Inkalankala yaseKamchatka Ibizwa nangokuthi iRoyal ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuhlaba umxhwele. Umhlali wasolwandle ophansi uyathakazelisa njengohlobo lwebhayoloji, futhi kuyathakazelisa ngombono wezomnotho, ngoba kuyinto yokubanjelwa ukuhweba. Indawo yokuhlala ibanzi. Inkalankala yaseKamchatka ingomunye wabamele abambalwa be-zoo abadlulise ngempumelelo inqubo yokuhlalisa kabusha abantu kabusha.
Umsuka nencazelo yezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inkalankala yaseKamchatka
I-Kamchatka crab (Paralithode camtschaticus) ibizwa ngegama layo ngokufana kwayo ngaphandle nezinkalankala, kepha, ngokusho kokwehlukaniswa kwezilwane, kwaqala ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka kokuvela kwezinkalankala zomndeni wamaCraboids, uhlobo olujwayelekile lweParalithode.
Umehluko omkhulu ezinkalweni kungumbhangqwana wesihlanu wemilenze yokuhamba, efushanisiwe futhi ifihlwe ngaphansi kwegobolondo, kanye nesisu esime ngokungajwayelekile esinezihlangu ze-chitinous kwabesifazane. Imilenze emifushane ezinkalweni ezihlala yodwa isebenza ukubamba igobolondo. Enkambweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, inkalankala yaseKamchatka yeka ukuhlala egobolondweni ngakho-ke isidingo sokuyibamba sanyamalala. Imilenze emibili isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izigaxa.
Inkalankala ihamba ngosizo lwamabhangqa amane emilenze, izihambise ngokulandelana. Ihamba ngesivinini esisheshayo, ukuqondiswa kokuhamba kwalolu hlobo kuseceleni.
Esiswini, esigobile futhi esifushanisiwe, kukhona amapuleti amancane nama-micropods, ukuhlelwa okungalingani okuqinisekisa imvelaphi ye-arthropod ezinhlotsheni lapho isisu sisonteke khona esimweni sokuvunguza.
Ividiyo: Inkalankala yaseKamchatka
Izinzwa zokuthinta nephunga zinikezwa izimpondo zangaphambili ezinamasilinda abucayi atholakala kuzo. Lesi sici esithile sinomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni kokudla, sisiza ekufuneni nasekukhetheni kokudla.
Njengoba umuntu ekhula, amathambo ayashintsha, noma i-molt. Imvamisa ye-molting ekuqaleni kwempilo, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezibungu, iphakeme futhi yenzeka kaningi kakhulu, kuze kufike ku-1-2 ngonyaka kumuntu omdala, futhi ekupheleni kwempilo kwenzeka kanye kuphela eminyakeni emibili. Ukuthi inkalankala kufanele ichithe kangaki kulawulwa yizindlala ezikhethekile ezisezingxenyeni zamehlo. Ngaphambi kokuchithwa kohlaka oludala, izingxenye ezithambile ze-arthropod sezivele zimbozwe ngegobolondo elithambile elisabuthaka. Inkalankala yaseKamchatka iphila ngokwesilinganiso cishe iminyaka engama-20.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inkalankala yaseKamchatka iyaphila
Umzimba we-crab uqukethe izingxenye ezimbili - i-cephalothorax, engaphansi kwegobolondo lokuvikela, nesisu, esigobile ngaphansi kwe-cephalothorax. Amehlo avikelwe ngumgogodla we-carapace ogcwele noma umlomo. I-carpax inezinaliti ezibukhali ezimise okameva, eziyisithupha zazo zitholakala ngenhla kwenhliziyo bese eziyi-11 ngaphezulu kwesisu.
Ngaphezu komsebenzi wokuzivikela, igobolondo libuye lenze umsebenzi wokusekela kanye ne-exoskeleton, ngoba imicu yemisipha eyenza ukunyakaza inamathele kuyo ngaphakathi. Izitho zokuphefumula - ama-gill - atholakala ezindaweni eziseceleni zegobolondo lohlaka. Isistimu yezinzwa imelwe ngochungechunge lwama-node axhunyiwe axhunywe ngaphansi kwe-cephalothorax nasesiswini. Inhliziyo ingemuva nesisu sisekhanda.
