ane-spithagus - izimbobo ezisuka emigodini ye-gill ziye emabhodini. Ushaka omkhulu omhlophe unokuthile okufanayo. Isibalo sezinhlungu ezinkulu singu-4. Imisebe yeBranchial ayikho.
I-sterlet inomzimba ovulekile nenhloko engunxantathu enkulu. Impumu ivulekile, iyindilinga, udebe oluphansi lubhaziliwe. Lezi yizici ezihlukile zezinhlanzi. Engxenyeni engezansi yempumulo, kunentshebe enemiphetho, etholakala nakwezinye izinhlobo zama-sturgeon. Kunezinhlobo ezi-2 ze-sterlet: i-sharp-nosed (i-classic version) ne-blunt-nosed, enekhala elithile eliyindilinga. Njengomthetho, abantu abanezimpumputhe bangabantu abangakwazi ukuzala, kanye nalabo abafuywayo, abazalelwa ngokungeyikho. Amehlo ama-sterlet mancane futhi avelele.
Ebusweni bekhanda le-sterlet, kukhona izivikelo zamathambo ezikhule ndawonye. Umzimba umbozwe nge-ganoid (equkethe into efana noqweqwe lwawo) izikali ezinama-protrusions afana ne-ridge afana nezinhlamvu. Isici esihlukanisa i-sterlet kwezinye izinhlanzi eziningi yi-dorsal fin esuswe emsileni. Ukuma komsila kujwayelekile kuma-sturgeon: i-lobe ephezulu yinde kunaleyo engezansi. Njengomthetho, ama-sterlets aqoshwe ngombala onsundu ngokumpunga, kwesinye isikhathi anezindawo eziphuzi ngokukhanyayo. Ingxenye engezansi ilula ukwedlula ngemuva; kwabanye abantu, isisu sicishe sibe mhlophe.
I-Sterlet iyona encane kunazo zonke izinhlanzi ze-sturgeon. Ubude babantu abadala abuvamile ukuba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-1.2-1.3. Iningi labashwabana lincane ngisho nangaphansi - u-0.3-0.4 m. Abesilisa nabesifazane bafana ngokuphelele ngombala nosayizi. Uhlobo lwesikali nabo aluhlukile.
Ihlala kuphi i-sterlet?
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-sterlet
Indawo yokuhlala ama-sterlet yimifula egelezela olwandle: iBlack, iCaspian ne-Azov. Le nhlanzi itholakala naseNyakatho Dvina. Kusukela emifuleni yaseSiberia - kuya e-Ob, eYenisei. Ububanzi be-sterlet bufinyelela nasemifuleni etholakala echibini lamachibi: i-Onega neLadoga. Lezi zinhlanzi zahlaliswa e-Oka, Nemunas (Neman) nakwamanye amadamu. Ngokuningiliziwe - ngezimo zokuphila emachibini amakhulu kakhulu.
- I-Dvina eseNyakatho naseNtshonalanga - ama-sterlets ahlelwe ngokwenziwe ukugcina izinhlobo.
- Ob. Abantu abaningi kakhulu babhalwa ngasemlanjeni woMfula iBarnaulka.
- Enisey. I-Sterlet itholakala njengomthetho ngaphansi komlomo we-Angara, kanye nasemifuleni yomfula.
- Nemuna (Neman), Pechora, Oka, Amur - izinhlanzi zilethwe ngokungeyena.
- UDon, Ural - ama-sterlets awavamile, ama-specimens angashadile ngokoqobo.
- Surah. Kusukela maphakathi nekhulu lama-20, isibalo sabantu, ebesibaningi phambilini, sesinciphe kakhulu.
- Kama. Isibalo sabantu abacindezelwe senyukile kakhulu, ngenxa yokuncipha kokugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokuthi amanzi emfuleni acoceke kakhulu.
- Kuban. Kubhekwa njengendawo eseningizimu kakhulu yebanga le-sterlet. Inani le-sterlet lincane, kepha liyanda kancane kancane.
- I-Irtysh. Imihlambi eminingi kakhulu itholakala enkabeni yomfula.
I-sterlet ihlala kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile, ikhetha inhlabathi embozwe isihlabathi noma amatshe amancane. Abesifazane bahlala eduze naphansi kwedamu, kuyilapho abesilisa bekhuthele futhi bechitha isikhathi sabo esiningi kukholamu lamanzi.
