Uhlelo lwezemvelo noma i-ecosystem lubhekwa yisayensi njengokuxhumana okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo nendawo yazo engaphili. Banomthelela komunye nomunye, futhi ukubambisana kwabo kusiza ekugcineni impilo. Umqondo "wezinto eziphilayo" ubanzi, awunasayizi ophathekayo, ngoba uhlanganisa ulwandle kanye nogwadule, futhi ngasikhathi sinye udaka oluncane nembali. Ama-ecosystems ahluke kakhulu futhi ancike kwinani elikhulu lezinto ezifana nesimo sezulu, izimo zokwakheka komhlaba kanye nemisebenzi yabantu.
Umqondo ojwayelekile
Ukuqonda ngokugcwele igama elithi "ecosystem", licabangele usebenzisa isibonelo sehlathi. Ihlathi akusona nje isibalo esikhulu sezihlahla noma izihlahlana, kodwa isethi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinto ezixhunyiwe zemvelo nezingaphili (umhlaba, ukukhanya kwelanga, umoya). Izinto eziphilayo zifaka:
- izitshalo;
- izilwane;
- izinambuzane;
- ubulembu;
- ubulembu;
- amagciwane;
- amakhowe.
Isidalwa ngasinye sifeza indima yaso echazwe ngokusobala, futhi umsebenzi ojwayelekile wazo zonke izinto eziphilayo nezingaphili udala ibhalansi yokusebenza kahle kwemvelo. Njalo lapho into engaphandle noma isidalwa esisha esiphilayo singena ku-ecosystem, imiphumela emibi ingavela, idale ukubhujiswa nokulimala okungaba khona. Isimo semvelo singabhujiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu noma izinhlekelele zemvelo.
Izinhlobo zemvelo
Ngokuya ngesilinganiso sokubonakaliswa, kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zemvelo:
- Uhlelo lweMacroecosystem. Uhlelo olukhulu olwenziwe ngezinhlelo ezincane. Isibonelo ugwadule, ihlathi elishisayo noma ulwandle oluhlala izinkulungwane zezinhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle nezitshalo.
- Uhlelo lweMesoecosystem. Imvelo encane (ichibi, ihlathi noma i-glade ehlukile)
- Isistimu encane. I-ecosystem encane efanisa ngokuncane imvelo yezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo (i-aquarium, isidumbu sezilwane, ulayini wokudoba, isiphunzi, isiziba samanzi esihlala amagciwane).
Ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo ukuthi ayinayo imingcele echazwe ngokucacile. Imvamisa kuyaphelelisana noma kwehlukaniswe izingwadule, izilwandle nolwandle.
Umuntu ubamba iqhaza elibalulekile empilweni yemvelo. Esikhathini sethu, ukuhlangabezana nezinhloso zaso, ubuntu budala okusha futhi bonakalise izinhlelo ezikhona zemvelo. Ngokuya ngendlela yokwakheka, imvelo nayo ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amabili:
- Isimo semvelo semvelo. Idalwe njengomphumela wamandla emvelo, iyakwazi ukuzimela ngokuzimela futhi idale umjikelezo onobungozi wezinto, kusukela ekudalweni kuya ekubolile.
- Imvelo yokufakelwa noma ye-anthropogenic. Siqukethe izitshalo nezilwane ezihlala ezimeni ezenziwe ngezandla zabantu (insimu, idlelo, ichibi, ingadi yezitshalo).
Esinye sezinto eziphilayo ezinkulu kunazo zonke idolobha. Umuntu wasungula yona ukuze kube lula ukuba khona kwakhe futhi wadala ukungena kwamandla kwamandla ngamapayipi kagesi namanzi, ugesi nokushisa. Kodwa-ke, i-ecosystem yokufakelwa idinga ukungena okungeziwe kwamandla nezinto ezivela ngaphandle.
Imvelo yomhlaba
Ingqikithi yazo zonke izinhlelo zemvelo yakha imvelo yomhlaba - i-biosphere. Kuyinkimbinkimbi enkulu kakhulu yokuxhumana phakathi kwemvelo ephilayo nengaphili emhlabeni. Kukubhalansi ngenxa yebhalansi yezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo. Inkulu kakhulu ukuthi ihlanganisa:
- ubuso bomhlaba;
- ingxenye ephezulu ye-lithosphere;
- ingxenye engezansi yomkhathi;
- yonke imizimba yamanzi.
Ngenxa yokujikeleza kwezinto njalo, imvelo yomhlaba igcine umsebenzi wayo obalulekile izigidigidi zeminyaka.
