Isiqophamithi esinamabala amakhulu, noma isiqophamithi esinamabala (lat. Dendroosoros major) iyinyoni enkulu ngokwedlulele eyeyabamele abedume kakhulu bomndeni wakwaWoodpecker kanye nohlobo lwezinkuni Ezisetshenzisiwe ezivela ku-Woodpecker oda.
Incazelo yesiqophamithi esinamabala
Isici esihlukile somqali wokhuni onamabala umbala waso.... Izinyoni ezisencane, kungakhathalekile ubulili, zine "cap ebomvu" ephawuleka kakhulu esifundeni se-parietal. I-Great Spotted Woodpecker ifaka ama-subspecies ayishumi nane:
- D.m. Mаjоr;
- D.m. UBrevirostris;
- D.m. Kamtschaticus;
- D.m. Рinetоrum;
- D.m. I-Hispanus;
- D.m. harterti Arrigoni;
- D.m. ICanariensis;
- D.m. thаnnеri le Rоi;
- D.m. UMаuritаnus;
- D.m. INumidus;
- D.m. Poelzami;
- D.m. UJaronicus;
- D.m. Cabanisi;
- D.m. Strеsеmаnni.
Ngokuvamile, i-subspecies taxonomy yesiqophamithi esinamabala amakhulu ayikenziwa kahle ngokwanele, ngakho-ke, ababhali abahlukene bahlukanisa izinhlanga eziyishumi nane kuya kwezingamashumi amabili nesithupha.
Ukubukeka
Ubungako besiqophamithi obubonakalayo bufana ne-thrush. Ubude benyoni endala yalolu hlobo buhluka phakathi kuka-22-27 cm, ngamaphiko angu-42-47 cm kanye nesisindo esingu-60-100 g. Umbala wale nyoni ubonakala ngokugqama kwemibala emhlophe nemnyama, ehambisana nombala ogqamile obomvu noma obomvana wesethembiso. Onke ama-subspecies anokuvela okuhlukile. Ingxenye engenhla yekhanda, kanye nesifunda somsila ongemuva nangaphezulu sinompaphe omnyama onesheen eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Isifunda esingaphambili, izihlathi, isisu namahlombe kunombala onsundu ngokunsundu... Endaweni yamahlombe, kunezinkundla ezinkulu ezimhlophe ezinomugqa omnyama wokumisa phakathi kwazo. Izimpaphe zezindiza zimnyama, zinamabala abanzi amhlophe, ngenxa yokuthi kwakheka imivimbo emihlanu ekhanyayo ewela ezimpikweni ezisongiwe. Umsila umnyama, ngaphandle kwezimpaphe zemisila ezimhlophe ngokweqile. Amehlo enyoni anombala onsundu noma obomvu, kanti uqhwaku lunombala obonakalayo omnyama-phambili. Umugqa omnyama obonakalisiwe uqala ezansi komlomo, ofinyelela ohlangothini lwentamo nentamo. Umugqa omnyama unqamula esihlathini esimhlophe.
Abesilisa bayehluka kwabesifazane ngokuba khona komugqa obomvu oguqukayo ngemuva kwekhanda. Amafry abonakala ngomqhele obomvu onama-striae abomvu-omnyama we-longitudinal. Ngaphandle kwalokho, abagawuli bezinkuni abancane abanakho umehluko ophawulekayo kumbala wezimpaphe. Umsila mude ngobude obuphakathi nendawo, ukhombe futhi uqine kakhulu. Ama-Woodpeckers andiza kahle kakhulu futhi ngokushesha okukhulu, kepha ezimweni eziningi bathanda ukugibela iziqu zemithi. Abagawuli bezinkuni abahlukahlukene basebenzisa amaphiko abo ukundiza besuka kwesinye isitshalo baye kwesinye.