Yini edliwa yi-sterlet?
Isithombe: Sterlet endle
USterlet uyisilwane esidla ezinye. Ukudla kwayo kusekelwe ezinambuzaneni ezincane ezingenamgogodla. Ngokuyinhloko, idla izilwane ze-benthic: ama-crustaceans amancane, izidalwa ezinomzimba othambile, izibungu, izibungu zezinambuzane. Zijabulela i-sterlet ne-caviar yezinye izinhlanzi. Abantu abadala abadala badla izinhlanzi ezincane, bagwema inyamazane enkulu.
Njengoba abesifazane behlala ezansi, futhi abesilisa ikakhulu babhukuda kukholamu lamanzi, ukudla kwabo kuhlukile. Isikhathi esihle sokuzingela i-sterlet kusebusuku. Ukudla kwentsha kanye nefry kungama-microorganisms kanye ne-plankton. Njengoba inhlanzi ikhula, “imenyu” yayo iyahlukahluka ngokwengeziwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Sterlet
I-Sterlet yisilwane esihlala emifuleni ehlanzekile kuphela. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-sterlet abhukuda angene olwandle, kodwa ngasikhathi sinye ahlala eduze nomlomo womfula. Ehlobo, i-sterlet ihlala ezindaweni ezingajulile, abasha bangena eziteshini ezincane noma emabhayi eduze komlomo. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo ekwindla, izinhlanzi zingena ekujuleni, zifuna lokho okubizwa ngemigodi. Uwasebenzisela ukulala ubusika bonke. Ngenkathi ebandayo, ama-sterlets awasebenzi, awadli lutho, musa ukuzingela. Ngemuva kokuvuleka komfula, izinhlanzi zishiya izindawo ezinamanzi ajulile bese zigijimela ezindaweni ezingenhla zomfula ukuze zizale.
Ama-Sterlets, njengawo wonke ama-sturgeon, anama-livers amade phakathi kwezinhlanzi. Isikhathi sabo sokuphila sifinyelela eminyakeni engama-30. Kodwa-ke, akakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi yiqhawe lokuphila isikhathi eside phakathi kwama-sturgeon. IChibi i-sturgeon liphila iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-80.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Fish Sterlet
Izinhlanzi eziningi ze-sturgeon zihlala zodwa. Mayelana nalokhu, i-sterlet ihlukile kulo mthetho. Okuhlukile kwabo ukuthi izinhlanzi zigobhozela ezikoleni ezinkulu. Waze walala hhayi yedwa, kodwa nabafowethu abaningi. Inani lama-sterlet alinde amakhaza emigodini engezansi lilinganiswa ngamakhulu. Bacindezelwe ngokuqinile omunye komunye kangangokuthi abakwazi nokunyakazisa amaphiko abo kanye nezibiliboco.
Abesilisa babhekwa njengokuvuthwa ngokocansi eminyakeni engu-4-5 ubudala. Ukuvuthwa kwabesifazane kuqala ngeminyaka engu-7-8. Eminyakeni engu-1-2 ngemuva kokuzala, insikazi iphinde ilungele ukuzalanisa. Lesi yisikhathi lapho izinhlanzi zidinga ukululama khona kusukela kwinqubo ekhandlayo yokuzala. Isikhathi sokuzalisa i-sterlet siwela ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo noma ekuqaleni kwehlobo, imvamisa kusuka maphakathi kuya ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi, lapho izinga lokushisa kwamanzi omfula lisethwe kuma-degree angama-7-20. Umbuso wokushisa omuhle kakhulu wokuzala amabanga kusuka kuma-10 kuye kwayi-15 degrees. Isikhathi sokuzala singaba ngaphambili noma kamuva, ngokuya ngamazinga okushisa kwamanzi nezinga lawo.
IVolga sterlets ayizali ngasikhathi sinye. Ukutshala abantu abahlala ezindaweni eziphezulu zomfula kuqala ngaphambi kwesikhathi esithile. Isizathu ukuthi umfula ugcwala kulezi zindawo phambilini. Inhlanzi izalela ezindaweni ezihlanzekile ezinomsinga osheshayo, phansi ngamatshe amatshe. Inani lamaqanda abekwe yi-sterlet yesifazane ngasikhathi sinye lidlula izinkulungwane eziyi-16. Amaqanda ayisiyingi, anombala omnyama. Zimbozwe ngento enamathelayo, enanyathiselwa ngayo ematsheni. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa, gazinga. Isikhwama se-yolk ezilwaneni ezisencane siyanyamalala cishe ngosuku lweshumi. Ngalesi sikhathi, abantu abasha sebefinyelele kubude obuyi-15 mm. Ukuzala komuntu kuncike eminyakeni yakhe. I-sterlet encane, ibekela amaqanda ambalwa. Izinhlanzi ezingaphezu kweminyaka engu-15 zizalela amaqanda angaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-60.
