Inyoka yesitepe, uma uthi nhlá, awehlukile kakhulu ezihlotsheni zabo. Kodwa inyoka inezici eziningi ezihlukanisa nezinye izinyoka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-steppe viper ivame ukutholakala ezingxenyeni ezahlukahlukene zamazwe e-CIS, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ibukeka kanjani le nyoka enobuthi nokuthi yiziphi izici zokuziphatha kwayo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka
I-steppe viper ingeyehlobo loqobo lwezinyoka (vipera) zomndeni wezinyoka. Abamele uhlobo bangatholakala cishe kuwo wonke amazwe omhlaba, angahlukile emazingeni okushisa aphansi ngokweqile. Izinyoka ziyisilwane esihuquzelayo esasakazeke emhlabeni wonke.
Uhlobo lwezinyoka luhluke kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuluhlukanisa. Kungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi maduzane uhlobo lwezinhlobo luzohlukaniswa lube yizinhlobo eziningana zemvelo ngenxa yomehluko oqinile phakathi kwezinyoka zohlanga ezivela komunye nomunye. Kuyimpikiswano futhi ukuthi olunye uhlobo lwezinhlanga lungazalana lodwa, lukhiqize inzalo entsha ngokuphelele.
Ividiyo: Inyoka yenyoka
Izinyoka eziyiqiniso yizinyoka ezincane ezinamazinga amancane. Kwezinye izinyoka, ikhanda lihlukile kancane emzimbeni: limbozwe ngamacwecwe avikela inyoka. Ngaphandle kokukhetha, zonke izinyoka ziyizilwane ezidla ubusuku, futhi phakathi nosuku zikhetha ukulala endaweni ecashile, ezisongwe ebholeni.
Ama-Vipers adla kuphela ezilwaneni ezinegazi elifudumele - kubalulekile ukuthi bezwe ukujikeleza kwegazi ngomuzwa wabo wokuhogela. Zisukela inyamazane kancane kancane, zikhetha ukuhlala zicathama. Izinyoka zamadoda zincane kunezinsikazi, zinomzimba omfushane futhi omncane - ubude bazo bungaba ngu-66 cm, kanti abesifazane bangafinyelela kuma-75 noma ngisho nama-90 cm. Njengomthetho, amehlo ezinyoka abomvu, futhi inyoka ingabonakala ngamaphethini wesici akuso izikali.
Zonke izinyoka zinobuthi, kepha ngokwamazinga ahlukahlukene. Ukulunywa kwezinye kungasinda, kepha ukulunywa kwenye inyoka yohlobo olufanayo kuzobulala uma unganikeli ngosizo lokuqala. Njengomthetho, ushevu uyakhishwa enxebeni uma kungekho ukulimala emlonyeni - ngaphandle kwalokho ubuthi buzophinde bangene egazini.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: AmaPutukezi akholelwa ukuthi umuntu olunywe yinyoka kufanele anikezwe utshwala obunamandla ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze anciphise imiphumela yobuthi emzimbeni.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Snake Steppe Viper
Insikazi yenyoka yenyoka yasemathafeni ingahluka ngobude ukusuka ku-55 cm kuye ku-63 cm, kufaka phakathi ubude bomsila. Ubude bomsila wenyoka ngokwesilinganiso bungamasentimitha ayi-7-9. Inhloko yenyoka inesimo esiyisicaba (side okweqanda), umphetho wesifonyo uphakanyisiwe. Ingaphezulu lekhanda liqiniswe ngezihlangu ezincane ezingajwayelekile, eziphinde zimboze ukuvuleka kwamakhala, okutholakala engxenyeni engezansi yesihlangu sekhala.
Kukholakala ukuthi, ngokwesilinganiso, inyoka ineziqubu zesisu ezingaba ngu-120-152, amapheya angama-20-30 ama-sub-caudal scutes kanye nemigqa engu-19 yeziqu phakathi komzimba. Umbala wenyoka ufihliwe: ngemuva kupendwe nsundu noma mpunga, maphakathi nomhlane ulula kancane ukwedlula wonke umzimba. Umugqa we-zigzag ugijima maphakathi nomzimba, okuthi kwezinye izinhlobo ze-subspecies uhlukaniswe ube amabala amancane. Ezinhlangothini zomzimba, kunezindawo ezicashile ezivumela inyoka ukuthi ihlale ingabonwa otshanini.
Ingxenye engaphandle yekhanda lezinyoka ihlotshiswe ngephethini emnyama. Isisu sakhe simpunga noma sinobisi. Amehlo enyoka anombala obomvu noma onsundu, nsundu, nomfundi omncane omile. Zivikelwe ngamashiya. Umbala wonke wenyoka enjalo uhlose ukufihla nokuxaka inyamazane: lapho ihamba, amabala ayo nemivimbo ihlangana ngendlela yokuthi kube nzima ukugcina umkhondo wenyoka.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Phakathi kwezinyoka, kukhona ama-albino nabantu abamnyama ngokuphelele.
