Cabanga ukuthi bekungaba ntofontofo kanjani ehlathini ukube izinyoni bezingaculi. Yizinyoni eziculayo ezidala izwi eliyingqayizivele lemvelo. Ama-trill abo, ukutshiyoza, ama-roulades ahlala ajabula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-birdong, ngokusho kodokotela, iyithuthukisa kakhulu impilo. Omunye walaba "belaphi abaculayo" angabizwa ngokuphepha ngokuthi inyoni ebizwa ngokuthi "isikeyiti».
Uhlobo lweziketi luhlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-40 zezinyoni ezincane, ezisatshalaliswa emhlabeni wonke. Isazi semvelo esidumile u-Alfred Bram angathola igama lesibili lale nyoni. Izikeyiti zezinyoni ubuye wabiza nge- "schevritsy". Ngekhulu le-19, waba nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-50. Esikhathini sethu, ukushushuluza okuningi sekuvele kungene eRed Book laseRussia, kwezinye izifunda naku-International Red Book.
Incazelo nezici
Iziketi zingezomndeni we-wagtail, kepha maqondana nezimpaphe zihlanganiswe kakhulu nemvelo kunalezo. Lo mbala ubizwa ngokuthi yi-patronizing. Awekho amathoni anokhahlo, kuphela imibala ensundu ethambile, e-beige nampunga ngemuva, nemibala ekhanyayo efiphele esifubeni nasesiswini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukufihla okuhle kudalwe ngamabhuleki ahlukahlukene ngesimo samabala amnyama.
Ukudilika kwezimpaphe okunjalo kuzifihla ngokushesha phakathi kwamagatsha. Kepha umzimba ozacile, umsila olinganiselwe, imilenze ephakeme impela nomlomo ocijile - lezi yizici abafana ngazo nezinqola. Ukuhamba kwalezi zinyoni nakho kuyikhwalithi ejwayelekile "yomndeni". Ubukhulu benyoni buncane, busuka ku-14 kuye ku-20 cm, isisindo somzimba silinganiselwa ku-18-25 g.
Singacabanga ukuthi igama elithi "ihhashi" lanikezwa i-fidget yethu ngesizathu, kepha ngothando lwayo lokuhamba njalo nokugxuma kusuka egatsheni kuya egatsheni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phansi, uhamba ngokufana kakhulu nehhashi lomjaho - ngokukhulu ukushesha futhi eqa kancane.
Skate esithombeni ngokufana nezinye izinyoni - njengama-larks, ama-warblers nondlunkulu. Ujwayele ukuhlangana nemvelo ukuthi uzama ukungagqami ngisho naphakathi kohlobo lwamaketi. Kunzima ukuhlukanisa uhlobo olulodwa kolunye nolwesifazane kolwesilisa.
Kunzima futhi ukuthola ubudala bangempela bale nyoni. Ngaphandle kokuthi ngokwemvelo ziyahlukahluka, futhi inani lazo likhulu impela, asazi okuningi ngazo. Kuyenzeka ukuthi uwahlukanise ngohlobo lwengoma kuphela.
Ukucula kwehhashi lenyoni ingahluka, inhle ngokuhehayo, futhi ibe nesidina impela. Uma ungumpetha wobuciko bakhe, uzozwa ikhonsathi langempela lodwa. Ukusebenza kuvame ukuqala nge- "sip-sip-sip" noma "tir-tir-tir" eyomile. Lokhu kulandelwa ama-trill amaningi, alandelwe ukuphela kwengoma, equkethe izinhlamvu eziningi ezikhishwe "sia-sia-sia".
Lokhu kulandelwa okunye okungeziwe okuthambile "tiv-tiv-tiv". Uma behlala esihlahleni njengezithandani, ukwakheka kwengoma kuhluka kakhulu futhi kuyaheha. Lapho izinyoni zithukile, ziphinda buthule "tit, tit .." noma "cit, cit ..". Endizeni, bashicilela i-monosyllabic "tsii" noma "psit".
