Impilo yasolwandle isiphenduke uphawu lwe-Arctic enokhahlo. I-walrus enkulu kunzima ukuyiphuthelwa, okulula ukuyibona ngamazinyo ayo asabekayo. Igama lesilwane lihunyushwe ngokoqobo lisuselwa esiGrekini - "elenga emazinyweni." Enyakatho Nenkabazwe, lesi silwane esincelisayo singummeleli omkhulu kunawo wonke wama-pinnipeds.
Incazelo nezici
Isilwane sasolwandle sihlaba umxhwele ngosayizi. Ama-walrus amaningi angamamitha ayi-3.5 ubude, kepha kunabantu abafinyelela kumamitha ama-5. Abesifazane baphansi - 2.7-3.7 m.Isisindo semidondoshiya singamathani ayi-1.5-2. I-walrus ingukukhanya okukodwa kokuthathu kunowesilisa. Ngokwesisindo, amabhubesi olwandle ahlala e-Antarctica ancintisana nama-walrus.
Izidumbu zezilwane ezinkulu zimbozwe isikhumba esishwabene ngezinwele ezinsundu. Kancane kancane ziyanyamalala, abantu abadala "banqunu" ngokuphelele. Ubukhulu besikhumba bungu-4-8 cm, ungqimba lwamafutha ngaphansi kwaso lufinyelela kumasentimitha ayi-15.Umsila unezinhlobo ezingekho emthethweni.
Umbala onsundu wabantu abasha ukhanya kancane kancane, umbala obomvana ubonakala ngokuguga. I-walrus emhlophe - lokhu akuyona i-subspecies ehlukile, kodwa isimo sesikhashana sesilwane, lapho, lapho sibhukuda emanzini e-ice, imithambo yegazi ngaphansi kwesikhumba incane, enikeza ukukhanya okuphelele kwe-integument.
Naphezu kobukhulu bawo obukhulu, ama-walrus ayipulasitiki. Amaphiko angathandeki aguquguquka. Izitho zangemuva ziyahamba, ngakho isilwane sihamba ngokuzethemba. AmaWalrus angahamba ngokungafani nezimpawu zokukhasa.
Ama-canine athuthukisiwe ezilwane, aqondiswe phansi, ayaphawuleka. Ngamunye unesisindo cishe esingu-3-4 kg, ubude bungu-60-80 cm. U-Walrus fang idlala indima kwezenhlalo - iqembu labaphathi babaningi babaningi kakhulu. Isicelo esiwusizo siboniswa ekulweni nezitha nezimbangi. Ukwesekwa kwamazinyo kusiza izilwane ukuba zize ebusweni ukusuka emgodini, zenze izimbobo ku-ice floes.
Isifonyo se-walrus simbozwe ngezintshebe. Endebeni engenhla kuphela kunama-setae angafika kuma-700. Ukuzwela okuphezulu kwezinwele kusiza ama-walrus ukuthola ama-molluscs angaphansi kwamanzi.
Amehlo ezilwane awahlukaniswa ngumbono obukhali. Umuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga usiza ukuhamba kahle emanzini. Azikho izindlebe. Izikhwama ezikhethekile zomphimbo zivumela i-giant ukuthi iguqulwe ibe yiflothi ukuze ihlale ebusweni besiziba. Zigcwele umoya, ziyavuvukala njengamabhola, zigcina isilwane silele. Izikhwama zomphimbo zihileleke ngokwengxenye ekukhiqizeni imisindo.
Impilo yama-walrus, emelana nezimo ezinzima ze-Arctic, ihlotshaniswa nokufuduka okuncane. Lapho kuqala ubusika, basuka ezindaweni ezingasenyakatho baye ogwini oluseningizimu ye-Alaska, baye enhlonhlweni yaseKamchatka.
Inani lezilwane ezindaweni ezisenyakatho azinakwa. Ukungabaza uma kuvela walrus eNcwadini Ebomvu noma cha, ayifanele neze. Izinga lokufa kwabantu ngokungemthetho lihlala liphezulu. Ukukhishwa kwezentengiselwano kwezilwane ukukhiqiza izikhumba, inyama, amanoni, amazinyo sekuvunyelwe isikhathi eside.