Inyoka le ihamba njengenyoka ejwayelekile, igigitheka ngomzimba wayo wonke futhi igxumagxuma phansi ngemisipha eqinile. Kepha imisipha yayo ayithuthukisiwe ngokwanele ukuthi ikhuphuke kalula emagqumeni futhi ikhuphuke izihlahla, futhi lokhu ikakhulu kunquma indlela yokuphila yenyoka.
Uhlala kuphi usteppe viper?
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka esifundeni saseRostov
Kakhulu lolu hlobo lwezinyoka lutholakala emazweni aseningizimu yeYurophu, okungukuthi:
- insimu eyayiyiYugoslavia yangaphambili;
- IGrisi;
- IHungary;
- EJalimane;
- IFrance;
- E-Italy;
- Ukraine;
- IRomania;
- IBulgaria;
- I-Albania.
Ungayithola futhi ensimini yaseRussia emaqeleni nasemathafeni asemahlathini. Inani elikhulu liyabonakala endaweni yasePerm Territory, esifundeni saseRostov, eningizimu yeSiberia. Ngezinye izikhathi ungahlangana nenyoka emathafeni ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho nasempumalanga yeRussia - iVolga-Kama esifundeni nase-Altai.
Izindawo lapho ungahlangana khona ne-steppe viper ngokuvamile ziyindawo eyisicaba. Lesi sici ngezindlela eziningi sihlukanisa inyoka yamathafa kwabanye abameleli bohlobo lwezinyoka zangempela, ezikhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezinezintaba, zicashe emigodini yamatshe. I-steppe viper ayithobeki ezindaweni zokuhlala: ihlala ezinqabeni ezincane emhlabathini noma ikhasa ngaphansi kwamatshe angavamile.
Kuvamile ukuthi ubone inyoka emathafeni ngasolwandle, njalo endaweni enamadwala. Uthanda ukukhasa aye endle noma e-steppe ebusuku, lapho azifihla khona alinde inyamazane yakhe. Le nyoka inengozi enkulu lapho yakha izidleke zayo emadlelweni nasemasimini, ngoba ingathatha umuntu osondelayo abe songozini, ngenxa yalokho ihlasela ngokushesha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izinyoka ze-steppe, ngokungafani nezinyoka ezijwayelekile, azenzi izidleke ezinkulu zezinyoka, zisatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo endaweni, futhi zingagxili ndawo eyodwa.
Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu yendawo yokuhlala yenyoka, ingatholakala futhi ezingwadule nasezindaweni ezingamahlane: inyoka izwa ikhululekile emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, futhi uma kushisa ngokweqile, ingozi noma ukuqamekela, iyazimbela esihlabathini, ihlangane nayo ngosizo lwamaphethini.
Yini edliwa i-steppe viper?
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka yaseCrimea
Ukudla kwenyoka ye-steppe kuhlukile, kepha badla kuphela ukudla okuphilayo. Njengoba izinyoka ziqondiswa iphunga nomsindo, zikhetha inyamazane yazo ngokuya ngokujikeleza kwegazi nokuthi zinuka kamnandi kanjani enyokeni. Kepha okuvelele kwenyoka yenyoka ukuthi ithanda ukudla izinambuzane kunezinyoni noma izilwane ezincelisayo.
Ehlobo, i-steppe viper ibamba izintethe, amakhilikithi, izinkumbi nama-fillies. Ifihlwe phakathi kwesihlabathi, umhlaba noma amatshe, yenza ukuphosa okusheshayo, okunembile, ibambe inyamazane bese ikugwinya ngokushesha. Ngokungafani nezinye izinyoka, ezidla izilwane ezinkulu, inyoka idinga ukudla izikhathi eziningana ngosuku, ngakho inyoka ivame ukusuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ifuna isisulu esisha.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngenxa yobungako besisulu, izinyoka ezisemaqeleni cishe azisebenzisi ubuthi, zimane zigwinye isisulu sonke.