Emilenzeni emibili yemilenze, inkalankala isebenzisa ezine kuphela ukunyakaza. Umbhangqwana wesihlanu owehlisiwe ufihliwe ngaphansi kwe-carapace futhi usetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izigaxa.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzipho enkalankala yenkosi kuyahluka ngohlobo lomsebenzi owenziwe. Uzipho lwenkalankala lwesobunxele lusika ukudla okuthambile, kanti kwesokudla kuchoboza okulukhuni - imichamo yolwandle ehlala ezansi, amagobolondo ezinhlanzi ezinhlobonhlobo. Izinzipho ziyahluka ngosayizi, enkulu yiyona efanele, eyenza umsebenzi onzima kakhulu.
Kwabesilisa, ububanzi bomzimba buhluka kusuka ku-16 kuye ku-25 cm bese isisindo sifinyelela ku-7 kg. Ibanga eliphakathi kwemikhawulo yemilenze emide kubantu abakhulu lithatha cishe i-1.5 m. Abesifazane bancane - umzimba ufinyelela ku-16 cm, isisindo ngesilinganiso esingu-4 kg. Owesifazane naye uyehluka lapho kukhona isisu esiyindilinga nesingajwayelekile.
Umbala wegobolondo lenkalankala yaseKamchatka ngaphezulu ubomvu ngombala onsundu, ezindaweni ezisemaceleni kunezindawo namabhulethi ngesimo sezinhlayiya ezibubende, ngezansi umbala wenkalankala ulula - kusuka kokumhlophe kuye kokuphuzi.
Ihlala kuphi inkalankala yaseKamchatka?
Isithombe: Inkalankala enkulu yaseKamchatka
Kusakazeke kakhulu engxenyeni esenyakatho yoLwandlekazi iPacific, lapho ama-arthropods alezi zinhlobo ethe xaxa esifundeni saseKamchatka oLwandle lwase-Okhotsk, naseLwandle iBering. Inkalankala nayo ihlala ngasogwini lwaseMelika eBristol Bay, eNorton Bay naseduze nase-Aleutian Islands. OLwandle lwaseJapan, indawo yokuhlala yaziwa ohlangothini oluseningizimu.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Izazi zezinto eziphilayo zaseSoviet zakhula futhi zenza ukufuduka kwalezi zinhlobo zaya olwandle iBarents.
Izimo ezintsha zemvelo ziyehluka kwizimo ezijwayelekile zokuhlala kwendalo (usawoti ophansi, amabanga okushisa, umbuso wonyaka wokushintsha izinga lokushisa). Inqubo yokuqeqesha ithiyori ibilokhu iqhubeka kusukela ngo-1932, igqugquzelwa yinjongo enkulu - ukufeza inzuzo yezomnotho ngokudoba emanzini abo, ukugwema ukuncintisana okuphezulu okuvela eJapan nakwamanye amazwe.
Imizamo yokuqala yokuhambisa izinkalankala yenziwa ngesitimela futhi ayiphumelelanga - bonke abantu bafa, isikhathi sokuhamba besiside, kuthathe izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-10. Ngemuva kwalokho, kuma-60s, ukuhanjiswa kwezindiza kwenziwa, okwathatha isikhathi esifushane. Ngakho-ke, ukuthunyelwa kokuqala kwe-arthropods kwalethwa futhi kwajwayelwa. Kamuva, ngawo-70s, ezokuthutha zenzeka ezinqoleni ezifakwe ngokukhethekile futhi kwaba yimpumelelo kakhulu.
Njengamanje, ngenxa yenqubo yokuhlasela eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, iqembu labantu elizimele elinobuningi obugcwalisayo futhi elizilawulayo. Ukubanjwa kwezentengiselwano zamadoda amakhulu kuyenzeka. Ukubamba izingane nabesifazane akuvumelekile.
Idla ini inkalankala yaseKamchatka?