Inani elilinganiselwe lokudoba livunyelwe kuphela abantu bomdabu abaphila ngokukhishwa kwalolu hlobo. Ezingxenyeni ezinkulu ze-arctic, ngaphezu kwabantu, isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu sinezitha zemvelo - amabhere we-polar, imikhomo ebulalayo.
Izisulu zamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo ngabantu ababuthakathaka noma amawundlu e-walrus azithola esemhlabeni enganakiwe. Engxenyeni yolwandle, kuzoba nzima kakhulu ukuthi ibhere likwazi ukubhekana nazo. Ngisho nesilwane esilambile ngeke silinge ukuhlasela i-walrus eqinile, ukuze singabi yisisulu empini.
Amabhele avame ukusebenzisa ubuqili ukunqoba i-walrus enamandla. Ngakho-ke, kwesinye isikhathi bahlwanyela ukwethuka ukuze babone abantu ababuthakathaka nabakhubazekile ngemali elula. Uma izilwane zishiya i-rookery ngokuthula, khona-ke amabhere azosala engenazo izisulu ezihlwabusayo. Lapho ama-walrus egijimela kumzingeli omhlophe, angahlehla angajabuli, azi ukuthi amanxeba avela emidondoshiya yasolwandle ayabulala.
Indlela ecashile nakakhulu yabonwa ama-Eskimo. Ubuhlakani bebhere bazibonakalisa ngokuthi uthole i-walrus elele waphonsa iqhwa ekhanda. Kwakungelula ukuthi umhlaseli abhekane nesisulu ngokuqhubekayo.
Ku-Intanethi ungathola isithombe se-walrus, elele ngokuthula eduze kwebhere elimhlophe. Izilwane ezondliwe kahle azikhombisi ubudlova; zikhetha ukubuka izimbangi ezinamandla kuze kufike ithuba elifanele.
Usongo olukhulu kuma-walrus lumelelwa yimikhomo ebulalayo, ephakeme ngobukhulu nosayizi. Imihlathi eqinile, amazinyo abukhali anamandla kunama-canine anamandla. Imihlambi yemikhomo ebulalayo ishayisa umfula wama-walrus ukuze uyihlephule ibe yizicucu, kuthi lapho ihlasela izilwane ezizungezile ngendlela ehlelekile. UWalrus uphunyuka kuphela ngokubalekela ezweni.
Izinhlobo
Phakathi kwama-walrus kukhona ama-subspecies amabili ayinhloko - iPacific ne-Atlantic. Ukuhlukaniswa kwe-Laptev walrus kuyimpikiswano. Ochwepheshe, ngokususelwa ocwaningweni lwe-DNA, bakuthatha njengabantu basentshonalanga yama-subspecies asePacific.
Abamele iPacific bahlala esifundeni esisenyakatho seMpumalanga Ekude. Ama-walrus amakhulu, anesisindo esifinyelela kumathani amabili, atholakala eChukchi, eBering Sea, ogwini lwaseKamchatka, e-Alaska. Isibalo sabantu cishe ngabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-200.
Ama-walrus ase-Atlantic atholakala enyakatho yeCanada, entshonalanga yeRussia Arctic, eGreenland. Abamele ama-subspecies embonini yokudoba engalawulwa bacishe baqothulwa ngokuphelele. I-walrus yase-Atlantic encane ngosayizi nenombolo. Inani labantu alihlanganisi abantu abedlula izinkulungwane ezingama-20. Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kokuncishiswa zikwiRed Book.
Isibalo se-Laptev walruses singabantu abayizinkulungwane ezinhlanu kuphela. Lathola igama lalo ngokuba seLaptev Sea. Ubukhulu bezilwane buphakathi nendawo - bungaphansi kwePacific futhi bungaphezu kwama-Atlantic subspecies.
Indlela yokuphila kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Impilo yezilwane zasolwandle ixhumene ngokuyisisekelo nogu olusenyakatho yeYurophu, eNyakatho Melika, e-Asia, naseziqhingini zase-Arctic. Zizungeza iNorth Pole ngendandatho, zihlala eduze nogu, zigwema izindawo ezivulekile zamanzi, iqhwa elihlala njalo.