Kodwa inyoka ayinaki izinambuzane ezincane kakhulu - inentshisekelo kuphela kubantu abadala, kubantu abanomsoco ngokwengeziwe. Ngakho-ke, entwasahlobo, lapho izinambuzane zingakakhuli, inyoka izingela amagundane amancane, izibankwa, amachwane (angayithola ngaphandle kokugibela izihlahla), idla amaqanda ezinyoni, idla izicabucabu namaxoxo. Ngesikhathi sentwasahlobo, izinyoka eziningi ziyenqaba ukudla, yingakho zingaphili kuze kube sehlobo. Enye inyamazane enkulu ingagaywa kuze kube yizinsuku ezine, ishiye inyoka igcwele futhi ivila ngalesi sikhathi.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka yaseMpumalanga
Inyoka yenyoka ihlala ikakhulukazi endaweni eyisicaba noma eduze nayo, iphumela lapho izingela. Wakha izidleke zakhe ezihlahleni, ngaphansi kwezinsika zamatshe, amatshe amakhulu, phakathi kwamahlathi aminyene. Imvamisa, ngenxa yokushoda kokudla, ingakhuphukela ezindaweni ezinamagquma kuze kufike kumamitha angama-2700 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle.
Izinyoka ze-steppe yizinyoka ezizimele zodwa, kepha ngezikhathi ezithile ungathola amaqoqo afinyelela kweshumi nambili ngehektare ngalinye lomhlaba. Ngezinsuku zasehlobo zilala ezidlekeni zazo, zisongwe ngebhola, kuthi ebusuku ziye kozingela izinambuzane zasebusuku. Lapho efuna ukudla, angakhwela ezihlahleni eziphansi. Ngentwasahlobo nasekwindla, uphumela ngaphandle ukuzingela kaningi, angatholakala phakathi nosuku.
Ubusika benzeka ngale ndlela elandelayo: ngokubodwa noma ngamaqembu amancane, izinyoka zikhetha ukuqhekeka emhlabathini, umgodi wegundane noma umgodi ongajulile, lapho zigingqela khona zibe yibhola. Azibekezeleli amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu, ngakho-ke izinyoka eziningi zifa ngesikhathi sasebusika. Kepha ngasikhathi sinye, zizwela kakhulu ekuncibilikeni, ngakho-ke uma ebusika izinga lokushisa likhuphukela kuma-4 degrees, izinyoka ziyakhasa ziphume.
Esimweni esizolile, inyoka iyahamba kancane, kepha endaweni eyisicaba ingakha ijubane elikhulu. Ubhukuda kahle futhi uqinile ngokwanele ukuba angabhukuda amelane nesikhathi samanje isikhathi eside.
Ngokwazo, izinyoka azinalo ulaka, futhi lapho zibhekene nomuntu noma isilwane esikhulu, zithanda ukubaleka. Kodwa-ke, kuyingozi ukuzibandakanya nokujaha, ngoba inyoka ingaphenduka ime endaweni yokuzivikela, inyuse umzimba ongaphezulu ngenhla komhlaba. Uma usondela ngokwanele kuye, uzoshaya. Inyoka iyakwazi ukushuba imisipha yomzimba ngendlela yokuthi igxume isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukufinyelela esitheni.
Futhi, izinyoka zinolaka phakathi nenkathi yokukhwelana nangesikhathi lapho zikwi-clutch. Ubuthi benyoka abuyingozi, kepha buyingozi empilweni. Endaweni yokuluma, kukhona ubomvu, ukuvuvukala; isicanucanu, isiyezi, igazi emchameni. Ngokuluma, udinga ukuncela ubuthi enxebeni imizuzu engu-5-7, unikeze isisulu isiphuzo esiningi bese uletha esikhungweni sezokwelapha.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka eCrimea
Ekuqaleni noma maphakathi no-Ephreli, isikhathi sokukhwelana siqala ngezinyoka - lesi isikhathi esilinganiselwe sokuphuma ebusika. Ngaphambi kwenkathi yokukhwelana, izinyoka zihlala zodwa, kuyaqabukela ngamaqembu amakhulu, kepha ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, abesilisa bafuna abesifazane emhlambini omncane.
Kwenyoka eyodwa yowesifazane kukhona abesilisa abayi-6-8 abahlela imidlalo yokukhwelana. Zigonona ezungeze insikazi ebholeni bese zizulazula emzimbeni. Abekho abawinile noma abahlulwayo kulo mdlalo - owesifazane uzokhetha owesilisa amthanda kakhulu.
Kwesinye isikhathi abesilisa bezinyoka zasemaqeleni bahlela imiqhudelwano. Bama ezimweni zokulwa amakhanda abo aphakanyiswe phezulu bancika emsileni, base beshayana ngomzimba nangekhanda. Lena akuyona imiqhudelwano enegazi, ngoba izinyoka azilumi futhi azifuni ukubulala - inyoka enamandla kunazo zonke izomane imbethe imbangi yayo bese ikhothamisa ikhanda layo phansi.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Ama-duel anjalo enkambiso phakathi kwezinyoka abizwa ngemidanso.