Isithombe: Inkalankala yenkosi yaseKamchatka
Ukudla kwalezi zinhlobo kuhluke kakhulu kanti inkalankala ngokwemvelo ingumdli omnivorous.
Zonke izakhamuzi zasolwandle ziyizinto zokudla:
- ama-molluscs ahlukahlukene;
- iplankton;
- izibungu;
- ama-urchins olwandle;
- ama-crustaceans;
- ama-ascidians;
- inhlanzi encane;
- izinkanyezi zasolwandle.
Izilwane ezisencane zidla ngoku:
- ulwelwe;
- izinto eziphilayo ze-hydroid;
- izibungu.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwabo, abamele lezi zinhlobo benza ukunyakaza okukhulu ngenhloso yokudla. Ukusuka kwesinye isimo semvelo kuye kwesinye, izinhlobo ezivelele kakhulu ohlelweni oluthile ziba ngukudla.
Izinzipho ezinamandla zisebenza njengethuluzi elihle kakhulu, futhi inkalankala ithola kalula ukudla okudingekayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubulala isisulu, inkalankala ayiyidli ngokuphelele, futhi ubukhulu bayo abulahlekile. Izinkalankala ziphinde zisetshenziswe njengokudla kwesidumbu sezinhlanzi nezinye izidalwa zasolwandle, zisebenza njengomhlanzisi wezikhala zamanzi. Ngemuva kokwethulwa kwenkalankala emanzini olwandle olusenyakatho, awusekho umbono ongenakuphikiswa mayelana nethonya lomuntu ofudukayo ezindaweni zezinto eziphilayo jikelele.
Abanye ososayensi bayakugxeka lokhu kuhlolwa, besaba ubukhona nenombolo yezinhlobo zomdabu zezakhamizi zasolwandle olusenyakatho, lapho inkalankala yaseKamchatka incintisana ngayo nezidingo zokudla nokuthi idla ini. Ngemuva kokudla kakhulu izinhlobo ezithile zezinto eziphilayo, inkalankala ingaholela ekuqothulweni nasekuqothulweni kwayo. Ezinye izifundiswa zikhuluma kahle ngemiphumela yesingeniso, ngokugcizelela inzuzo yezomnotho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. Ezikhathini ezahlukahlukene zomjikelezo wabo wokuphila, ama-arthropod akhetha ukudla okwehlukile. Isibonelo, umuntu osezozondla esikhathini esizayo esiseduze ukhetha izinto eziphilayo ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-calcium, njenge-echinoderms, ukuze kudliwe.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inkalankala yaseKamchatka
Uhlaka oluqinile lwe-arthropod, olusebenza njengokuvikela nokusekelwa, ngasikhathi sinye luvimbela ukukhula phakathi kwezikhathi zenguquko yalo. Isilwane sikhula esikhathini esifushane kuphela (imvamisa asikho ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezi-3), lapho ifreyimu endala iqinile ilahliwe, kanti entsha isathambile futhi iyathambeka ayiphazamisi ukwanda kwayo ngokushesha ngosayizi. Ngemuva kokukhula okukhulu, ikhava e-chitinous igcwele kakhulu usawoti we-calcium futhi ukukhula okujwayelekile kuyeke kuze kube yi-molt elandelayo.
Imvamisa yezinguquko ze-carapace iyahluka ngokuya ngempilo:
- kuze kube izikhathi eziyi-12 ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwesibungu phakathi nonyaka;
- kuze kube kasikhombisa, kungabi kangako ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila;
- Izikhathi ezi-2 phakathi nonyaka ngesikhathi sempilo kusuka ngonyaka wesithathu kuya kowesishiyagalolunye wempilo yomuntu;
- Isikhathi esingu-1 kusuka eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye kuya kweyishumi nambili yokuphila;
- 1 njalo eminyakeni emibili, kusukela eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
Ngesikhathi se-molting, isilwane sizama ukuthola indawo yokukhosela ezindaweni ezinamatshe noma emigodini enamadwala, ngoba iba namandla okuzivikela ngaphandle kohlaka oluqinile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo. I-Molting ayithinti kuphela ikhava yangaphandle yenkalankala, kepha futhi nokuvuselelwa kwezitho zangaphakathi - amagobolondo wesimila, isisu namathumbu ayavuselelwa. Imigqa nemisipha enamathisela imicu yemisipha ku-exoskeleton nayo ingaphansi kokuvuselelwa. Izicubu zenhliziyo nazo ziyavuselelwa.
