Ukhozi olunempandla iveza isibonelo samandla nokuphakama, inkululeko nobukhulu. Inyoni edla inyama eNyakatho Melika ingenye yezimpawu zikazwelonke zase-United States futhi ingeyomndeni wama-hawk. AmaNdiya akhomba le nyoni nonkulunkulu; izinganekwane nemikhuba eminingi ihlotshaniswa nazo. Izithombe zakhe zifakwa kwizigqoko, izihlangu, izitsha nezingubo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunempandla
Ngo-1766, isazi semvelo saseSweden uKarl Linnaeus wabala ukhozi njengenyoni yokhokho futhi waqamba lolu hlobo lwezinhlobo ngokuthi yiFalco leucocephalus. Eminyakeni engama-53 kamuva, isazi semvelo saseFrance uJules Savigny wafaka inyoni kuhlobo lweHaliaeetus (ngokwezwi nezwi elihunyushwe ngokuthi ukhozi lwasolwandle), okwakukhona kuze kube yileso sikhathi kuphela olwalunomsila omhlophe.
Zombili lezi zinyoni ziyizihlobo eziseduze. Ngokuya ngokuhlaziywa kwamangqamuzana, kuye kwembulwa ukuthi ukhokho wabo ovamile wahlukana nolunye ukhozi eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-28 edlule. Phakathi kwezinsalela ezindala kakhulu zezinhlobo ezikhona manje yilezo ezitholakala emhumeni waseColorado. Ngokusho kososayensi, cishe baneminyaka engama-680-770 eyinkulungwane ubudala.
Ividiyo: Ukhozi Olunempandla
Kukhona ama-subspecies amabili okhozi olunempandla, umehluko phakathi kwawo ngosayizi kuphela. Ama-subspecies amakhulu asatshalaliswa e-Oregon, Wyoming, Minnesota, Michigan, South Dakota, New Jersey nasePennsylvania. Umjaho wesibili uhlala emingceleni eseningizimu ye-United States neMexico.
Kusukela ngo-1972, le nyoni iye yaboniswa ku-Great Seal of the United States. Futhi, isithombe sokhozi olunempandla luphrintiwe kuma-banknotes, izifanekiselo nakwezinye izimpawu zombuso. Engubeni yezingalo zase-United States, le nyoni ibamba igatsha lomnqumo esidladleni esisodwa, njengophawu lokuthula, nomcibisholo kolunye, njengophawu lwempi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni yokhozi olunempandla
Izinkozi ezinempandla ziphakathi kwezinyoni ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baphansi kakhulu ngosayizi we-congener yabo - ukhozi olunomsila omhlophe. Ubude bomzimba bufinyelela ku-80-120 cm, isisindo esingu-3-6 kg, amaphiko ubude obungu-180-220 cm.
Izinyoni ezihlala enyakatho yebanga zikhulu kakhulu kunalezo ezihlala eningizimu:
- eSouth Carolina isisindo senyoni esijwayelekile singama-3.28 kg;
- e-Alaska - 4.6 kg kwabesilisa no-6.3 kwabesifazane.
Uqhwaku lude, luphuzi ngokusagolide, luxhunywe. Amaqhuqhuva ezipheqululini anika izinkozi ukuhwaqabala. I-Paws ephuzi ngokugqamile, azikho izimpaphe. Iminwe emide eqinile inezinzipho ezicijile. Uzipho lwangemuva lukhule kahle, ngenxa yokuthi bangabamba inyamazane ngeminwe yabo yangaphambili, futhi ngozipho lwabo lwangemuva, njenge-awl, babhoboze izitho ezibalulekile zesisulu.
Amehlo aphuzi. Izimpiko zibanzi, umsila uphakathi nendawo ngosayizi. Izinyoni ezisencane zinekhanda nomsila omnyama. Umzimba ungaba nsundu ngokumhlophe. Ngonyaka wesithupha wokuphila, izimpaphe ziba nombala wesici. Kusukela kule minyaka, ikhanda nomsila ziba mhlophe ngokungafani ngemuva kwesizinda somzimba ocishe ube mnyama.
Amachwane asanda kuchanyuselwa anesikhumba esibomvana, sibe mpunga phansi kwezinye izindawo, izidladla zomzimba. Ngemuva kwamasonto amathathu, isikhumba siba luhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, izidladla ziphuzi. Izimpaphe zokuqala zinombala kashokoledi. Amamaki amhlophe avela eneminyaka emithathu. Ngeminyaka engu-3,5, ikhanda licishe libe mhlophe.