Izinhlobo
Ngokusho kwama-ornithologists, endaweni yaseRussia kunezinhlobo eziyi-10 zamaketi.
1. Ummango wedlelo... Izimpaphe ezingemuva ziyimpunga emnyama, nasesifubeni - sinombala wobisi onamabhomu amnyama. Ihlala maphakathi nezwe, ikhetha amathafa anamanzi ngotshani, izindawo eziseduze nemifula namaxhaphozi, emabhange aseduze nemifudlana, ekuhlanzeni ngezihlahla ezikhulayo, ezindaweni ezivulekile lapho kunamatshe khona, ekuhlanzweni.
Ingakhuphuka amagquma amancane, ikhethe indawo emthambekeni wegquma noma isiduli. Usayizi cishe ngo-16 cm, isisindo cishe esingu-18 g. Kuzwane lwangemuva, kukhona uzipho olude, cishe olungagobile, olungabhekwa njengesici esihlukile.
Ukucula i-meadowhorse
2. Inyoni yamahhashi ehlathi kukhulu kunomhlali wedlelo. Usayizi ucishe ube ngu-18-19 cm, ukuzuza kwesisindo kuze kufike ku-24 g. Umhlane unombala onsundu onsundu ngemivimbo ehlukahlukene. Isisu nesifuba kungumbala webhotela, onamabhulethi amancane we-chocolate longitudinal.
Ama-paws alula nge-pink tinge, uzipho kuzwane lwangemuva luguqiwe futhi lufushane kunolombhobho wedlelo. Abesifazane nabesilisa kunzima ukuhlukanisa ngaphandle uma bethule. Uma inyoni icula, kuyacaca ngokushesha ukuthi lokhu kungummeleli wobulili obuqine. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yiculo labo le-iridescent futhi elingenabugovu esijwayele thina kakhulu kunabanye, livame ukuphazamisa imisindo eminingi ehlathini.
Ngesikhathi zibekwa, ziyancipha. Lezi zinyoni zikhetha ihlathi elincanyana elihlanzekile lokuhlala, zizizwa zihle emadlelweni nasemaphethelweni ehlathi, zingahlala ezindaweni ezivulekile noma emahlathini amancane. Ngezinye izikhathi zingazwakala emaphethelweni edolobha lapho kutshalwa khona noma epaki.
Abathandi umswakama owedlulele, bathanda induduzo eyomile. Kepha ukuzibona akulula kangako uma izinyoni zingekho phansi. Phakathi kwezihlahla nezihlahla, azibonakali ngenxa yombala. Umsindo kuphela ongasho ukuthi ukuphi umculi.
Dlala ihhashi lehlathi
3. Ummango weSteppe omunye wabamele abakhulu bezemidlalo e-Central Europe. Ubukhulu bayo bungamasentimitha angama-20. Isisindo cishe siyi-22 g. Unezinyawo ezinwetshiwe, nezinzwane zakhe nazo zinde. Umbala wehluke kakhulu kumbhobho wedlelo.
Uhlala eKazakhstan, ezifundeni ezinamathafa empumalanga ye-Asia, eSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, kuze kufike olwandle iPacific Ocean. Ihambisa ibanga elifushane ezindaweni eziphansi ezinomswakama ezinjengezikhukhula noma amaxhaphozi. Ubusika eningizimu ye-Asia.
Ukucula ihhashi leSteppe
4. Ihhashi lasendle. Ngemuva kunezimpaphe ezinombala wesihlabathi ezinemivimbo ehlukahlukene. Isifuba nesisu kucishe kube mhlophe, kube ne-tinge efudumele ephuzi ebamnyama iye ezinhlangothini. Ukuphakama nesisindo esingaphansi kwesakhamuzi se-steppe. Ihlala ezindaweni ezivulekile, ezifudumele, isibonelo, ama-steppes, izingwadule, ama-semi -hlane. Kusatshalaliswa kabanzi kulo lonke izwekazi lethu, kanye naseNyakatho Melika.