Indlela yokuphila nokuziphatha
Abagawuli bezinkuni ababonakalayo bayizinyoni eziphawuleka futhi ezinomsindo, ngokuvamile ezihlala ezindaweni eziseduze nokuhlala abantu. Esikhathini esiningi, izinyoni ezinjalo ziphila impilo yodwa, futhi ukuqongelela okukhulu kwama-woodpeckers kuyisici sokuhlasela kwama-subspecies aqokiwe. Abantu abadala abahlala phansi banendawo yokudla yomuntu ngamunye. Ubukhulu bendawo ye-forage bungahluka kusuka kumahektha amabili kuya kwamashumi amabili, okuya ngezici ezijwayelekile zendawo yehlathi kanye nenani lama-conifers.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngaphambi kokulwa nomuntu angamazi endaweni yakhe yokudla, umnikazi uthatha lokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-pambation, lapho uqhwaku lwenyoni luvula khona kancane, futhi izimpaphe ezisekhanda zithola ukubukeka okuphazanyisiwe.
Abantu bobulili obufanayo ngesikhathi sokuzalisa okusebenzayo bangandizela ezindaweni ezingomakhelwane, okuhambisana nezingxabano phakathi kwezinyoni. Ukuvela kwezihambi kuvusa izimpi, lapho izinyoni zishayana khona ngokushaya okubonakalayo ngomlomo nangamaphiko azo. Indlela abantu abahlala ngayo ayethusi njalo isihlava somuthi, ngakho-ke inyoni ingamane ikhuphuke ngesiqu isondele phezulu noma indizele egatsheni elingenhla.
Zingaki izingodo zemithi ehlukahlukene ezihlala
Ngokusho kwedatha nokubhekwa okusemthethweni, isilinganiso seminyaka yokuphila kwabantu bezinkuni ezinkulu ezinamabala endle asidluli eminyakeni eyishumi. Isikhathi sokuphila esaziwa kakhulu sesiqophamithi sasiyiminyaka eyishumi nambili nezinyanga eziyisishiyagalombili.
Indawo yokuhlala
Indawo yokwabiwa kwesiqophamithi esinamabala ihlanganisa ingxenye enkulu yePalaearctic. Izinyoni zalolu hlobo zitholakala e-Afrika, eYurophu, engxenyeni eseningizimu yeBalkan nase-Asia Minor, kanye naseziqhingini zaseMedithera naseScandinavia. Inani elikhulu labantu lihlala eSakhalin, eningizimu yeKuril naseziqhingini zaseJapan.
Isiqophamithi esinamabala singaphansi kwesigaba sezinhlobo zepulasitiki ezedlulele, ngakho-ke singakwazi ukuzivumelanisa kalula nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lwe-biotope enezihlahla, kufaka phakathi iziqhingana ezincane ezinezihlahla, izingadi namapaki. Ubuningi bokuhlakazeka kwezinyoni kuyahlukahluka:
- eNyakatho Afrika, le nyoni ikhetha izihlahla zomnqumo neze-poplar, amahlathi omsedari, amahlathi ephayini, amahlathi abanzi futhi axubekile ngokuba khona kwesihlahla se-oki;
- ePoland, kuvame ukuhlala ezihlahleni ze-alder-ash kanye ne-oak-hornbeam, amapaki kanye nezindawo zokupaka amahlathi ezinenqwaba yezihlahla ezindala;
- engxenyeni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yezwe lethu, isiqophamithi esinamabala maningi ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zamahlathi, kufaka phakathi amahlathi owomileyo ophayini, amahlathi asemaxhaphozini anamaxhaphozi, amahlathi amnyama ahlanganisiwe, amahlathi axubekile futhi abanzi;
- e-Urals naseSiberia, kukhethwa kuqala amahlathi ahlanganisiwe nama-conifers anokuphakama kaphayini;
- endaweni yaseMpumalanga Ekude, izinyoni zalolu hlobo zinikeza intando yamagquma nezintaba ezinqabile namahlathi emisedari;
- eJapane, abagawuli bokhuni abahlala emahlathini ahlabayo, ahlanganayo futhi axubekile.
Kuyathakazelisa! Njengoba ukubonwa kwesikhathi eside kubonisa, izinyoni ezisencane zithambekele kakhulu ekuhambeni, kanti izingodo ezindala zivame kakhulu ukushiya izindawo zazo zokwakha izidleke.