Kukho konke ukubukeka kwayo okunamandla, izwi lalezi zinyoni libuthakathaka futhi liyacinana. Imisindo abayenzayo ifana namakhwela. Babizwa ngokuthi "ukushesha-ukukhahlela-ukukhahlela". Ebusika, zihlangene nezinye izinkozi, izinyoni ziyathanda ukutshiyoza.
Uhlala kuphi ukhozi olunempandla?
Isithombe: Isilwane sokhozi olunempandla
Izindawo zokuhlala zezinyoni zitholakala ikakhulu eCanada, e-United States nasenyakatho neMexico. Futhi, abantu bayaziwa eziqhingini zaseFrance iSaint-Pierre neMiquelon. Izinombolo ezinkulu zezinkozi ezinempandla zitholakala eduze kwezilwandle, imifula namachibi. Kwesinye isikhathi abantu ngabanye bavela eBermuda, ePuerto Rico, e-Ireland.
Kuze kube sekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, izinyoni ezidla inyama zazibonwa eMpumalanga Ekude yaseRussia. Ngesikhathi sohambo lukaVitus Bering, isikhulu saseRussia embikweni waso sakhombisa ukuthi abacwaningi okwakumele bachithe ubusika e-Commander Islands badla inyama yezinkozi. Ngekhulu lama-20, azikho izimpawu zokuthola izidleke kulezi zindawo.
Indawo yokuhlala yezinyoni ezidla inyama ihlala itholakala eduze nemizimba emikhulu yamanzi - izilwandle, imifula emikhulu namachibi, imilambo. Ugu okungenani lunamakhilomitha ayi-11 ubude. Kombhangqwana odala izidleke, okungenani kudingeka amahektha ayi-8. Ukukhethwa kwendawo ngqo kuncike enanini lokudla elingatholakala lapha. Uma indawo icebile ngempango, ukuminyana kuzoba phezulu ngokwanele
Izinyoni zihlala esidlekeni sehlathi eliphithizelayo nelingamamitha ayi-200 ukusuka emanzini. Ukwakha isidleke, isihlahla esikhulu esinomqhele obanzi siyafunwa. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, gwema izindawo lapho kuhlala kuvame khona abantu, noma ngabe le kuyindawo enezilwane eziningi.
Uma umthamo wamanzi endaweni ehlala abantu umbozwe yiqhwa ebusika, izinkozi ezinempandla zifudukela ngaseningizimu, ziye endaweni enesimo sezulu esibi. Zizulazula zodwa, kepha ebusuku zingabutha ngamaqembu. Yize ophathina bendiza bodwa, bayatholana ebusika futhi babuye babe nesidleke ngababili.
Ludlani ukhozi olunempandla?
Isithombe: Bald Eagle USA
Ukudla kwezinyoni ezidla inyama ikakhulukazi kunezinhlanzi nomdlalo omncane. Uma kungenzeka, ukhozi lungathatha ukudla kwezinye izilwane noma ludle izidumbu. Ngokwesisekelo sokuhlaziywa okuqhathanisiwe, kwafakazelwa ukuthi ama-58% akho konke ukudla okusetshenzisiwe yizinhlanzi, ama-26% awenkukhu, ama-14% wezilwane ezincelisayo no-2% amanye amaqembu. Izinkozi zithanda inhlanzi kunezinye izinhlobo zokudla.
Ngokuya ngesimo, izinyoni zidla:
- uhlobo lwenhlanzi;
- icalm salmon;
- I-Pacific herring;
- i-Chukuchan enamalebe amakhulu;
- ukhaphethi;
- ithrawuthi;
- i-mullet;
- ipiki emnyama;
- i-smallmouth bass.
Uma zingekho izinhlanzi ezanele echibini, izinkozi ezinempandla zizingela ezinye izinyoni:
- izinhlanzi zasolwandle;
- amadada;
- coot;
- amahansi;
- indwandwe.