Ukubukeka kukafry kwehlukile kokwabantu abadala. Ikhanda limbozwe imiqolo emincane. Umlomo mncane, uyanqamula. Umbala ubumnyama kunalokho wezinhlanzi ezindala. Umsila unomthunzi omnyama ikakhulukazi. Ama-sterlets amancane akhula endaweni efanayo lapho achamusele khona emaqandeni. Ngekwindla kuphela ukukhula okungu-11-25 cm kukhuphukela emlonyeni womfula.
Isici esithandekayo: i-sterlet ingazalelana nezinye izinhlanzi ze-sturgeon: i-beluga (i-hybrid - bester), i-stellate sturgeon noma i-Russian sturgeon. Ama-Besters akhula ngokushesha futhi athole isisindo. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwama-besters, njengama-sterlets, kwenzeka ngokushesha, okwenza lezi zinhlanzi zibe lusizo ekuzalelaneni kwabathunjwa.
Izitha zemvelo ze-sterlet
Isithombe: Ibukeka kanjani i-sterlet
Njengoba i-sterlet incamela ukuhlala eduze nezansi kwedamu, inezitha ezimbalwa. Futhi abasongeli abantu abadala, kepha gazinga namaqanda. Isibonelo, i-beluga ne-catfish akuphikisi ukuzijabulisa nge-sterlet caviar. Izidalwa ezisebenza kahle kakhulu ezibhubhisa kakhulu ukuthosa kwentsha kanye ne-sterlet ziyi-pike perch, burbot ne-pike.
Ezimweni zokuphila ezingezinhle, izinhlanzi zivame ukugula.
Izifo ezivame kakhulu:
- i-gill necrosis;
- isifo segesi se-bubble;
- saprolegniosis;
- i-myopathy.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Sterlet endle
Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka edlule, i-sterlet yayibhekwa njengenhlobo echumayo nenqwaba yezinhlobo. Kodwa-ke, isimo esingesihle semvelo, ukungcoliswa komfula ngamanzi, kanye nokudoba okungalawulwa kwaholela ekwehleni okukhulu kwenani lezinhlobo. Ngakho-ke, le nhlanzi yathola isimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini ngokwezigaba zomhlaba wonke. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-sterlet ibhalwe ku-Red Book ngesimo sezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa.
Kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule, lezi zinhlanzi zazibanjwa ngenkuthalo. Njengamanje, ukuthunjwa kwe-sterlet kukhawulelwe ngokuqinile. Kodwa-ke, izinhlanzi zivame ukuvela zithengiswa ngohlobo olubhemayo, olunosawoti, olusemathinini, olusha noma olufriziwe. Isizathu salokhu ukuthi i-sterlet ikhiqizwe ngenkuthalo ekuthunjweni, emapulazini ahlonyiswe ngokukhethekile. Ekuqaleni, lezi zinyathelo zathathwa ukulondoloza izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokwanda kwenani lezinhlanzi ekuthunjweni, kwaqala ukuvuselelwa kwamasiko okupheka kwaseRussia kwasendulo.
Kunezindlela eziningana zokukhulisa i-sterlet emapulazini e-cage:
- Ukuhlaliswa kwezinhlanzi ezindala emakhejini.
- Ukukhula gazinga. Ekuqaleni, abasha bondliwa ngama-crustaceans, futhi, njengoba bekhula, bahlukanisa ukudla ngokudla okugayiwe kanye nokudla okuxubile.
- Ukufukamela kwamaqanda - ukuwagcina ezimeni ezikhethekile, okuholela ekubukeni kwefry.