Inani eliphelele labagawuli abanamabala ngaphakathi kwe-biotope lingehla izikhathi eziningana, futhi inqubo yokubuyiselwa kwabantu ithatha iminyaka eminingana.
Ukudla kwama-Woodpeckers amakhulu
Isisekelo sokudla somqali wokhuni onamabala sihluke kakhulu, futhi ubandlululo maqondana nokudla kokudla kwesitshalo noma kwesilwane ngqo kuncike esikhathini.
Abesilisa nabesifazane bathola ukudla ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezindawo. Esikhathini sentwasahlobo-ehlobo, izingodo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinkuni eziningi kakhulu zidla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene, kanye nezibungu zazo, ezimelwe:
- i-barbel;
- abakhandi begolide;
- bark amabhungane;
- ama-stag mabhungane;
- amaqabunga amabhungane;
- izintokazi zezintokazi;
- ama-weevils;
- amabhungane omhlabathi;
- amacimbi;
- imago lezimvemvane;
- umsila wophondo;
- izintwala;
- coccids;
- izintuthwane.
Kwesinye isikhathi, abagawuli bezinkuni badla ama-crustaceans nama-molluscs. Ngokuqala kwekwindla sekwedlule isikhathi, izinyoni zalolu hlobo zingatholakala duzane nendawo lapho kuhlala khona abantu, lapho izinyoni zidla ukudla kuma-feeder noma, kwezinye izimo, zondla izidumbu. Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi abagawuli bezinkuni bachitha izidleke zezinyoni zezingoma, kufaka phakathi i-pied flycher, i-redstart evamile, amabele nezintaka kanye nama-warblers.
Ifolishi itholakala esiqwini sezihlahla nasebusweni bomhlaba... Lapho kutholakala izinambuzane, inyoni ibhubhisa amagxolo ngokushaya okunamandla komlomo wayo noma yenza kalula umsele ojulile, ngemuva kwalokho inyamazane iyakhishwa ngolimi lwayo. Abamele isando somndeni weWoodpecker, njengomthetho, kuphela izinkuni zezihlahla ezigulayo nezifile ezithintekile izinambuzane. Entwasahlobo, izinyoni zidla izinambuzane zasemhlabeni, zonakalisa izintuthwane, futhi zisebenzisa izithelo eziwile noma isidumbu ukudla.
Esikhathini sekwindla-ebusika, ukudla kwesiqobosikhuni kubuswa ukudla kwesitshalo okunothile ngamaprotheni, kufaka phakathi imbewu yama-conifers ahlukahlukene, ama-acorn namantongomane. Okwezinkukhu zalolu hlobo, indlela ephawulekayo yokuthola imbewu enomsoco kusuka kuzinhlamvu zikaphayini kanye ne-spruce ukusetshenziswa kohlobo "lwe-smithy". Isiqophamithi sephula isigaxa egatsheni, ngemuva kwalokho sibe sesomlomo futhi sibhajwe ngaphakathi kwe-niche-anvil eyayilungisiwe ngaphambili, esetshenziswa njengemifantu yemvelo noma izimbobo ezizifihlayo engxenyeni engenhla yesiqu. Lapho-ke inyoni ishaya isigaxa ngomlomo wayo, bese kuthi izikali zicindezelwe bese kukhishwa imbewu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho isibalo sezinambuzane silinganiselwe ngokweqile, futhi imbewu edliwayo isikhathele ngokuphelele, abagawuli bezinkuni badabula amagxolo ezihlahleni ezinamakhaza baphuze ujusi.
Ensimini ehlala umuthi owodwa wokhuni ohlukahlukene, kungatholakala okungaphezu kwamashumi amahlanu "ama-anvils" akhethekile, kepha imvamisa akukho ngaphezulu kwezine ezisetshenziswa yinyoni. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sasebusika, intaba yonke yezigaxa nezikali ezaphukile imvamisa iqoqana ngaphansi kwesihlahla.