Ummeleli walezi zinhlobo yi-arthropod esebenzayo, ehlala enza ukunyakaza okufudukayo. Umzila wokuhamba awuguquki, uphinda futhi njalo ngonyaka. Isizathu sokufuduka ukushintsha kwesizini ekushiseni kwamanzi nokutholakala kokudla, kanye nemvelo yokuzala.
Ngakho-ke, ngokuqala kobusika, inkalankala icwila ezansi emanzini ajulile ngaphakathi kwamamitha ayi-200-270. Ngokufudumala, ibuyela emanzini angajulile afudumele agcwele ukudla. Izinkalankala zifuduka ngobuningi, ziqoqene ngamaqoqo ezinombolo ezihlukile. Abesilisa asebefinyelele eminyakeni eyishumi nabesifazane abaneminyaka eyisikhombisa noma eyisishiyagalombili ubudala bakulungele ukuzala.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Inkalankala yaseLwandle Kamchatka
Ngemuva kokuqala kwentwasahlobo, abesilisa baqala uhambo lwabo lokuya emanzini angajulile. Abesifazane bahamba ngendlela efanayo, kodwa ngamaqembu ahlukene. Owesifazane uthwala amaqanda asevele avuthiwe emilenzeni etholakala esiswini. Eduze kwamanzi angajulile, izibungu ziyavela emaqandeni futhi zithathwa yimanje. Ngalesi sikhathi, amaqanda amasha asevele enziwe ezithweni zangasese zowesifazane, osekusele kancane ukuthi avundiswe.
Ngokuqala kokuncibilika, abantu bobubili ubulili basondela futhi bakhe ukuma kwesici - owesilisa ubamba insikazi ngazo zombili izinzipho, okufana nokuxhawulana kwezandla. Ukubamba kuyaqhubeka kuze kube sekupheleni kwe-molt, kwesinye isikhathi owesilisa usiza okhethiwe ukuzikhulula ohlakeni oludala. Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwe-molt (ngokwesilinganiso, kusuka ezinsukwini ezintathu kuya kweziyisikhombisa), owesilisa ukhipha iteyipu enamaseli ocansi - ama-spermatophores, agxile emilenzeni yowesifazane. Owesilisa, eseqedile ukuthunywa, uyasuswa futhi nawo ama-molts.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana (kusuka emahoreni amaningana kuya ezinsukwini ezimbalwa), amaqanda ezinsikazi azala (kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-500 ayizinkulungwane), okuthi, ahlangane nebhebhoni lowesilisa, avundiswe. Into ekhethekile enamathelayo iqoqa amaqanda iwahlanganise nama-villi asezinyaweni zesisu sowesifazane, lapho edlula khona emjikelezweni wokuthuthuka kuze kube sentwasahlobo elandelayo, izinyanga eziyi-11. Insikazi izala kanye ngonyaka, entwasahlobo, kanti abesilisa bangenza inqubo yokuhlangana nabesifazane abaningana.
Izibungu ezisanda kuchanyuselwa emaqandeni cishe izinyanga ezimbili kukholamu lamanzi futhi zithwalwa yimanje; kulesi sigaba sokuthuthuka, kufinyelela kuma-96% ezibungu. Ngemuva kokuthi izibungu ezisindile zicwile phansi, zingene emahlathini algae, lapho zihlala khona iminyaka emithathu. Imvamisa i-molt, idlula ezigabeni eziningana zokuthuthuka. Ngemuva kwalokho ama-juvenile aya ezindaweni ezinesihlabathi. Ukufuduka kuqala ngemuva kokufinyelela eminyakeni emihlanu, kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka engu-7.
