Namuhla kunezinhlobo eziningi zokungcola, futhi eziningi zazo zinezinga elihlukile lokusatshalaliswa. Ukungcola kwemisebe kwenzeka ngokuya ngento - umthombo wezinto ezinemisebe eqhumayo. Lolu hlobo lokungcola lungenzeka ngenxa yokuhlolwa kwezikhali zenuzi noma ngenxa yengozi esikhungweni samandla enuzi. Okwamanje, emhlabeni kunezinuzi ezingama-430, ezingama-46 zazo eziseRussia.
Izimbangela zokungcola kwemisebe
Manje ake sikhulume ngezimbangela zokungcola kwemisebe ngokuningiliziwe. Enye yazo eyinhloko ukuqhuma kwenuzi, okuholela emisebeni enemisebe enomsakazo enomsakazo osebenzayo wenhlabathi, amanzi, ukudla, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imbangela ebaluleke kakhulu yalokhu kungcola ukuvuza kwezinto ezinemisebe evela kuziphenduli. Ukuvuza kungenzeka futhi ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa noma ukugcinwa kwemithombo enemisebe.
Phakathi kwemithombo ebaluleke kakhulu enemisebe kunale elandelayo:
- ukumba nokucubungula amaminerali aqukethe izinhlayiya ezinomsakazo;
- ukusetshenziswa kwamalahle;
- amandla enuzi;
- izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo;
- izindawo lapho kuhlolisiswa khona izikhali zenuzi;
- ukuqhuma kwenuzi ngephutha;
- imikhumbi yenuzi;
- ukuphuka kweziphuphutheki nemikhumbi-mkhathi;
- ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlamvu;
- udoti ngezinto ezinemisebe ye-radioactive.
Izakhi ezingcolisayo
Kunokungcola okuningi okukhipha imisebe. Okuyinhloko i-iodine-131, lapho kubola lapho amaseli wezinto eziphilayo eguquka futhi afe. Iyangena futhi ifakwa endlaleni yegilo yabantu nezilwane. IStrontium-90 iyingozi kakhulu futhi ifakwe emathanjeni. I-Cesium-137 ibhekwa njengokungcolisa okuyinhloko kwe-biosphere. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, i-cobalt-60 ne-americium-241 iyingozi.
Zonke lezi zinto zingena emoyeni, emanzini, emhlabeni. Zithelela izinto zemvelo ephilayo nengaphili, bese zingena emzimbeni wabantu, izitshalo nezilwane ngasikhathi sinye. Noma abantu bengenakho ukuxhumana okuqondile nezinto ezinemisebe, imisebe ye-cosmic inomthelela ku-biosphere. Imisebe enjalo inamandla kakhulu ezintabeni nasezigxotsheni zomhlaba, enkabazwe ayithinteki kangako. Lawo matshe alele ngaphezulu koqweqwe lomhlaba nawo akhipha imisebe, ikakhulukazi i-radium, i-uranium, i-thorium, etholakala kuma-granite, ama-basalts, nakwamanye amadwala kazibuthe.
Imiphumela yokungcola kwemisebe
Ukusebenzisa izikhali zenuzi, ukuxhaphaza amabhizinisi emkhakheni wezamandla, ukumba izinhlobo ezithile zamatshe, kungadala umonakalo omkhulu kwi-biosphere. Ukuqoqana emzimbeni, izinto ezinemisebe ehlukahlukene zithinta izinga lamaselula. Zinciphisa amandla okuzala, okusho ukuthi inani lezitshalo nezilwane lizokwehla, nezinkinga zabantu abanezingane ezizithweleyo zizobhebhetheka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungcoliswa ngemisebe kwandisa inani lezifo ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi lezo ezibulalayo.
Izinto ezinemisebe yomsakazo zinomthelela omkhulu kuyo yonke impilo emhlabeni wethu. Bangena emoyeni, emanzini, enhlabathini bese beba yingxenye yomjikelezo we-biosphere. Akunakwenzeka ukulahla izinto eziyingozi, kepha abaningi bawuthatha kancane umphumela wabo.