Impela, ama-sterlet akhule emapulazini angaphansi kokunambitheka kwezinhlanzi ezikhuliswe endaweni yazo yemvelo. Futhi izindleko zabo ziphakeme impela. Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwamapulazi ezinhlanzi kuyithuba elihle hhayi nje kuphela lokusinda kwe-sterlet njenge-bio-species, kepha futhi nokubuyiselwa kwesimo sayo sokuhweba. Ukungathobeki ekudleni kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhulisa ngempumelelo izinhlanzi ezimweni zokufakelwa. Kuyinzuzo futhi ukuzala izinhlobo ezintsha zama-sturgeon - i-bester efanayo.
Okuhlukile kwe-hybrid ukuthi ihlanganisa izinzuzo zazo zombili izinhlobo "zabazali": ukukhula okusheshayo nokuzuza kwesisindo - kusuka ku-beluga, ukuvuthwa kokuqala, njengama-sterlets. Lokhu kwenza ukuthi kube nokuzala okusheshayo kwenzalo ezimweni zepulazi. Inkinga enzima kakhulu ukuqeqeshwa kwezinhlanzi okufanele zondliwe. Uma ubakhela izimo ezikahle kubo, khona-ke kungakapheli izinyanga eziyi-9-10 ungakhula kusuka ku-5 gram gazinga isampuli efunwa yizimpahla, isisindo sayo esingu-0.4-0.5 kg.
Ukuvikelwa kweSterlet
Isithombe: Sterlet
Inkinga yokwehla kwabantu be-sterlet ikakhulukazi ayihlotshaniswa nezinguquko zesimo sezulu, kodwa nomsebenzi we-anthropogenic.
- Ukuchithwa kokungcola emzimbeni wamanzi. Ama-Sterlets awakwazi ukuhlala emanzini angcolile, angenawo umoya-mpilo. Ukukhishwa kwamakhemikhali namakhemikhali okukhiqiza emifuleni kunomthelela omubi enanini lezinhlanzi.
- Ukwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi emifuleni emikhulu. Isibonelo, ngemuva kokudalwa kwesiteshi samandla kagesi iVolzhskaya, cishe ama-90% wezindawo zokuzalela zacekelwa phansi, ngoba izinhlanzi azikwazi ukunqoba izithiyo ezingezona ezenziwe ngokhonkolo. Ukudla okweqile kwezinhlanzi eVolga engenhla kuholele ekukhuluphaleni nasekukhubazekeni kokuzala kwama-sterlets. Futhi ezindaweni ezingezansi zomfula, i-caviar yabhubha ngokuswela umoya-mpilo.
- Ukubamba okungagunyaziwe. Ukubamba i-sterlet ngamanethi kuye kwaholela ekwehleni kwenani labo.
ERussia kunohlelo lombuso oluhlose ukulondoloza lezi zinhlobo. Enye yezinyathelo eziyimpumelelo ukwenziwa kabusha kwezinhlanzi emizimbeni yamanzi. Imithetho yokudoba ama-Sturgeon ilawulwa ngokuqinile. Ukuthola ilayisense ekhethekile kukunika ilungelo lokubamba inani elithile lezinhlanzi ezindala. Uhlobo lokuvunyelwa oluvumelekile yi-zakidushki (izingcezu ezi-5) noma, njengenketho, amanetha asethwe ama-2. Inombolo evumelekile yezinhlanzi ezibanjwe ngaphansi kwelayisense yesikhathi esisodwa ngama-10 pcs., Monthly - 100 pcs.
Isisindo nosayizi wezinhlanzi nakho kuyalawulwa:
- Ubude - kusuka ku-300 mm.
- Isisindo - kusuka ku-250 g.
Isikhathi lapho kuvunyelwe ukudoba kusuka ngoJulayi kuya kuSepthemba. Inani lamalayisense lilinganiselwe, ngakho-ke labo abafisayo kufanele banakekele ukubhaliswa kwabo ngaphambi kwesikhathi.
Ngenhlanhla, ama-sterlets ayizinhlobo zepulasitiki zemvelo. Ukuze ubuyisele inani lale nhlanzi, udinga kuphela: ukwakhiwa kwezimo zokuphila ezikahle, ukuvikelwa kwezindawo zokuzala kanye nemikhawulo ekudobeni. Iphuzu elihle ukuhlanganiswa kwe-sturgeon, okuvumela ukuthola amafomu amelana nokuqina. Ukuhlenga sterlet isidingo. Ukuqothulwa kohlobo lwebhayoloji ngokungenakugwenywa kuholela ekwephuleni uhlelo lwezemvelo, oluthinta kabi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, abantu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 18.09.2019 ngo-21: 29