Lalela izwi lehhashi lasensimini
5. Ihhashi lentaba... Uhlala ezintabeni zase-Eurasia. Kukhona ama-subspecies amathathu. Omunye uhlala ezintabeni zaseNtshonalanga Yurophu - iPyrenees, i-Apennines, iBalkan, i-Alps neCarpathians, futhi uhlala eziqhingini zaseSardinia naseCorsica. Esesibili sidleke empumalanga: eCaucasus eNkulu neNgaphansi, i-Armenian Highlands, i-Elbrus kanye ne-Central Kopetdag.
Owesithathu uhlala kude kakhulu nasempumalanga, kusukela ezintabeni zeTien Shan enqamula ezintabeni zaseningizimu yeSiberia kuya eMongolia nasentshonalanga nommango waseStanovoy. Ubude buyi-17-18 cm, isisindo esingu-19-24 g. Imvamisa zinsundu ngaphezulu bese zizala ngezansi. Zihlukile kwezinye izikeyiti ngenani elincane lemivimbo ehlukahlukene. Ehlobo, umbala wezimpaphe uyashintsha, isifuba siba bomvana, ikhanda libe mpunga.
Ihhashi lentaba
6. Ihhashi elinamabala kukhanya ngokwanele ngombala. Usayizi usukela ku-15 kuye ku-19 cm, isisindo cishe siyi-17-26 g. Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhwelana, izinyoni ezindala ziphenduka zibe luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ngaphezulu, bese leli toni elikhanyayo liphenduka libe mpunga kancane. Kunemigqa emnyama ekhanda nasemaphikweni. Isifuba nesisu kumhlophe ngemivimbo emnyama.
Kukhona "ishiya" elimhlophe elinombala ophuzi eduze komlomo. Izimpaphe zamaphiko aphezulu zinomngcele omhlophe. Futhi emaphikweni ungabona umbala ohlaza okotshani, ongatholakali kwezinye izinhlobo. Ihlala kulo lonke elase-Asia kusukela eNhlonhlweni yaseKamchatka kuya eMongolia naseChina, kungabonakala ogwini loLwandle lwase-Okhotsk naseLwandle lwaseJapan, eziqhingini zaseKuril naseSakhalin.
Ukucula ihhashi elinamabala
7. Ihhashi laseSiberia inosayizi ongu-14-15 cm, futhi inesisindo esingu-20-25 g. Ukufaka imibala kwisitayela salo lonke ukhalo - "umbala wemvelo". Okuphezulu kunsundu ngokuluhlaza okunemivimbo emnyama yobude, ehluke kakhulu ekhanda. Ngezansi - umbala okhanyayo okhanyayo onemivimbo yezikhawu ezinhlangothini. Izakhamizi ezisuka emfuleni iPechora ziye eChukotka. Futhi naseKamchatka naseCommander Islands. Kungabonakala ngisho nasezintabeni. Ubusika ePhilippines nase-Indonesia.
8. Ihhashi elinomphimbo obomvu ngosayizi oseduze kwedlelo, cishe u-15-16 cm, isisindo esingu-18-19 g. Phezulu kunsundu ngemivimbo. Izinyoni ezindala zinezimpaphe ezibomvu ngokubomvu emphinjeni, futhi kwesinye isikhathi kuba nephethini elibomvu esifubeni nasezinhlangothini. Umbala wezimpaphe emphinjeni ugcinwa ebusika. Izinyoni ezincane zinomphimbo omhlophe. Ingaphansi lomzimba umbala wobisi olubhakwe olunama-specks.
Ucula kakhulu lapho endiza, kangako emhlabathini noma phakathi kwamagatsha. Wakhetha izifunda ezisenyakatho ze-tundra, kuze kufike ezifundeni ze-permafrost, itholakala naseScandinavia nasogwini lwasePacific lwe-Alaska. Kuhlala izimfunda ezimanzi, izindawo ezinamanzi ezinamahlathi aminyene ezihlahla ezinamanzi.