UWalrus uhlala ezindaweni ezingajulile - indawo entofontofo yezilwane ezincelisayo eziphinyiwe. Ububanzi bama-walrus, ngenxa yokwehla kwesibalo, okwamanje buhlukaniswe ezindaweni ezihlukene. Ukufuduka kwesizini kuya eningizimu kuncane futhi kufushane.
UWalrus uyisilwane ukuhlangana. Izilwane ezincelisayo zakha amakoloni amancane abantu abayi-10-20 abamele abesilisa nabesifazane. Abukho ubukhosi obuqinile ngamaqembu, wonke amalungu omhlambi aziphatha kahle. Abesilisa abanokuhlangenwe nakho baphatha izilwane ezincane ngokuthula ngaphandle kokubonisa ulaka.
Ama-rookeries amakhulu aqukethe amaqembu ezilwane ezingamakhulu amaningana, kwesinye isikhathi izinkulungwane, zama-walrus. Izilwane zitholakala eduze komunye nomunye. Ukuminyana kwakheka ngamabomu, hhayi ngenxa yokushoda kwendawo. Isisindo esibukhoma sihamba ngenxa yokuhamba kwezilwane emanzini nasemuva. Abantu baziphatha ngokuthula ngokujwayelekile, yize kuqubuka nokuqubuka ngezikhathi ezithile.
Yonke enye i-rookery igadwe ngabalindi be-shift. Yize izilwane zingaboni emehlweni, inzwa yokuhogela iyohlala inika isignali yokuthi umuntu uyasondela. Bamemezela usongo ngokubhonga, ngokujeqezana.
Ukundiza kwezidumbu ezinkulu emanzini kwesinye isikhathi kugcina ngokufa kwezingane phakathi kwemizimba ekhuluphele. Amawundlu akwazile ukugibela emihlane yomama bawo ayazisindisa. Kwesinye isikhathi uvalo luba namandla ukwedlula ukuhlelwa komhlambi. Izisulu ezikhubazekile ziyizisulu ezilula zamabhere asezindaweni eziphakeme. AmaWalrus acasha ngaphansi kwamanzi, lapho angahlala khona emoyeni kuze kube imizuzu eyi-10, kepha alungele ukubhukuda usuku lonke.
Izilwane ziyashintshana ngokuba solwandle nokuba semhlabeni, lapho ziphumula khona zilele eduze komphetho wamanzi. Bakhuphuka ezintabeni zeqhwa, bathembele emaceleni anamandla. Bangalala yonke indawo, bangacwiliswa ngenxa yongqimba lwamafutha. Izilwane ziyahamba zizingele ngomhlambi wonke. Ukuzibandakanya kubonakala ekusekeleni, ekusizeni abanye abantu.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Ukudla okuyinhloko kwama-walrus kutholakala olwandle - yi-lamellar-gill mollusks. I-vibrissae ezwelayo ebusweni besilwane iyasiza ukubamba indawo esikuyo. Ngamazinyo, amaphiko, isifonyo, isilo sidabula indawo enodaka, sixegise inhlabathi, siphakamise amafu amagobolondo.
Uzihlikihla ngobuciko ngamaphiko asetshenzisiwe ukuze igobolondo liphule futhi lihlale phansi. Isilwane sigwinya umzimba wezinhlumba kanye namanzi. Ukugcwala kuyafika lapho ivolumu yokudla okungenani ingama-50 kg. Ukuxegiswa kwenhlabathi kunomphumela omuhle ku-ecosystem engezansi - kudala izimo ezinhle zokuthuthuka kwezinto eziphilayo.
AmaWalrus awenzi ukuntywila okujulile efuna ukudla, adla ezindaweni ezingasogwini, angajuli ngaphansi kwamamitha angama-80. Ukudla okulula kuvumela izilwane ezisencane ukuthi zithole ngokushesha isisindo, ungqimba lwamafutha oluvikela izilwane kwi-hypothermia, luthuthukisa ukuvuthwa komzimba.