Izitha zemvelo zenkalankala yaseKamchatka
Isithombe: King crab
Zimbalwa izitha zemvelo kubadala abakhulu bezinhlobo zezinhlobo, ngoba inkalankala inokuvikelwa okuhle kakhulu - igobolondo elinokwethenjelwa futhi eliqinile, elengeziwe, elembozwe ngezinaliti ezibukhali ezicijile. Izilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ezinkulu kuphela ezikwazi ukwehlula inkalankala yabantu abadala.
Abantu besayizi encane banenani elikhulu lezitha, phakathi kwabo:
- izinhlanzi ezidla ezinye;
- Ikhodi yasePacific;
- i-halibut;
- ulwandle otter;
- ama-gobies;
- octopus;
- Izinkalankala ezinobukhulu obukhulu, bezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene (i-intraspecific cannibalism iyaziwa).
Ngesikhathi se-molting, inkalankala iba sengozini ngokuphelele futhi iphoqeleke ukuthi ifune indawo yokuhlala. Umuntu akayena owezitha zemvelo zezinhlobo, noma kunjalo, uma unikezwa ukubanjwa okungalawulwa okungalawulwa, ukubanjwa kokuzingelwa ngokungemthetho, umuntu unamathuba onke okuba isitha sohlobo. Ngakho-ke, ezingeni likahulumeni, ama-quota azimisele ukubamba i-arthropod yasebukhosini, ukuze kusetshenziswe izinqolobane zabantu ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka, ngaphandle kokubukela phansi inani labo namandla okululama.
Imisebenzi yabantu ngokungaqondile ithinta kabi impilo yasolwandle, ikakhulukazi inkalankala yaseKamchatka. Imfucumfucu yamakhemikhali asezimbonini, ipulasitiki, imikhiqizo kawoyela ingcolisa ubukhulu bezilwandle nolwandle, okuthinta kabi zonke izitshalo nezilwane. Ngenxa yalokho, zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo seziphelile noma zisengcupheni yokuqothulwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Inkalankala yenkosi enkulu
Ukufuduka kwenkalankala yenkosi kwenzeka ngamaqembu abantu, kuyilapho abesifazane nabesilisa behamba ngokwehlukana, behlangana kanye kuphela ngonyaka, entwasahlobo, ukuhlangana. Abantu abasha nabo bahamba ngokwehlukana, bakha amaqembu ezilwane ezincane. Isibalo senkalankala endaweni yaseKamchatka njengamanje sehliswe kakhulu, ngenxa yezizathu ezifanayo, ukubanjwa okukhulu kwezentengiselwano okungalawulwa.
OLwandle iBarents, lapho ukwenziwa kokwenziwa kwalolu hlobo kwenzeka, isimo siphambene. Ngenxa yokungabikho kwezitha eziningi zemvelo ezilawula inani labantu, i-arthropod yasebukhosini yasakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke indawo engasogwini yoLwandle iBarents. Ngokwezibalo ezinzima, inani labantu ngonyaka ka-2006 lalinabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 futhi liyaqhubeka nokukhula.
Isidlakudla esinepulphagous siqothula ngokushesha izinhlobo zemvelo zabaningi bama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs nezinye, eziphakamisa ngokufanele ukukhathazeka ngokuqhubeka kokuphila kwemvelo ezinzile oLwandle iBarents phakathi kwezazi eziningi zezinto eziphilayo.
Kusukela ngo-2004, iRussia iqale ukukhiqiza izinhlanzi ezibanjiswayo. Isivuno esivumelekile sinqunywa unyaka nonyaka kuye ngesimo esikhona kusayizi wabantu abalinganiswayo.
Inkalankala yaseKamchatka i-arthropod ethakazelisayo enomjikelezo okhethekile wokuthuthuka. Abamele lolu hlobo lwendlu bayiphumelele ngempumelelo inqubo yokwethulwa kanye nokujwayela izinto enyakatho yoLwandle iBarents. Ososayensi babikezela ngokuhlukile ukuthi lokhu kuhlasela kuzokuthinta kanjani ubuqotho bemvelo yasolwandle ngokuzayo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 03/16/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 11.11.2019 ngo-12: 05