Ngemuva kwemidanso enjalo, izinyoka zikhetha ukuphumula endaweni evulekile usuku noma izinsuku ezimbili, ukuzihlalela elangeni. Ngalesi sikhathi, izinyoka zivame ukuhlangana nabantu, kepha phakathi nalesi sikhathi abanolaka oluncane, ngoba baphumule.
Ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, ukukhulelwa kwe-steppe viper kuhlala:
- Izinsuku ezingama-90 ezindaweni eziseningizimu;
- Izinsuku eziyi-130 eRussia nasezifundeni ezisenyakatho.
Insikazi iletha amawundlu aphilayo, azalwa ngegobolondo elithambile futhi aqanduselwe kuwo ngokushesha. Ku-clutch eyodwa, njengomthetho, kukhona ama-5-6 kuphela wamawundlu, cishe angama-12-18 cm ubude.Ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukamama, badla izinambuzane ezincane, futhi kungekudala banoshintsho lwesikhumba - i-molting. Kakade ngonyaka wesithathu wokuphila, izinyoka ziyakhula futhi zingazala izingane.
Iqiniso elijabulisayo: Kwesinye isikhathi insikazi ingabeka amaqanda angama-28 ku-clutch.
Izitha zemvelo zezinyoka zezintaba
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka esifundeni sase-Orenburg
Amathafa agcwele izidalwa, kanti nezinyoka nazo zibhekana nezingozi eziningi ngaphandle kwesici somuntu.
Izitha ezivame kakhulu zezinyoka ze-steppe yizi:
- izikhova, ezivame ukuhlasela izinyoka lapho zizingela ebusuku. Izinyoni zihlasela inyoka zinganakile, zitshuza ngokushesha zisuka endaweni ephakeme, ngakho-ke ukufa kuvame ukwenzeka khona manjalo;
- ama-steppe eagles - bavame ukuzingela izinyoka ngokuswela okunye ukudla;
- loonie;
- onogolantethe abamnyama abathuthela kulezi zindawo entwasahlobo nasehlobo;
- ama-hedgehogs ahlasela izinyoka ezincane futhi ezibuthakathaka eziphakathi nendawo;
- izimpungushe;
- izingulube zasendle;
- izimbila;
- ama-steppe ferrets.
Yize iqiniso lokuthi inyoka ikhula ngesivinini esikhulu endaweni evulekile, ihamba kancane maqondana nezilwane eziningi eziyizingelayo. Lapho ubhekene nengozi, into yokuqala inyoka eyizikhukhula eyenzayo ukukhasa isuke, izama ukucasha lapho kuqhekeka khona emhlabathini noma ukuthola itshe noma umgodi ofanele. Iyakhasa, ishwabana kakhulu ku-S-shape.
Uma inyoka ihluleka ukuhamba, iphendukela kumzingeli bese inyinyitheka ibe yi-zigzag eqinile. Lapho isitha sisondela ngokwanele, senza ukuphonsa okusheshayo okuhlosiwe kahle esiqondisweni saso. Imvamisa, izilwane ezi-steppe zifundiswa ukuzingela izinyoka, ngakho-ke inyoka ilahlekelwa. Kunezikhathi lapho, elume umhlaseli, usakuthola ukudla, kepha usheshe afe.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inyoka yenyoka esifundeni saseVolgograd
Ngekhulu lama-20, inyoka yasetshenziselwa ukuthola ubuthi, kepha manje lo mkhuba unqanyuliwe ngenxa yokufa okuphezulu kwabantu ngemuva kwezinqubo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, inani lezinyoka ezisemaqeleni lehle ngokuphawulekayo, kodwa kuze kube manje izinyoka azisekho. Lokhu kungenxa yesici se-anthropogenic: ukuthuthukiswa komhlaba wezitshalo zezolimo kuholela ekubhujisweni kwalezi zinyoka.
Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezithile, le nyoka icishe yaqothulwa e-Ukraine ngenxa yokulima komhlaba. EYurophu, izinyoka ezingama-steppe zivikelwe yi-Berne Convention njengezilwane ezisengcupheni yokushabalala. Emazweni aseYurophu, inyoka iyanyamalala ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okungajwayelekile, nakho okuwumphumela womsebenzi wabantu. Esikhathini esingengakanani esidlule, inyoka yamathafa yayiseRed Book yase-Ukraine, kodwa inani labantu labuyiselwa ezindaweni eziseningizimu.
Ezindaweni lapho i-steppe vip isakazeke khona, inani labantu ngekhilomitha lesikwele ngalinye lingafinyelela ku-15-20. Kunzima ukusho inani eliqondile lezinyoka emhlabeni, kodwa inyoka yenyoka asongelwa ngokuqothulwa futhi izala ngempumelelo emazweni aseYurophu.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-20: 57