I-walrus yolwandle Idla izibungu ezingezansi, ama-crustaceans, ukhukhamba wasolwandle, ngezikhathi ezithile izinhlanzi, izidumbu, lapho ukudla okuyinhloko kunganele. Izilwane ezilambile kwezinye izimo zihlasela izimvu zamanzi, izimvu zamanzi, ama-narwhals, yize lokhu akuyona indlela ejwayelekile yokudla. I-cannibalism ayiyona into ejwayelekile yezilwane. AmaWalrus agcina ubudlelwano bobungani phakathi kwawo, esukuma ukuvikela izihlobo zawo, futhi abesifazane bakulungele ukuzidela ngenxa yamaphuphu abo. Uma i-walrus ifa, khona-ke abanye besifazane banakekela inzalo.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kuza ngaphambi kwabesifazane - bakulungele ukukhwelana beneminyaka engu-4-6 ubudala. Abesilisa bavuthwa isikhathi eside, baqala ukukhombisa intshisekelo kuma-walrus beneminyaka eyisikhombisa, kepha baqale ukuzala kamuva - beneminyaka engu-15. Ukuvela kwenzalo empilweni yowesifazane kwenzeka ngezikhathi zeminyaka engu-3-4. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sivulwa ngo-Ephreli - ekuqaleni kukaMeyi. Izilwane ezivuthiwe ngokobulili zishintsha indlela yazo yokuziphatha, zikhombisa intshisekelo kubantu bobulili obuhlukile.
Abesilisa abanokuthula baba nolaka ekulweleni ukunakwa kwabesifazane. Kukhona ukulwa phakathi kwezimbangi, kodwa ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi. Izilwane zingalimazana ngamazinyo azo. Isikhumba esijiyile esifinyelela ku-3-4 cm, ungqimba lwamafutha luvikela izitho zangaphakathi, ngakho-ke ukulwa kwabesilisa kwenza ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi. AmaWalrus awancintisani ngamandla kuphela, kodwa futhi nangamakhono ezwi, ekhuthaza abesifazane ukuba bahlangane nabanamandla kunabo bonke. Imishado yenzeka entweni yamanzi.
Isikhathi sokuzala sithatha izinsuku ezingama-330-370, noma cishe amasonto ayi-16. Abesifazane abakhulelwe abajahwa ngamanye amaduna, bahamba ngokuphepha nge-rookery. Ngesikhathi esifanele, kuzalwa ithole elilodwa, ezimweni ezingavamile kuzalwa amawele. Isisindo somntwana cishe siyi-60 kg, ubude bomntwana osanda kuzalwa buyimitha eli-1. Ithole liyakwazi ukubhukuda kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalwa, ngakho-ke, uma kwenzeka ingozi, ishiya i-ice floe, igxumela emanzini nonina.
Ukondla ingane ngobisi lwebele kuthatha irekhodi isikhathi eside - kuze kube yiminyaka emi-2, yize ukondla okuhambisanayo ngokudla okujwayelekile kuqala lapho kunezinyanga eziyisithupha. Izingane ziqala ukuzondla zodwa kuphela ngemuva kokuqiniswa kwamazinyo. Ngeminyaka emithathu babe sebekwazi ukuzimela. Ukunakekela ithole akuvumeli abesifazane ukuba baphinde bathole elinye ithole isikhathi esithile. Ama-walrus ayisi-5% kuphela akhulelwa ngonyaka olandelayo uma elahlekelwa yinzalo yawo.
Umhlambi wonke unakekela ama-walrus amancane. Abesifazane bazivikela ngokuzithandela inzalo ngemizimba yabo, uma ingozi isongela, bakulungele ukufa, bavikela izingane. Ingulube yengane ukuze uvikeleke futhi uphumule, ingakhuphukela emhlane wanoma yimuphi umuntu omdala, izizwe iphephile.
Endle, impilo ye-walrus ihlala cishe iminyaka engama-30-35. I-walrus ibilokhu ikhula iminyaka engama-20. Kunabantu abaphila isikhathi eside abaneminyaka engama-40. Izimo ezinzima zokuphila kwe-Arctic, ukubukeka okwesabekayo kwesilwane akuzange kwenze isilwane sibe nolaka. Ukutadisha ama-walrus kukhombisa umhlaba ohambisanayo ngokumangalisayo nomhlaba wonke walezi zilwane.