Lalela ukucula kwehhashi elinomqala obomvu
9. Ihhashi elinempandla noma waseMelika. Phambilini kubhekwe okungaphansi kwehhashi lentaba. Uhlala eNyakatho Melika, kanye naseJapan, China, Korea nalapha eMpumalanga Siberia. Ngemuva kunsundu ngombala we-beige, ngezansi kuyakhanya, kumhlophe.
Isisu nesifuba kuphenduka i-beige ngesikhathi sokuvotwa. Kunemivimbo embalwa kakhulu nemivimbo emzimbeni. Lo mgwaqo uhlukaniswa ngezinketho ezahlukahlukene zokwakheka komhlaba. Kungabonakala ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamaxhaphozi, nasezintabeni nasogwini.
10. Ihhashi likaGodlevsky ngombala osondele epayipini lehlathi, ngaphandle kokuthi kuzimpaphe kunombala obomvu othe xaxa, njengasephinjeni elibomvu. Kodwa-ke, ngokungafani nalezi zakamuva, inezidladla ezikhanyayo. Uhlala emaqeleni ase-Asia Ephakathi neseMpumalanga. Uthanda izihlahlana nezindawo ezinamadwala. Zalela emithambekeni eyomile yezintaba namagquma.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Njengoba kunikezwe ukuhlukahluka kweziketi, singasho ukuthi bahlala yonke indawo. Emahlathini, izintaba, izingwadule, amaxhaphozi, i-taiga ne-tundra - yonke indawo eMhlabeni, ngaphandle kwezifunda ezibandayo. Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswe ngababili, futhi zihlala zibambelele. Ama-skate yizinyoni ezizodwa, zihlala zithembekile engxenyeni yesibili impilo yakhe yonke.
Imihlambi yezinyoni ingabonwa kabili kuphela ngonyaka - lapho ihlangana khona ebusika nalapho ibuyela ekhaya. Isikhathi esisele baphila njengomndeni ohlukile. Zizingela ndawonye, zakha izidleke ndawonye, futhi zondla futhi zikhulise amaphuphu ndawonye.
Zivame ukubonwa zihleli zinganyakazi emagatsheni noma phansi. Ziyahamba cishe sonke isikhathi. Uma izinyoni zihleli buthule esihlahleni, kusho ukuthi isikhathi sokubekwa maduze kakhulu. Khona-ke ngisho nendoda engazinzile iqala ukucula kakhulu, kuthi ngemuva kukaJulayi ithule ngokuphelele. Ayikho intshisekelo - awukho umculo.
Kusondele maphakathi noSepthemba, labo bantu abangahlali ebusika babuthana ngaseningizimu. Izindiza zenziwa ebusuku noma ekuseni kakhulu. Emini, bazama ukuphumula endaweni ethile ensimini yamazambane noma endaweni engenamuntu.
Lezo zinyoni ezihlala ezifundeni eziningi eziseningizimu zihlala endaweni, azidingi ukushintsha indawo yazo. Baqinisekisa ukulungela ubusika kuphela ngombala wezimpaphe ophelile.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Izinyoni ezindala zivame ukuba omnivorous. Zizingela ikakhulu emhlabathini oqinile. Ukudla kwabo izinambuzane, ama-vertebrate amancane nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Amabhungane ahlukahlukene, ama-cicadas, izimvemvane ezincane, amacimbi, ama-aphid, izicabucabu, izintuthwane, ama-weevils, ama-filly, ama-slugs neminenke - lapha idlani inyoni edonswa yihhashi.
Ibheka inyamazane yayo ngokuqapha emagatsheni, bese indizela phansi iyicoshe ngokunyakaza okusheshayo, okuqondile. Kwenzeka ukuthi bakwazi ukubamba umiyane noma i-midge. Kwesinye isikhathi kuyadliwa imbewu yezitshalo ezahlukahlukene noma amajikijolo avuthiwe, kepha ukudla kwezilwane kungcono kubo.