Izinto ezinemisebe engaba nemiphumela yangaphandle nengaphakathi. Kunamakhemikhali anqwabelana emzimbeni futhi abangele umonakalo ongalungiseki. Izinto eziyingozi ikakhulukazi zifaka i-tritium, i-radioisotopes ye-iodine, i-thorium, i-uranium radionuclides. Ziyakwazi ukungena emzimbeni futhi zihambisane namaketanga okudla nezicubu. Lapho sebengaphakathi, bakhanyisa umuntu futhi banciphise izinqubo zokukhula komzimba omncane, zandisa izinkinga zomuntu ovuthiwe.
Izinto ezinobungozi zilula ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi zinezici zazo, isibonelo, ezinye zazo zikhetha ngokweqile ezithweni ezithile nakwizicubu. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi ezinye izinto ziyakwazi ukuhanjiswa zisuka ezitshalweni ziye emzimbeni wezilwane zasemapulazini, bese kuthi, kanye nenyama nemikhiqizo yobisi, zingene emzimbeni womuntu. Ngenxa yalokhu, abantu bahlushwa izifo zesibindi nezinkinga ngokusebenza kwezitho zangasese. Umphumela oyingozi kakhulu umphumela enzalweni.
Izinto ezinemisebe engathinta umzimba womuntu ngezindlela ezahlukene. Ngakho-ke, okunye kusebenza kungakapheli imizuzu embalwa, amahora, kanti abanye bayakwazi ukuzibonakalisa ngonyaka noma emashumini eminyaka. Ukuthi umphumela uzoba namandla kangakanani kuya ngomthamo wemisebe. Umthamo uncike emandleni emisebe kanye nesikhathi somphumela wayo emzimbeni. Ngokusobala, lapho abantu abaningi besendaweni enemisebe, imiphumela iba mibi kakhulu.
Izimpawu eziyinhloko ezingavela ukucanuzela kwenhliziyo, ukugabha, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukuphefumula okuncane, ikhanda elibuhlungu nokubomvu (ukuxebuka) kwesikhumba. Kwenzeka ukuthi ukushiswa yimisebe kungenzeka lapho kuhlangana nezinhlayiya ze-beta. Zimnene, zilingene futhi zinzima. Imiphumela ebucayi ifaka phakathi i-cataract, ukungabi nenzalo, i-anemia, ukuguquka kwezakhi zofuzo, ushintsho ekwakhiweni kwegazi nezinye izifo. Ukweqiwa okukhulu kungabulala.
Kutholwe ukuthi cishe ku-25% wezinto ezinemisebe ezingena emzimbeni ngohlelo lokuphefumula zihlala kuwo. Kulokhu, ukuvezwa kwangaphakathi kaningi kunamandla futhi kuyingozi kunokuchayeka kwangaphandle.
Imisebe yelanga ingashintsha ngokuphelele imvelo yabantu nazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
Izinhlekelele ezinkulu
Emlandweni wesintu, amacala amabili amakhulu angaqanjwa lapho kwakukhona ukungcoliswa kwemisebe emhlabeni jikelele. Lezi yizingozi ezenzeka esikhungweni sokuphehla ugesi wamandla enyukliya eChernobyl nasesikhungweni samandla enuzi iFukushima-1. Yonke into endaweni ethintekile yanqotshwa ukungcola, futhi abantu bathola inani elikhulu lemisebe, okwaholela ekufeni noma ezifweni ezimbi nezifo ezidluliselwa ngamafa.
Zonke izinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo ngokuvamile zingaba khona ezimeni zemisebe efanelekile ezenzeka endaweni yemvelo. Kodwa-ke, uma kwenzeka izingozi noma ezinye izinhlekelele, ukungcoliswa kwemisebe kuholela emiphumeleni emibi.