Kwesinye isikhathi ahlasela abantu abakhulu njengehansi elinekhanda elimhlophe, i-sea gull, i-pelican emhlophe. Ngenxa yokuvikelwa okubuthakathaka kwemihlambi yezinyoni zamakoloni, izinkozi zibahlasela zisuka emoyeni, zibamba amatshwele nabantu abadala endizeni, futhi zintshontshe zidle amaqanda azo. Ingxenye encane yokudla ivela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo.
Ngaphandle kwesidumbu, yonke inyamazane yokhozi ayidluli kukanogwaja ngosayizi:
- amagundane;
- i-muskrat;
- onogwaja;
- ama-raccoon anemigqa;
- gophers.
Abanye abantu abahlala kulezi ziqhingi bangazingela amaphuphu abantwana, amabhubesi olwandle, ama-sea otters. Kuqoshwe imizamo yokuzingela imfuyo. Kepha noma kunjalo bakhetha ukweqa abantu nokuzingela endle. Izinkozi azingeni empini engalingani nezilwane ezinkulu nezinamandla.
Noma kunjalo, kunobufakazi obubhaliwe besimo esisodwa lapho ukhozi olunempandla luhlasela imvu ekhulelwe enesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angama-60.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ukhozi Olunempandla
Umzingeli uzingela ikakhulukazi emanzini angajulile. Emoyeni, ibona inyamazane, icwile phansi kakhulu bese ibamba isisulu ngokunyakaza okuqinile. Ngasikhathi sinye, uyakwazi ukumanzisa imilenze yakhe kuphela, ezinye izimpaphe zihlala zomile. Isivinini sendiza ejwayelekile ngamakhilomitha angama-55-70 ngehora, futhi isivinini sokuntywila ngamakhilomitha angama-125-165 ngehora.
Isisindo sokudla kwabo ngokuvamile sihluka phakathi kwama-1-3 kilogram. Yize emibhalweni kukhulunywa ngokuthembekile ngokuthi umhlaseli wayeyithwala kanjani inyamazane enesisindo esingaba amakhilogremu ayisithupha, ebeka uhlobo lwerekhodi phakathi kwezinhlobo zayo. Banameva eminweni yabo esiza ukugcina inyamazane.
Uma umthwalo usinda kakhulu, udonsela izinkozi emanzini, ngemuva kwalokho zibhukuda ziye ogwini. Uma amanzi ebanda kakhulu, inyoni ingafa yi-hypothermia. Izinkozi ziyakwazi ukuzingela ndawonye: enye iyaphazamisa isisulu, kanti enye isiyihlasela ngemuva. Zikhetha ukubamba izisulu ngokuzuma.
Izinkozi ezinempandla zaziwa ngokuthatha ukudla kwezinye izinyoni noma izilwane. Ukudla okutholwe ngale ndlela kwenza u-5% wokudla okuphelele. Ngenxa yesipiliyoni esanele sokuzingela, abantu abasha bathambekele kakhulu ezenzweni ezinjalo. Ngesikhathi sokungqubuzana nalabo izinkozi ezebe kubo inyamazane, abanikazi bokudla bangadliwa ngokwabo.
Endle, isikhathi sokuphila sezinyoni ezidlayo yiminyaka eyi-17-20. Ukhozi olunempandla oludala kunazo zonke kuze kube ngu-2010 lwaluthathwa njengenyoni evela eMaine. Ngesikhathi sokushona kwakhe, wayeneminyaka engama-32 ubudala nezinyanga eziyi-11 ubudala. Izinyoni ezindizeni zihlala isikhathi eside kakhulu - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-36.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Incwadi Ebomvu Yokhozi Olunempandla
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-4-7. Izinkozi ezinempandla yizinyoni ezizodwa ezihlangana ndawonye: zizwana nowesifazane oyedwa kuphela. Kukholelwa ukuthi abalingani bathembekile komunye nomunye kukho konke ukuphila kwabo. Noma kunjalo, lokhu akulona iqiniso impela. Uma umuntu engabuyi ebusika, owesibili ufuna ukubhangqa okusha. Kwenzeka into efanayo lapho omunye wabo engakwazi ukuzala kabusha.
Ngenkathi yokukhwelana, izinyoni zikhombisa ukujahana, ukuqubuka emoyeni futhi zenze ubuqili obuhlukahlukene. Okumangalisa kakhulu lapho abalingani behlangana nezinzipho zabo futhi, lapho bejikeleza, bawa phansi. Bavula iminwe yabo emhlabathini kuphela futhi baphinde bandizele phezulu. Owesilisa nowesifazane bangahlala ndawonye egatsheni futhi bahlikihle imilomo ngomunye nomunye.
Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwamabili, izinyoni zikhetha indawo yesidleke esizayo. EFlorida, inkathi yokwakha izidleke iqala ngo-Okthoba, e-Alaska kusukela ngoJanuwari, e-Ohio kusukela ngoFebhuwari. Indlu yezinyoni yakhiwe esihlalweni somuthi ophilayo budebuduze nemizimba yamanzi. Kwesinye isikhathi izidleke zifinyelela osayizi abangakholeki.
Izinkozi ezinempandla zakha izidleke ezinkulu kunazo zonke eNyakatho Melika. Omunye wabo ubhalwe eGuinness Book of Records. Ukuphakama kwayo kwakungamamitha ayi-6 kanti isisindo sayo kwakungaphezu kwamathani amabili.
Ngemuva kwenyanga kuqalile umsebenzi wokwakha, abesifazane bazalela iqanda eli-1 kuye kwele-3 ngesikhawu esifinyelela ezinsukwini ezimbili. Uma i-clutch yonakele, abesifazane babekela amaqanda futhi. Amachwane achamisela ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-35. Ngenxa yomehluko ekubekweni kwemali, abanye bazalwa ngaphambi kwesikhathi, abanye kamuva. Insikazi isesidlekeni ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi yondla izingane. Indoda iyathola ukudla.
Ngeviki lesi-6, amaphuphu uqobo ayazi ukuthi angayihlukanisa kanjani inyama, kuthi kufika i-10 enze indiza yawo yokuqala. Engxenyeni yazo, iphela ngokwehluleka futhi izingane zichitha amasonto ambalwa phansi. Ngemuva kokufunda ukundiza, amaphuphu ahlala nabazali bawo isikhashana, bese endiza.
Izitha zemvelo zezinkozi ezinempandla
Isithombe: I-American Bald Eagle
Njengoba izinyoni ezidla inyama zihamba phambili ochungechungeni lokudla, azinazo izitha zemvelo ngaphandle kwabantu. Izidleke zingacekelwa phansi ngama-raccoon noma izikhova, zifuna ukuzitika ngamaqanda. Uma indawo okuhlala kuyo ukhozi isemhlabathini, izimpungushe zase-Arctic zingase zehlele kulo.
Ngesikhathi sokufuduka kwabantu abaningi, izifiki zazizingela izinyoni zemidlalo futhi zazidubula ngenxa yezimpaphe zazo ezinhle. Ezindaweni zabo zokuhlala, kwagawulwa izihlahla kwasungulwa ugu. Ngenxa yokwanda kwezindawo zokuhlala, amanzi ayesephelile. Lokhu kwaholela ekubhujisweni kwezindawo lapho izinyoni zazihlala khona amashumi eminyaka edlule.
AmaNdiya ase-Ojibwe ayekholelwa ukuthi amathambo ezinkozi ayasiza ekuqedeni izifo, futhi uzipho lwalusetshenziswa njengemihlobiso nezigqizo. Izimpaphe zanikwa amasosha ngenzuzo ekhethekile futhi zadluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Izinyoni zazithathwa njengezithunywa zikaNkulunkulu.
Abalimi babengazithandi izinkozi ngenxa yokuhlaselwa kwezinyoni ezifuywayo. Babekholelwa nokuthi izilwane ezidlayo zazibamba inhlanzi eningi kakhulu emachibini. Ukuvikela kuzo, izakhamizi zafafaza izidumbu zezinkomo ngezinto ezinobuthi. Ngo-1930, le nyoni yayiseyivelakancane e-United States futhi yayihlala ngokuyinhloko e-Alaska.
Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ubuthi obulwa nezinambuzane - i-DDT - baqala ukusetshenziswa kwezolimo. Izinyoni zaziqeda ngokungazi ngokudla, ngenxa yalokho ukuphazamiseka kwe-calcium emzimbeni wazo kwaphazamiseka. Amaqanda aba ntekenteke kakhulu futhi aphuka ngaphansi kwesisindo sowesifazane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunempandla lapho lindiza
Kuze kube yilapho abaseYurophu bezinza ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika, cishe izinkozi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-500 zihlala lapha. Umdwebi uJohn Audubon washicilela udaba kumagazini wakhe maphakathi nekhulu le-19, ezwakalisa ukukhathazeka kwakhe ngokudubula izinyoni. Wayeqinisile, izinkozi seziphenduke inhlobo engajwayelekile eMelika.