Uma kwenzeka, babamba izinkumbi, ojekamanzi nezintethe. Amaphuphu afunzwa ngamacimbi. Konke lokhu kudla okungenhla kusikisela ukuthi lezi zinyoni zihlelekile ngokwemvelo. Phakathi nenkathi, laba bazingeli abangakhathali bangakwazi "ukuhlanza" kakhulu izimila ezivela ezinambuzane. Izinyoni ezihlala ogwini ziyakujabulela ukudla ama-molluscs amancane nama-crustaceans.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Njengoba zibuya emazweni akude futhi zijwayele kancane ezindaweni zazo zomdabu, izinyoni ziqala ukulungiselela ukuzalanisa. Zakha njalo isidleke emhlabathini. Uma izinyoni zijwayele ukubukeka kwezintaba, khona-ke zikhetha imithambeka yamagquma ukuze yakhe isidleke. Labo abahlala ezindaweni ezimanzi nezixhaphozi bazama ukuhlala endaweni eyomile yokubeka.
Bathola umgodi noma ukucindezeleka ekhoneni elifihlekile eduze kwesiphunzi, isihlahla noma itshe, ukumbozwa ngotshani obomile, utshani, ubulembu, izingcezu zoboya noma izimpaphe. Ngokuvamile, owesifazane uyakwenza lokhu. E bamba kukhona amaqanda ama-3 kuye kwayi-6 anobuso be-matte be-shades ehlukahlukene.
Umbala wegobolondo uncike endaweni yokuhlala nohlobo lwenyoni. Amaqanda anombala ompunga, ophuzi, ophuzi ngokukhanyayo, ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ophuzi onsundu noma obisi olunombala onombala onsomi. Phakathi kwabo, cishe azikho i-monochromatic, zipendwe ngezinkomba ezimnyama ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene.
Insikazi ifukamela amaqanda cishe izinsuku eziyi-10-15. Amachwane aqanduselwa ngoMeyi. Zimbozwe ngompunga ojiyile phansi. Bobabili abazali bondla amaphuphu cishe amasonto amabili. Ngesikhathi sokufukamela nokudla, izikeyiti zihlakaniphile ngokuphindwe kabili lapho zisondela esidlekeni. Behlela phansi buqamama, bagijime ngokushesha yonke enye indlela.
Benza okufanayo lapho beshiya isidleke - kuqala bayasibalekela, bese besuka. NgoJuni-Julayi, lo mbhangqwana ungaphinda i-clutch, yize kuvame ukuba namaqanda ambalwa kuwo kuneyokuqala. Lezi zinyoni zihlala cishe iminyaka engu-5-8, ekuthunjweni kube nezikhathi zokuphila kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-10.
Amaqiniso Athandekayo
- Ezikhungweni zemizwa, ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa, bavame ukunikela ngokulalela imisindo yemvelo. Ukuculwa kwe-skate kuhlala kukhona phakathi kwamazwi ezinyoni. Ukusebenza kwayo kusebenza njengokuthambisa.
- Ezinsukwini zakudala, babethi uma uzwa ukuculwa kwe-skate ngemuva kobusika, unyaka wonke olandelayo uzojabula futhi ube lula.
- Kwakukhona nenkolelo enjalo: udinga ukuthola nokuphakamisa uphaphe lwe-skate, bese ulubeka ngaphansi kombundu, khona-ke indlu yakho izovikeleka emlilweni. Futhi uma uphonsa uphaphe phezulu uyeke lundize luye emoyeni, ulindele izinguquko ezimnandi empilweni yakho yangasese kungakapheli unyaka, uphaphe luzoholela ikusasa lakho kuwe.
- Ezinye iziketi zibalekela ubusika hhayi eningizimu, kepha ziya enyakatho eNgilandi, "zinethemba" lesimo sezulu esifudumele sasolwandle eGulf Stream.
- Ikheji ngokuvamile liqukethe ipayipi lehlathi noma ledlelo, ukucula kwabo kufana nokwase-canary, kuphela umculo ohluka kakhulu. Kuyihlazo ukuthi ingoma ithatha izinyanga ezintathu kuphela ngonyaka, kusuka ngo-Ephreli kuya kuJulayi. Kepha ngobuhle bokucula, abaningi bayavumelana nohambo olufushane kangaka.