Futhi izinyoni zidla imbewu namantongomane ezitshalo ezifana ne-hazel, i-beech ne-oki, i-hornbeam nama-alimondi. Uma kunesidingo, abagawuli bezinkuni abahlukahlukene badla amagxolo wethenda le-aspen kanye ne-pine buds, ugqumugqumu ne-currant pulp, ama-cherries nama-plums, umjunipha kanye nokusajingijolo, i-buckthorn nomlotha.
Izitha zemvelo
Kuze kube manje, kunolwazi oluncane kakhulu olubonisa ukuhlaselwa kwesiqophamithi esinamabala yizilwane ezidlayo ezindaweni ezipholile. Kunezimo ezaziwayo lapho abagawuli bezinkuni behlaselwa izidlakela ezinezimpaphe, ezimelwe ondlunkulu kanye nezimbila zithutha. Phakathi kwezitha zemvelo zomhlaba kukhona i-pine marten futhi mhlawumbe i-ermine.
Ngaphandle kwezindawo ezinezihlahla, oheshe bama-peregrine baba yingozi kusiqophamithi esinamabala.... Ngaphambilini, idatha yafika lapho yabika ukubhujiswa okucishe kuphelele kwabantu bezinkuni ngama-peregrine falcons e-Yamal tundra. Izidleke zezinyoni zonakaliswa yisikwele esivamile kanye ne-dormouse, kanti ubusuku obubomvu bungabalwa enanini lezilwane ezingaba yingozi kuma-woodpeckers ahlukahlukene.
Kusuka emgodini olungiselelwe ukudala isidleke, inyoni ingakhanywa ngisho nenkanyezi ejwayelekile. Ezidlekeni zesiqophamithi esinamabala amakhulu, kwatholakala ezinye izinambuzane ezimunca igazi, kufaka phakathi amazenze uCeratorhyllus gallinae, Lystosoris Camrestris, Entomobrija marginata ne-Entomobrija nivalis, i-saatomiparium dienoplus Dienoplus bicarp edla phansi. I-Nestlings ivame ukuhlushwa yi-midges kanye ne-midges yokuluma. Kwezinye izindawo emlonyeni womqali wezinkuni, kutholakala izibungu ze-Sternostoma hylandi.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngokwesiko, isihlahla somuthi esinamabala siyinyoni eyodwa, kepha i-polyandry ibikiwe eJapan. Ingxenye ebalulekile yezinyoni iqala ukuzala inonyaka owodwa, kanti amanye amapheya adaliwe, noma ngabe isizini izalisile, ahlala ndawonye kuze kufike intwasahlobo elandelayo. Izikhathi zokwakha izidleke phakathi kwabantu baseningizimu nasenyakatho azihlukile kakhulu. Ukwanda komsebenzi wokukhwela kuyaqhubeka kuze kube maphakathi no-Mashi, futhi maphakathi noMeyi ukwakhiwa kwamabili kuyaphela, ngakho-ke izinyoni ziqala ukwakha isidleke emgodini, otholakala njengomthetho endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezulu kwayisishiyagalombili.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli noma ezinsukwini eziyishumi zokuqala zikaMeyi, insikazi yensini enamabala ibekela amaqanda amhlophe acishe amane kuya kwayisishiyagalombili. Ukufukamela kwenziwa ngowesifazane nowesilisa izinsuku eziyishumi nambili, bese kuba izimpumputhe futhi zihambe ze, kuzalwe amaphuphu angenakuzisiza ngokuphelele.
Lapho anezinsuku eziyishumi ubudala, amaphuphu ayakwazi ukukhuphukela emnyango, esebenzisa amachaphazelo esithende ukusekela... Bobabili abazali bondla amaphuphu. Amachwane ahlala esidlekeni kuze kube yiminyaka engamasonto amathathu, emva kwalokho afunda ukundiza, lapho ingxenye yamabele ilandela khona insikazi, bese enye ilandela eyeduna. Amachwane afunde ukundiza ondliwa ngabazali bawo izinsuku eziyishumi, emva kwalokho izinyoni zithola inkululeko ephelele.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, iGreat Spotted Woodpecker inikezwe isikhundla sokuvikelwa Okungencane yi-International Union for Conservation of Nature.