Ngawo-1950, kwakukhona cishe izidalwa eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-50. Ngemuva kokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali abe nomthelela omubi kakhulu kuzinkozi zasolwandle, ukubalwa okusemthethweni kwenziwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, lapho kwaqoshwa khona amaqembu okuzalanisa angama-478.
Ngo-1972, iziphathimandla zaqala ukuvimbela lo shevu futhi isibalo saqala ukubuyela ngokushesha. Ngo-2006, inani lamabhangqa lenyuka ngaphezu kwezikhathi ezingama-20, uma kuqhathaniswa nango-1963 - laya ku-9879. Ngo-1992, inani lezinkozi emhlabeni wonke lalingabantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-115, abangu-50 000 babo ababehlala e-Alaska nabangu-20 eBritish Columbia.
Isimo sokongiwa kwezilwane ezidlayo sishintshe kaningi. Ngo-1967, eningizimu yalolu hlu, izinyoni zabonwa njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Ngo-1978, isimo sanwetshwa kuzo zonke izwekazi, ngaphandle kweMichigan, i-Oregon, iWisconsin, iMinnesota neWashington.
Ngo-1995, isimo sokongiwa kwemvelo sehliselwa ku-Vulnerable. Ngo-2007, ngemuva kokubuyiselwa kwenombolo, wakhishwa kuzo zombili lezi zigaba. Umthetho we-1940 wokuVikeleka koKhozi usasebenza, ngoba indawo yokuhlala iyancipha minyaka yonke, futhi abazingeli abazingeli abayeki ukuzingela izinyoni.
Unogada Wokhozi Olunempandla
Isithombe: Ukhozi olunempandla oluvela eNcwadini Ebomvu
Ku-International Red Data Book, lezi zinhlobo zihlukaniswa esigabeni esingakhathazeki kangako. Encwadini Ebomvu YaseRussia Federation, yabelwa isimo esingachazwanga (isigaba 4). Izivumelwano eziningana zamazwe omhlaba kanye ne-Convention on International Trade in Banned Species zikhuthaza ukuvikelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Kusukela ngo-1918, kube nesivumelwano phakathi kwe-United States neGreat Britain sokunqanda ukudutshulwa kwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-600 zezinyoni ezifudukayo. Ngo-1940, kwaqalwa ukhozi olunempandla. Kwakunomthetho osabalele ojezisa ukubhujiswa, ukuhweba kanye nokuphathwa kwezinyoni noma amaqanda azo. ICanada inomthetho ohlukile ovimbela noma yikuphi ubunikazi bezinyoni noma izitho zazo.
Ukuba nenyoni e-United States kudinga imvume ebhaliwe evela ku-Eagle Exhibition. Kodwa-ke, ilayisense ayinikezwa noma ngubani ofisa, kepha inikezwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni ezinjengama-zoo, iminyuziyamu, kanye nemiphakathi yesayensi. Ivumeleke iminyaka emithathu. Inhlangano kufanele inikeze izinyoni izimo ezingezona ezikahle kuphela, kodwa futhi nabasebenzi bezisebenzi eziqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, lapho ukusinda kwalolu hlobo kusongelwa, kwenziwa izinhlelo eziningi zokuzalela lolu hlobo ekuthunjweni futhi lidedele amaphuphu endle. Abaqaphi bezinyoni benze inqwaba yamabhangqa. Idluliselwe i-clutch yokuqala ku-incubator, eyesibili yakhangiswa ngabesifazane. Kukho konke ukuba khona kwalolu hlelo, kukhuliswe abantu abayi-123.
Kulezi zinsuku ukhozi olunempandla kutholakala kuzo zonke izinto zase-United States ezifana namabhanela ezempi, izindinganiso zikamongameli, isikweletu sedola elilodwa nohlamvu lwemali lwamasenti angama-25. Lesi sithombe sisetshenziswa amabhizinisi azimele ukumemezela imvelaphi yaseMelika, njengeAmerican Airlines noma uPratt Whitney.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 05/07/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 20.09.2019 ngo-17: 34
